Analysis

Description:

In sample surveys, the units contained in the sampling frame ideally have a one-to-one correspondence with the elements in the target population under study. In many cases, however, the frame has a many-to-many structure. That is, a unit in the frame may be associated with multiple target population elements and a target population element may be associated with multiple frame units. Such was the case in a building characteristics survey in which the frame was a list of street addresses, but the target population was commercial buildings. The frame was messy because a street address corresponded either to a single building, multiple buildings, or part of a building. In this paper, we develop estimators and formulas for their variances in both simple and stratified random sampling designs when the frame has a many-to-many structure.

Description:

In this paper we study the model-assisted estimation of class frequencies of a discrete response variable by a new survey estimation method, which is closely related to generalized regression estimation. In generalized regression estimation the available auxiliary data are incorporated in the estimation procedure by a linear model fit. Instead of using a linear model for the class indicators, we describe the joint distribution of the class indicators by a multinomial logistic model. Logistic generalized regression estimators are introduced for class frequencies in a population and domains. Monte Carlo experiments were carried out for simulated data and for real data taken from the Labour Force Survey conducted monthly by Statistics Finland. The logistic generalized regression estimation yielded better results than the ordinary regression estimation for small domains and particularly for small class frequencies.

Description:

This article examines the associations between women's characteristics and getting or not getting a Pap test.

Description:

This brief descriptive article takes a glance at changes in the output levels for various major service industry groups and some specific service industries within these groups. The major service industry groups to be examined here include: communications; finance, insurance and real estate; business services; traveler accommodation and food services; and leisure and personal services. These are the same industry groupings for which quarterly data are regularly presented in the latter half of this publication.

Description:

This overview highlights legislative and policy changes in Employment Insurance since 1940.

Description:

At the start of every school year, not all children head off to the classroom. Instead, some Canadian families choose an alternative form of education that is commonly known as home schooling or home-based education. Helped by the establishment of regionally based support groups and national organizations, the home-schooling movement has been growing in acceptance in North America.

Description:

A standard method for correcting for unequal sampling probabilities and nonresponse in sample surveys is poststratification: that is, dividing the population into several categories, estimating the distribution of responses in each category, and then counting each category in proportion to its size in the population. We consider poststratification as a general framework that includes many weighting schemes used in survey analysis (see Little 1993). We construct a hierarchical logistic regression model for the mean of a binary response variable conditional on poststratification cells. The hierarchical model allows us to fit many more cells than is possible using classical methods, and thus to include much more population-level information, while at the same time including all the information used in standard survey sampling inferences. We are thus combining the modeling approach often used in small-area estimation with the population information used in poststratification. We apply the method to a set of U.S. pre-election polls, poststratified by state as well as the usual demographic variables. We evaluate the models graphically by comparing to state-level election outcomes.

Description:

Since France has no population registers, population censuses are the basis for its socio-demographic information system. However, between two censuses, some data must be updated, in particular at a high level of geographic detail, especially since censuses are tending, for various reasons, to be less frequent. In 1993, the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE) set up a team whose objective was to propose a system to substantially improve the existing mechanism for making small area population estimates. Its task was twofold: to prepare an efficient and robust synthesis of the information available from different administrative sources, and to assemble a sufficient number of "good" sources. The "multi-source" system that it designed, which is reported on here, is flexible and reliable, without being overly complex.

Description:

This article seeks to shed light on the early careers of science and engineering graduates over the last decade in Canada. It examines the evolution of employment patterns, earnings levels and other employment indicators of recent graduates, as well as their ability to find meaningful and satisfying work and to set out on rewarding and productive careers. The analysis is based on three cohorts of the National Graduates Survey (NGS) databases, which consist of large, representative samples of Canadian university graduates who completed their programs in 1982, 1986 and 1990 respectively. Each group was interviewed two and five years after graduation.

Description:

With the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Canada forged a partnership with the United States and Mexico that would see it enter an era of trade liberalization hitherto unparalleled on the North American continent. In so doing, Canada became a key player and an integral part of the world's largest economic union.

Description:

This report provides information on homeownership and shelter costs in Canada from the 2006 Census. Topics include homeownership, the presence of a mortgage, condominium status, housing life cycle (or housing career), shelter costs and housing affordability. The report looks at the impact on several key groups: households in lower income groups, persons living alone, lone-parent households, seniors, immigrants and recent immigrants. Geographical differences are considered for provinces, territories and selected census metropolitan areas. The 2006 Census data showed that homeownership rose between 2001 and 2006, continuing an upward trend that began in 1991.

Description:

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (GERD) represents total research and development (R&D) expenditures performed in a country's national territory during a given year. GERD includes R&D performed within a country and funded from abroad but excludes payments sent abroad for R&D performed in other countries.

Description:

The richest source of information on the socio-economic condition of Canadian society is the Census of Population conducted every five years. Canadian Social Trends will be highlighting some of the key trends observed in data released from the 2006 Census.

