Education, training and learning

Description: This publication brings together and analyzes a wide range of data sources in order to provide information on various aspects of Canadian society, including labour, income, education, social, and demographic issues, that affect the lives of Canadians.

Description: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on postsecondary education of First Nations people living off reserve, Métis and Inuit by gender and age group, population aged 15 years and over, Canada, provinces and territories.

Description: This analytical article provides insight on the impact of discontinuing apprenticeship programs on the labor market outcomes of apprentices in Canada. Using Census 2016 data and the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP), this study examines certified journeypersons, continuers, and discontinuers of apprenticeship programs from 2008 to 2013. Labour market outcomes are compared primarily through the rates of employment in industries related to their trade of study and earnings.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: The series includes analysis on the characteristics of those with elementary-secondary, postsecondary and apprenticeship training. It also features analysis on students’ pathways through the education system and into the labour market-- including findings for different levels of education and fields of study. This research highlights specific groups of interest such as youth, women, men, immigrants, Indigenous people (First Nations people, Métis and Inuit) and visible minorities, and how intersections between these characteristics influence people’s educational experiences. Other topics include access to education; national and international adult performance assessments; use of technology; lifelong learning; and adult education.

Description: Although it is well established that higher levels of educational attainment are generally associated with higher lifetime earnings, and that this varies considerably by field of study, less is known about the actual jobs held by graduates of specific disciplines. The purpose of this short article is to present results from the 2021 Census of Population for doctoral degree graduates. Only individuals who worked during the census reference week (May 2 to 8, 2021) and who completed a Canadian doctoral degree program are included.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: Monthly indexes and percentage changes for selected sub-groups of the recreation, education and reading component of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), not seasonally adjusted, for Canada, provinces, Whitehorse and Yellowknife. Data are presented for the corresponding month of the previous year, the previous month and the current month. The base year for the index is 2002=100.

Description: This comprehensive data visualization tool overviews counts of enrolments and graduations for elementary to postsecondary education. It also includes the cost of tuition for full-time studies at Canadian degree-granting postsecondary public institutions for the current academic year (September to April). Data for this dashboard is related to the following three surveys: Tuition and Living Accommodation Costs (TLAC), Elementary-Secondary Education Survey (ESES), and the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS). Each survey will be released separately at a later date.

For elementary to secondary education, this interactive tool provides an overview of the total enrolment and graduation counts for the five most recent school years. For enrolments, the tool features counts in public schools, private/independent schools, and home-schooling, as well as official languages programs. For graduations, this tool features counts of graduates from secondary schools within public schools or private/independent schools.

For the postsecondary education, this interactive tool features characteristics of students enrolled in, or graduating from postsecondary programs offered in public postsecondary institutions in Canada (such as gender and status of student in Canada). It also provides an overview of program characteristics based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011) and on the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP Canada 2016 cannabis variant) STEM/BHASE groupings. It also details new enrolments (by gender, age group, and student status) for the most common credential programs offered within universities and colleges.

Description: Weighted average tuition fees by field of study for full-time Canadian undergraduate students. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

Description: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on postsecondary education of First Nations people living off reserve, Métis and Inuit by gender and age group, population aged 15 years and over, Canada, provinces and territories.

Description: Monthly indexes and percentage changes for selected sub-groups of the recreation, education and reading component of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), not seasonally adjusted, for Canada, provinces, Whitehorse and Yellowknife. Data are presented for the corresponding month of the previous year, the previous month and the current month. The base year for the index is 2002=100.

Description: This comprehensive data visualization tool overviews counts of enrolments and graduations for elementary to postsecondary education. It also includes the cost of tuition for full-time studies at Canadian degree-granting postsecondary public institutions for the current academic year (September to April). Data for this dashboard is related to the following three surveys: Tuition and Living Accommodation Costs (TLAC), Elementary-Secondary Education Survey (ESES), and the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS). Each survey will be released separately at a later date.

For elementary to secondary education, this interactive tool provides an overview of the total enrolment and graduation counts for the five most recent school years. For enrolments, the tool features counts in public schools, private/independent schools, and home-schooling, as well as official languages programs. For graduations, this tool features counts of graduates from secondary schools within public schools or private/independent schools.

For the postsecondary education, this interactive tool features characteristics of students enrolled in, or graduating from postsecondary programs offered in public postsecondary institutions in Canada (such as gender and status of student in Canada). It also provides an overview of program characteristics based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011) and on the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP Canada 2016 cannabis variant) STEM/BHASE groupings. It also details new enrolments (by gender, age group, and student status) for the most common credential programs offered within universities and colleges.

