Economic accounts

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One of the most significant financial market trends is the increased use of derivative instruments. Across the entire investment spectrum, from private investors to major banks and large institutional fund managers, the use of derivative products is becoming encompassing. Derivatives can be broadly defined as secondary assets, the value of which changes in concert with price movements of a related or underlying primary asset. These instruments may be divided into four broad categories: futures, forwards, options and swaps. Trading on established exchanges, and very active in over-the-counter markets, derivative contracts have become fundamental tools in both domestic and international finance.

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Following normal practice, the annual revision of the National Economic and Financial Accounts has been carried out and the revised estimates have been released along with those for the first quarter of 1995. This annual revision of the different parts of the System of National Accounts is an integrated process, with revised estimates of the Income and Expenditure Accounts, Financial Flow Accounts and the Balance of International Payments being released simultaneously. Corresponding revisions to the monthly estimates of gross domestic product (GDP), by industry and to the Input-Output Accounts at current and constant prices will be completed in August.

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When productivity increases in a sector, does it mean employment growth? This article explores the question and introduces a new concept: multifactor productivity.

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There has been growing interest in recent years about the scope of tourism in Canada. In response to this demand for information, Statistics Canada has developed a Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) which provides some answers to questions such as: Which industries constitute 'the tourism industry'? What are the industry's gross domestic product (GDP) and employment rates? And what is the extent of tourism-related expenditures?

This article reports on the research that Statistics Canada has undertaken as part of an ongoing examination of the tourism industry.

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This (1994) paper considers four alternative definitions of the underground economy and examines the available evidence about its size. Statistics Canada believes the underground economy is far smaller than the money demand studies have suggested.

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Revised estimates of the Income and Expenditure Accounts (IEA) covering 1990 to 1993 have been released along with the estimates for the first quarter of 1994. These revised estimates reflect the most current source data and seasonal patterns. The annual revision of the different parts of the System of National Accounts is an integrated process. Revised estimates of two other parts of the system, the Balance of International Payments and Financial Flow Accounts, have been released simultaneously. Corresponding revisions to the monthly estimates of the gross domestic product (GDP), by industry and to the Input-Output Accounts at current and constant prices will be available at the end of August.

The first section of this paper reviews the current revisions to the GDP and the main aggregates. The second section analyses the revision patterns of selected income and expenditure aggregates of the GDP over the period 1980 to 1993. For further information on sources, methods and definitions employed in the IE A, refer to the Guide to the Income and Expenditure Accounts, Catalogue no. 13-603E, no. 1.

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This article presents the first results from a study of the value of household work (VHW) in Canada for 1992. The study, the fourth of its kind, is part of continuing efforts to extend measures of production both within and outside Statistics Canada's System of National Accounts. A more in-depth report on the study is currently being prepared.

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Revised estimates of the Income and Expenditure Accounts covering 1989 to 1992 have been released along with the estimates for the first quarter of 1993. These revised estimates reflect the most current source data and seasonal patterns. The annual revision of the different parts of the System of the National Accounts is an integrated process. As such, revised estimates of two other parts of the system -- the Balance of International Payments and Financial Flow Accounts -- have been released simultaneously. Corresponding revisions to the monthly estimates of Gross Domestic Product by Industry and to the Input-Output Accounts at current and constant prices are also available.

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This article introduces two new tables showing volume indexes of real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and its components for Canada compared with the United States and the associated purchasing power parities (PPPs). These international comparisons of real expenditures based on PPPs are considered to be a major addition to the tools available for macroeconomic analysis. For example, the recent publication by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) of a set of estimates of different countries' output using PPPs has changed the view of the share of world output that comes from the industrialized countries compared with the developing economies.

An analysis based on PPPs, rather than a more conventional one based on exchange rates, has significantly changed the relative measures of output of countries. Comparisons based on exchange rates are unlikely to fully take into account the differences in price levels between countries (i.e., the goods and services that can be purchased in one country's currency compared with another's). Moreover, services are not generally traded in the way that goods are, so their prices in different countries tend not to be related in a way that parallels the currency exchange rate. If aggregate output is to be properly compared across countries, PPPs become more and more important as the size of the service sector grows.

Economic theory would suggest that for internationally traded domestically produced goods and services, PPPs and exchange rates will tend to equalize in the long run. Exchange rates, however, can fluctuate widely in short periods and are affected by expectations and factors such as deficits, wars, fuel shortages and interest rates. With the calculation of PPPs, actual price level differences can be identified. Such measures are also much more stable over time.