Description:

The higher education sector is composed of all universities, colleges of technology and other institutes of postsecondary education, whatever their source of finance or legal status. It also includes all research institutes, experimental stations and clinics operating under the direct control of, or administered by, or associated with higher education establishments.

Description:

Data on science and technology (S&T) expenditures and full-time equivalent personnel allocated to biotechnology for fiscal year 2005/2006 were collected from selected federal government departments and agencies. This information contributes to the work of the Canadian Biotechnology Strategy. The biotechnology S&T data comprise expenditures on research and development (R&D) and related scientific activities (RSA) for both intramural and extramural performers and the full-time equivalent personnel associated with these activities.

Description:

This service bulletin presents the geographic distribution of federal government science and technology expenditures. Data on federal government expenditures on science and technology are found in Volume 30, No. 6 of this publication series, released in September 2006. Science and technology (S&T) expenditures are the sum of expenditures on research and development (R&D) and on related scientific activities (RSA).

Description:

This bulletin presents recent information on the performance and funding of Federal government expenditures on scientific activities, 2006/2007. The statistics presented are derived from the survey of science and technology (S&T) activities of federal departments and agencies. The data in this publication are consistent with expenditures of departments and agencies as reported in the Main Estimates 2006/2007, but do not reflect changes to 2006/2007 spending plans which may result from supplementary estimates or other departmental planning decisions.

Description:

This service bulletin contains historical and current data on research and development (R&D) expenditures and personnel in Canada, by industry. In Canada, the industrial or business enterprise sector is the largest R&D performer.

Description:

This brief descriptive article takes a glance at changes in the output levels for various major service industry groups and some specific service industries within these groups. The major service industry groups to be examined here include: communications; finance, insurance and real estate; business services; traveler accommodation and food services; and leisure and personal services. These are the same industry groupings for which quarterly data are regularly presented in the latter half of this publication.

Description:

There has been growing interest in recent years about the scope of tourism in Canada. In response to this demand for information, Statistics Canada has developed a Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) which provides some answers to questions such as: Which industries constitute 'the tourism industry'? What are the industry's gross domestic product (GDP) and employment rates? And what is the extent of tourism-related expenditures?

This article reports on the research that Statistics Canada has undertaken as part of an ongoing examination of the tourism industry.

Description: The Canadian Income Survey (CIS) has introduced improvements to the methods and systems used to produce income estimates with the release of its 2021 reference year estimates. This paper describes the changes and presents the approximate net result of these changes on income estimates using data for 2019 and 2020. The changes described in this paper highlight the ways in which data quality has been improved while producing minimal impact on key CIS estimates and trends.

Description: Using administrative data, such as goods and services tax (GST) revenue, this study assesses how changing conditions in the economy, such as the end of pandemic-related restrictions, inflationary pressures, strong population growth, tight labour markets and rising interest rates-affected selected service industries in 2022.

Description: Increases in grocery prices have outpaced headline consumer inflation since late 2021. While the pace of food inflation has eased recently, prices for many grocery items continue to rise month after month. This article examines data from recent business and household surveys on how Canadians have been adjusting to higher food prices.

Description: Using record linkage, this article compares marital status as identified in the 2015 T1 tax data to what was provided in the 2016 Census using record linkage.

Description: In the past two years, Canada has experienced inflation rates that have not been seen in the past two decades. The rise of markups, i.e., price over marginal cost, can be one of the potential drivers or amplifiers of inflation. This study uses firm-level data to estimate markups in Canada's pre- and post-COVID.

Description: The recent period of high inflation has prompted a number of studies examining its causes and consequences. Of particular interest if whether “greedflation”, the situation where businesses are taking the opportunity in a high inflationary environment to increase their prices above their underlying costs of production in order to garner higher profits. This article sheds light on this by investigating how labour costs (primarily wages and salaries), and non-labour costs (primarily returns to capital) are evolving relative to inflation.

Description: This fact sheet uses 2016 Census of Population data linked to the Remoteness Index to examine the relationship between remoteness and high school completion for First Nations people, Métis, and Inuit aged 19 to 45. The Remoteness index measures geographic proximity to service centers for each populated community, which is an important determinant of socio-economic, education, and health outcomes. This study attempts to disentangle factors relevant to educational attainment and shed light on the learning context of First Nations people, Métis, and Inuit.

Description: This fact sheet uses 2016 data to examine the education outcomes of First Nations youth aged 19 to 30 in secondary and postsecondary learning, alongside characteristics that may affect their educational experience. This study is guided by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s (TRC) Calls to Action, which recognize the importance of equitable education in the success of Indigenous peoples. Comparisons between First Nations and non-Indigenous youth are presented in response to the TRC’s 55th Call to Action.

Description: This paper describes the composition of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) basket and the changes introduced with the 2023 basket update, based on 2022 expenditure weights.

Description: This paper reviews the various data sources available for measuring the population that is experiencing or has experienced episodes of homelessness. It focuses on data that has been collected by Statistics Canada and Infrastructure Canada and draws lessons from the Australian census to improve the data landscape in Canada. This environmental scan identifies gaps in the current data collection strategies and proposes solutions to start filling them. Working with partners, integrating data sets and strengthening the conceptual definitions could contribute to better information on homelessness in Canada and better direct supports to the homeless population.