Description: Weighted average tuition fees by field of study for full-time Canadian undergraduate students. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

Description: Weighted average tuition fees by field of study for full-time Canadian graduate students. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

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Weighted average tuition fees by field of study for full-time international undergraduate students. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

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Weighted average tuition fees by field of study for full-time international graduate students. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

Description: Weighted average tuition fees for full-time Canadian and international undergraduate and graduate students. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

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Weighted average additional compulsory fees for full-time Canadian undergraduate and graduate students. These fees apply to all Canadian students, regardless of the field of study. Typically, they include fees for athletics, student health services and student associations. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

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Weighted average tuition fees for full-time Canadian undergraduate students by selected standard geographic areas and by field of study. Data are collected from all publicly funded Canadian degree-granting institutions.

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In Canada's federal system for economic (skilled) class immigrant selection, education is treated as if it is homogeneous and only differs in quantity. Some provinces, however, differentiate based on postsecondary field of study. This study explores the economic implications of field of study for each sex, and for two subgroups of immigrants, those educated in Canada and those educated elsewhere .

Field of study is not observed to explain much of the earnings difference between immigrants and the Canadian born, though it is relatively more important for males than females in doing so. Interestingly, while there are a few exceptions, a general pattern is observed whereby the differences between high- and low-earning fields are not as large for immigrants as for the Canadian born. Similarly, social assistance receipt has smaller variance across fields for immigrants than for the Canadian born. Nevertheless, substantial inter-field differences are observed for each immigrant group.

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With the help of data from the censuses of 1981 through 2001, this study examines the evolution of employment incomes (expressed in 2001 constant dollars) of less educated couples and highly educated couples.

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This study explores the labour market performance of low and high educated couples using Census data for the period 1980 to 2000.

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This study extends previous work on the evolution of the education premium, and investigates the existence of diverging university/high school earnings ratio trends across industries in the knowledge-based economy. The study also discusses the changing demand for high-skilled workers by comparing relative wages of university graduates holding degrees in "applied" fields to those of other university graduates (the "field" premium).

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This paper provides key indicators of connectedness for Canada's elementary and secondary schools using data from the Information and Communications Technologies in Schools Survey.

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This study looks at the decision of parents to save, and amounts saved, for the future education of children aged under 19 years in 2002. A model is used to estimate cumulative parental savings, taking into consideration characteristics of the family and the child, aspirations and involvement of parents, awareness of saving incentive programs, and expectations about grant programs.

Description: This article compares the reading achievement of Canadian 15-year-olds enrolled in immersion and non-immersion programs in English-language school systems in the 10 provinces.

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Postsecondary students finance their education in a variety of ways, including employment income, savings, family support, scholarships, and loans from government and private sources. This Canadian Social Trends article discusses student loans: not the most frequently used form of financial support for students, but an important source for those who do borrow.

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Although the use of school vouchers is growing in the developing world, the impact of vouchers is an open question. Any sort of long-term assessment of this activity is rare. This paper estimates the long-term effect of Colombia's PACES program, which provided over 125,000 poor children with vouchers that covered half the cost of private secondary school.

The PACES program presents an unusual opportunity to assess the effect of demand-side education financing in a Latin American country where private schools educate a substantial proportion of pupils. The program is of special interest because many vouchers were assigned by lottery, so program effects can be reliably assessed.

We use administrative records to assess the long-term impact of PACES vouchers on high school graduation status and test scores. The principal advantage of administrative records is that there is no loss-to-follow-up and the data are much cheaper than a costly and potentially dangerous survey effort. On the other hand, individual ID numbers may be inaccurate, complicating record linkage, and selection bias contaminates the sample of test-takers. We discuss solutions to these problems. The results suggest that the program increased secondary school completion rates, and that college-entrance test scores were higher for lottery winners than losers.

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Controlling for differences in student populations, we examine the contribution of schools to provincial differences in the reading, math and science achievement of 15-year-olds in this paper. Using a semi-parametric decomposition technique developed by DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux (1996) for differences in distributions, we find that school differences contribute to provincial differences in different parts of the achievement distribution and that the effect varies by province and by type of skill, even within province. For example, school differences account for about 32% of the difference in mean reading achievement between New Brunswick and Alberta, but reduce the difference in the proportion of students performing at the lowest reading proficiency level. By contrast, school differences account for 94% of the New Brunswick-Alberta gap in the 10th percentile of the science distribution. Our results demonstrate that school effectiveness studies that focus on the first moment of the achievement distribution miss potentially important impacts for specific students.

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The Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) is a longitudinal survey designed to provide policy-relevant information about school-work transitions and factors influencing pathways. YITS will provide vehicle for future research and analysis of major transitions in young people's lives, particularly those between education, training and work. Information obtained from, and research based on, the survey will help clarify the nature and causes of short and long-term challenges young people face in school-work transitions and support policy planning and decision making to help prevent or remedy these problems.