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The Income and Expenditure Accounts (IEA) are structured in terms of four economic or institutional sectors, and transactors are grouped into homogeneous categories that play distinct roles in the economy. The Personal sector is concerned with individuals in their capacity as final consumers and as suppliers of labour. The Government sector centres on transactions by public authorities as they relate to taxation and public expenditure. The Profit-motivated Business sector consists of transactors producing goods and services for financial gain. The Non-resident sector shows all transactions taking place between resident economic agents and the rest of the world. Classifying transactors by similar motivation and behaviour into these broad groups is a useful tool that helps analyse the major players in the economy, their functions and interrelationships.

The purpose of this paper is to develop quarterly estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) at factor cost in both current and constant prices for each of the institutional sectors within the IEA framework. The estimates of that will be shown, of the GDP, by sector, do not constitute a full production account, but nonetheless provide a measure of aggregate productive activity by sector of origin. They complement and extend the sector tables already available in the Income and Expenditure Accounts.

Description: Multifactor productivity and related variables in the aggregate business sector and major sub-sectors, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), provinces.

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Quarterly data on historical (real-time) releases of balance of international payments for the seasonally adjusted current account, by release date.

Description: Vintages of releases of quarterly income-based gross domestic product, starting with the November 30, 2012 reference period, Canada.

Description: Vintages of releases of quarterly expenditure-based, gross domestic product, starting with the November 30, 2012 reference period, Canada, in chained and current dollars, contributions to percent change and to annualized percent change.

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Vintages of releases of gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) aggregates, by industry, volume measures, monthly.

Description: Quarterly statistics on issues and holdings of securities. Data presented by numerous dimensions including sector, currency, original maturity, type of interest rate and market of issuance. Definitions, concepts and presentations used are consistent with the recommendations of the Handbook on Securities Statistics, an internationally agreed framework for classifying these instruments.

Description: The industrial capacity utilization rate is the ratio of actual output to potential output. Data are published quarterly and cover all goods-producing industries, with the exception of the agriculture industry. The visualization model shows rates, quarterly changes, and year-over-year changes for manufacturing industries.

Description: Quarterly data, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

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Quarterly data on international investment position for Canadian portfolio investment abroad, by type of foreign securities, by country, at market value.

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Quarterly data on the currency composition of Canadian portfolio investment abroad, at market value.

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This article presents revisions to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Income and by Expenditure from the Income and Expenditure Accounts (IEA) for the 2019 to 2021 period. These revisions were reflected in the 2021 Provincial and Territorial Economic Accounts estimates, released on November 8, 2022.

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This infographic features government spending data in Canada for the 2021/2022 fiscal year. It gives a breakdown of expenses by the socio-economic purpose for which the funds are used.

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Gross domestic product (GDP) can be divided into contributions from women, contributions from men, and “unallocated” contributions (i.e., those not attributable to a specific gender). This infographic provides information on the differences in the share of GDP attributable to men and women across industries and provinces and territories.

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This article provides an integrated summary of recent changes in output, consumer prices, employment and household finances. It highlights changes in the economic data during the first half of 2022 and into the summer months. The article also examines how economic conditions have changed as borrowing costs have risen.

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Rising wages and prices have characterized 2021 and 2022. Soaring unit labour costs have raised competitiveness concerns. This article examines the relationship between real wages and productivity to see whether real wage growth (growth in real total compensation per hour worked) has lagged behind labour productivity growth in recent years. It examines whether the result is sensitive to differences in the definition of real wages.

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This paper estimates and examines the contribution to Gross domestic product (GDP) by men and by women in the Canadian economy for the first time. Up to now, increases in the educational attainment of women and their participation in the market economy are reflected in education and labour market statistics but the contribution of men and women to production has not been delineated. The paper implements a new method for measuring GDP for men and women between 2008 and 2018 based on administrative records. It informs on the rising share of activity attributable to women and documents those areas of GDP where women make the largest and smallest contributions.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

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This article describes the revisions to the Financial Flow Accounts (FFA), the Other Changes in Assets Account (OCAA), and the National Balance Sheet Accounts (NBSA), collectively referred to as the Financial and Wealth Accounts (FWA), that will be introduced as part of the 2022 Comprehensive Revision (slated for release in December 2022). These accounts are an integral part of the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts (CSMA). These planned revisions are intended to strengthen the overall quality and relevance of the FWA program and to introduce new concepts, methodologies, and classifications as recommended by international standards.