Description:

Many of the 60 or so Aboriginal languages in Canada are considered endangered to varying degrees for their long-term survival. Assessing language vitality or endangerment through the measurement of various factors can provide useful information to help ensure the continuity of a language. This paper illustrates how the 2011 Census of Population and the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) can be used to measure some of the factors that provide information related to the vitality of Aboriginal languages.

Description:

This article presents employment and unemployment rates, and some information regarding salaries and industrial sectors of employees, for official-language minorities. These data are based on the Labour Force Survey and enable comparisons between official-language minority and majority according to their situation in the labour market for provinces or groups of provinces.

Description:

This annual publication is based on the Survey of Intellectual Property Commercialization in the Higher Education Sector which tracks the progress of innovation in this area.

The objective of the survey is to assure the availability of pertinent information to monitor science and technology related activities and to support the development of science and technology policy. The topic studied is intellectual property management at universities and affiliated teaching hospitals. The data are used to determine how to maximize the benefits resulting from public sector research. Data users include the federal and provincial governments and university administrators and researchers.

Description:

This report offers highlights from the 2007 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering, and Participating (CSGVP) which was undertaken to better understand how Canadians support individuals and communities on their own or through their involvement with charitable and non-profit organizations. For this survey, thousands of Canadians aged 15 and over were asked how they: gave money and other resources to individuals and to organizations; volunteered time to help others and to enhance their communities; and participated in the practices which help give substance to active citizenship. The results from this survey allow this report to tell a story about who Canada's volunteers and charitable donors are and the ways in which they contribute to our society.

Description:

This publication provides the first national portrait of the many thousands of nonprofit and voluntary organizations found in every Canadian community. The data, from the National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations, reveal a set of organizations that are widely diverse in nature, touching virtually every aspect of Canadians' lives.

Description:

This booklet summarizes the key results of the first National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations. These organizations have a significant economic presence and serve as vehicles for citizen engagement. However, many report significant challenges to their capacity to fulfill their missions.

Description:

The Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS) was developed by Statistics Canada in partnership with the Department of Canadian Heritage in order to provide new and important information on the ethnic and cultural background of people in Canada and how it relates to their lives in Canada today.

The survey followed the 2001 Census with the census providing the frame for the sample. The target population for the survey was persons aged 15 years or older living in private households in the 10 provinces. The population did not include persons living in collective dwellings, persons living on Indian reserves, persons of Aboriginal origins living off-reserve, or persons living in Northern and remote areas. There was a separate post-censal survey designed for Aboriginal peoples, the Aboriginal Peoples Survey, which was conducted in 2001 and 2002.

Using the EDS data, this article examines Canada's ethno-cultural mosaic in 2002, providing a portrait of the different generations of Canadians who today make up this country. It also analyses the level of attachment that people in the different generations and ethnic groups have to their own ethno-cultural backgrounds and to the broader Canadian society.

Description:

This paper provides a descriptive analysis of issues related to the access and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among Canadian youth. In particular, this research examines the extent to which inequities in the use and access of ICT exist among Canadian high school students, based on gender, socio-economic status and rural-urban location. Three datasets have been used to study this issue: the Canadian portion of the Second International Technology in Education Study (SITES), an international survey which measures schools' use of technological resources; the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS), which was conducted in conjunction with the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA); and Cycle 14 of the General Social Survey (GSS), which focusses specifically on issues related to ICT access and use.The results of these analyses suggest that there is a 'digital divide' among Canadian youth, in terms of access to and experience with ICT. Rural youth are less likely to have access to computers in the home; however, frequency of use and perceived competency levels are not compromised by this trend. Female youth and those from families with low levels of parental education are also less likely to have access to computers in their homes. These groups tend to spend less time on the computer and report lower levels of computer skills competency.

Description:

The 2001 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) is a post-censal survey of adults and children whose everyday activities are limited because of a physical condition or health problem. A sample of those persons who answered 'Yes' to the 2001 Census disability filter questions were included in the PALS survey population. Approximately 35,000 adults and 8,000 children living in private or collective households in the 10 provinces were selected to participate in the survey. The data were collected in the fall of 2001.

This paper focuses on the various supports available for adults with disabilities. These supports include technical aids and devices, assistance with everyday activities, housing modifications and tax credits.

Description:

This publication describes the statistical system used to produce Canada's balance of international payments and international investment position. Each of the accounts of these two statements is described in terms of concepts, data sources, methods and products. The Canadian practice is related to international standards. The publication concludes with a discusion of future challenges to maintain and enhance this statistical system. An extensive glossary is included. Some historical perspective is provided, notably in the Appendices where a summary of time series is provided along with a chronology of events that affected Canada's external sector over the last half of the XXth century. A description of the foundation of statistics is essential to help users in assessing the quality of data.