Objectives of the Youth in Transition Survey were developed after an extensive consultation with stakeholders with an interest in youth and school-work transitions. Content includes measurement of major transitions in young people's lives including virtually all formal educational experiences and most labour-market experiences. Factors influencing transitions are also included family background, school experiences, achievement, aspirations and expectations, and employment experiences.

The implementation plan encompasses a longitudinal survey for each of two age cohorts, to be surveyed every two years. Data from a cohort entering at age 15 will permit analysis of long-term school-work transition patterns. Data from a cohort entering at ages18-20 will provide more immediate, policy-relevant information on young adults in the labour market.

Cycle one for the cohort aged 15 will include information collected from youth, their parents, and school principals. The sample design is a school-based frame that allows the selection of schools, and then individuals within schools. This design will permit analysis of school effects, a research domain not currently addressed by other Statistics Canada surveys. Methods of data collection include a self-completed questionnaire for youth and school principals, a telephone interview with parents, and assessment of youth competency in reading, science and mathematics as using self-completed test booklets provided under the integration of YITS with the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). A pilot survey was conducted in April 1999 and the main survey took place in April-May 2000. Interviews were conducted with 30,000 students aged 15 from 1,000 schools in Canada. A telephone interview with parents of selected students took place in June 2000.

The sample design for the cohort aged 18-20 is similar to that of the Labour-Force survey. The method of data collection is computer-assisted telephone interviewing. The pilot survey was conducted in January 1999. In January-February 2000, 23, 000 youth participated in the main survey data collection.

Data from both cohorts is expected to be available in 2001. Following release of the first international report by the OECD/PISA project and the first national report, data will be publically available, permitting detailed exploration of content themes.

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Direct measures of skill attainment such as the International Adult Literacy Survey are used to assess the importance of educational outcome skills such as literacy in determining labour market outcomes such as earnings. Policy makers also use them to direct resources most efficiently. However, these skill measures are the product of complex statistical procedures. This paper examines the mathematical robustness of the International Adult Literacy Survey measures against other possibilities in estimating the impact of literacy on individual earnings.

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A longitudinal study on a cohort of pupils in the secondary school has been conducted in an Italian region since 1986 in order to study the transition from school to working life. The information have been collected at every sweep by a mail questionnaire and, at the final sweep, by a face-to-face interview, where retrospective questions referring back to the whole observation period have been asked. The gross flows between different discrete states - still in the school system, in the labour force without a job, in the labour force with a job - may then be estimated both from prospective and retrospective data, and the recall effect may be evaluated. Moreover, the conditions observed by the two different techniques may be regarded as two indicators of the 'true' unobservable condition, thus leading to the specification and estimation of a latent class model. In this framework, a Markov chain hypothesis may be introduced and evaluated in order to estimate the transition probabilities between the states, once they are corrected or the classification errors. Since the information collected by mail show a given amount of missing data in terms of unit nonresponse, the 'missing' category is also introduced in the model specification.

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A model of secondary school progression has been estimated using data from the 1991 School Leavers Survey conducted by Statistics Canada. The data on which the school progression model was based comprised current educational status and responses to retrospective questions on the timing of schooling events. These data were sufficient for approximate reconstruction of educational event histories of each respondent. The school progression model was designed to be included in a larger, continuous time micro-simulation model. Its main features involve estimation -- by age, month of birth and season for both sexes in each province -- of rates of graduation, of dropout, of return and of dropout graduation. Estimation was reinforced with auxiliary 1991 Census and administative data.

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The guide lists and briefly describes the main sources of data, and for each source gives: data coverage, main variables available, strengths and limitation of the data, historical continuity, frequency and means of dissemination, indication of the type of analysis that can be performed.

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The adult education and training sector is as complex as it is dynamic. In order to describe all its facets, Statistics Canada surveys many different populations. Given the number of data sources and their conceptual and methodological differences, it is sometimes very difficult for researchers and decision makers to obtain required information or data. This guide is a tool that has been developed to assist them. It provides a summary description of all Statistics Canada surveys related to adult education and training. From a selected variable, it allows the identification of surveys that can provide information. It also indicates relevant publications and how to obtain additional information.

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The Backgrounder on the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) describes the history of the survey and how literacy is measured.

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This paper presents the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) coding structure for the major fields of study for postsecondary graduates. It uses data collected in the 1991 Census of Population.

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This paper describes the derived variables for educational attainment and educational activity from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics.

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An overview is presented of several surveys on training and education developed by Statistics Canada.