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This presentation focuses on labour productivity, a measure of efficiency widely used in conjunction with data on labour costs and profitability to gauge the competitiveness of Canadian businesses.

Description: This product contains articles related to the latest methodological, conceptual developments in the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts as well as the analysis of the Canadian economy. It includes articles detailing new methods, concepts and statistical techniques used to compile the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts. It also includes information related to new or expanded data products, provides updates and supplements to information found in various guides and analytical articles touching upon a broad range of topics related to the Canadian economy.

Description: With the 2015 comprehensive revision, the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts (CSMA) has introduced a major presentational change to the national and the provincial and territorial input-output tables. The previous CSMA input-output presentation differed from the international standard and the practice found in most national statistical organizations. The CSMA has aligned its presentation with the international standard and replaces the presentation found in catalogues 15F0041X and 15F0042X, as well as 15F0002X.

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This article describes the upcoming revisions (November 2019) in the Canadian Macroeconomic Accounts resulting from the inclusion of illegal cannabis production, consumption and distribution as well as statistical revisions of the international travel services. The paper highlights the impact of these revisions on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the balance of international payments (BOP).

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The mandate of the Analytical Studies Branch (ASB) is to provide high-quality, relevant and timely information on economic, health and social issues that are important to Canadians. The branch strategically makes use of expert knowledge and a large range of statistical sources to describe, draw inferences from, and make objective and scientifically supported deductions about the evolving nature of the Canadian economy and society. Research questions are addressed by applying leading-edge methods, including microsimulation and predictive analytics using a range of linked and integrated administrative and survey data. In supporting greater access to data, ASB linked data are made available to external researchers and policy makers to support evidence-based decision making. Research results are disseminated by the branch using a range of mediums (i.e., research papers, studies, infographics, videos, and blogs) to meet user needs. The branch also provides analytical support and training, feedback, and quality assurance to the wide range of programs within and outside Statistics Canada.

Description:

The input-output (IO) models are generally used to simulate the economic impacts of an expenditure on a given basket of goods and services or the output of one or several industries. The simulation results from a "shock" to an IO model will show the direct, indirect and induced impacts on GDP, which industries benefit the most, the number of jobs created, estimates of indirect taxes and subsidies generated, etc. For more details, ask us for the Guide to using the input-output simulation model, available free of charge upon request.

At various times, clients have requested the use of IO price, energy, tax and market models. Given their availability, arrangements can be made to use these models on request.

The national IO model was not released in 2015 or 2016.

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The input-output (IO) models are generally used to simulate the economic impacts of an expenditure on a given basket of goods and services or the output of one or several industries. The simulation results from a "shock" to an IO model will show the direct, indirect and induced impacts on GDP, which industries benefit the most, the number of jobs created, estimates of indirect taxes and subsidies generated, etc. For more details, ask us for the Guide to using the input-output simulation model, available free of charge upon request.

At various times, clients have requested the use of IO price, energy, tax and market models. Given their availability, arrangements can be made to use these models on request.

The interprovincial IO model was not released in 2015 or 2016.

Description: This guide provides a detailed explanation of the structure, concepts and history of Canada’s System of Macroeconomic Accounts.

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An explanation of the structure and concepts of Canada’s new government financial statistics-based public sector accounts.

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The input-output multipliers are derived from the supply and use tables. They are used to assess the effects on the economy of an exogenous change in final demand for the output of a given industry. They provide a measure of the interdependence between an industry and the rest of the economy.

The national and provincial multipliers show the direct, indirect, and induced effects on gross output, the detailed components of GDP, jobs, and imports. Like the supply and use tables, the multipliers are presented at four levels of aggregation: Detail level (236 industries), Link-1997 level (187 industries), Link-1961 level (111 industries) and Summary level (35 industries).

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Users of macroeconomic statistics require long time series in order to understand economic cycles, forecast and conduct economic modeling. In general the longer the time series the better users are able to understand the economy. Statistics Canada has been producing macroeconomic account statistics since the 1930s. Over the last 80 plus years these statistics have evolved due to the changing nature of the economy, the development of international macroeconomic accounting standards and the development of new statistical methods and processes.