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All (2,481) (0 to 10 of 2,481 results)

  • 1. Statistical Methods Reference Documents
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-0001
    Description: Documents in this series provide insight into the statistical methods used by Statistics Canada to produce official statistics. They include introductory material, in-depth descriptions of techniques and methods, best practices, and guidelines. All documents have undergone review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted methodological standards and practices.
    Release date: 2026-06-16
  • 2. Advance indicators: Production, use and interpretation, 2026
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-00012026003
    Description: This article provides nontechnical answers to questions related to the production, use and interpretation of advance indicators for Statistics Canada’s Monthly Survey of Manufacturing, Monthly Wholesale Trade Survey and Monthly Retail Trade Survey.
    Release date: 2026-06-16
  • 3. Trend-cycle estimation: Concepts, interpretation, and calculation, 2026
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-00012026002
    Description: This reference document provides answers on selected topics related to the use, interpretation, and calculation of trend-cycle estimates for seasonally adjusted data. It is designed to complement more technical discussions of seasonal adjustment and trend-cycle estimation found in Statistics Canada publications and reference manuals.
    Release date: 2026-06-08
  • 4. Quantitative impact analysis: A practical overview
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202600500003
    Description: This spotlight article outlines practical methods for assessing the economic impacts of public programs delivered by federal agencies and Crown corporations. It summarizes key steps in conducting quantitative impact analysis, including data linkage, cohort construction and implementation of quasi causal estimators.
    Release date: 2026-05-27
  • 5. Analytical Studies: Methods and References
    Journals and periodicals: 11-633-X
    Description: Papers in this series provide background discussions of the methods used to develop data for economic, health, and social analytical studies at Statistics Canada. They are intended to provide readers with information on the statistical methods, standards and definitions used to develop databases for research purposes. All papers in this series have undergone peer and institutional review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted standards of good professional practice.
    Release date: 2026-05-27
  • 6. Income Research Paper Series
    Journals and periodicals: 75F0002M
    Description: This series provides detailed documentation on income developments, including survey design issues, data quality evaluation and exploratory research.
    Release date: 2026-05-20
  • 7. Seasonal adjustment: Concepts and interpretation, 2026
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-00012026001
    Description: This reference document provides nontechnical answers on selected topics related to the use and interpretation of seasonally adjusted data. It is designed to complement more technical discussions of seasonal adjustment found in Statistics Canada publications and reference manuals.
    Release date: 2026-05-11
  • 8. Latest Developments in the Canadian Economic Accounts
    Notices and consultations: 13-605-X
    Description: This product contains articles related to the latest methodological, conceptual developments in the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts as well as the analysis of the Canadian economy. It includes articles detailing new methods, concepts and statistical techniques used to compile the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts. It also includes information related to new or expanded data products, provides updates and supplements to information found in various guides and analytical articles touching upon a broad range of topics related to the Canadian economy.
    Release date: 2026-05-04
  • 9. A Framework for Projecting Housing Use Associated with Immigrants and Non-Permanent Residents
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2026002
    Description: Recent changes in Canada’s immigration levels have heightened interest in understanding how immigration affects housing demand. This article develops a methodological framework for projecting housing use associated with permanent residents (PRs) and non-permanent residents (NPRs) under alternative immigration scenarios. The framework applies observed per capita housing use rates from the Census of Population to estimate incremental housing use by tenure over time.
    Release date: 2026-04-24
  • 10. When and How to Use Area-Level Measures for Health Analysis: A Review and Recommendation Report
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2026001
    Description: This report defines key concepts related to area-level analysis and introduces area-level measures developed and utilized at Statistics Canada for health analysis. It also provides a decision-making framework and practical recommendations to help researchers select appropriate methods. The goal is to guide readers on when area-level analysis is appropriate and what type of area-level measure is suitable to achieve research objectives.
    Release date: 2026-03-05
Data (10)

Data (10) ((10 results))

  • 1. Social Policy Simulation Database and Model (SPSD/M)
    Public use microdata: 89F0002X
    Description: The SPSD/M is a static microsimulation model designed to analyse financial interactions between governments and individuals in Canada. It can compute taxes paid to and cash transfers received from government. It is comprised of a database, a series of tax/transfer algorithms and models, analytical software and user documentation.
    Release date: 2026-02-12
  • 2. National Address Register
    Profile of a community or region: 46-26-0002
    Description: The National Address Register (NAR) is a list of commercial and residential addresses in Canada that are extracted from Statistics Canada's Building Register and deemed non-confidential.
    Release date: 2025-12-19
  • 3. PASSAGES microsimulation model
    Table: 89-26-0006
    Description: PASSAGES is an open-source dynamic microsimulation model aimed at supporting policy analysis and research relating to Canadian retirement income system outcomes at the individual and family level. The publicly available version includes a synthetic starting database, a model, and documentation. A confidential starting database is also available.
    Release date: 2025-03-12
  • 4. Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer Hub Archived
    Data Visualization: 71-607-X2020010
    Description: The Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer empowers users to discover geo enabled data holdings of Statistics Canada at various levels of geography including at the neighbourhood level. Users are able to visualize, thematically map, spatially explore and analyze, export and consume data in various formats. Users can also view the data superimposed on satellite imagery, topographic and street layers.
    Release date: 2024-08-21
  • 5. Income divergence index (D-index) by census tract
    Table: 11-10-0074-01
    Geography: Census tract
    Frequency: Occasional
    Description:

    The divergence index (D-index) describes the degree that families with different income levels are mixing together in neighbourhoods. It compares neighbourhood (census tract, CT) discrete income distributions to a base distribution, which is the income quintiles of the neighbourhood’s census metropolitan area (CMA).

    Release date: 2020-06-22
  • 6. Housing Data Viewer Archived
    Data Visualization: 71-607-X2019010
    Description: The Housing Data Viewer is a visualization tool that allows users to explore Statistics Canada data on a map. Users can use the tool to navigate, compare and export data.
    Release date: 2019-10-30
  • 7. Findings of the Canadian Vehicle Fuel Pilot Survey Archived
    Table: 53-500-X
    Description:

    This report presents the results of a pilot survey conducted by Statistics Canada to measure the fuel consumption of on-road motor vehicles registered in Canada. This study was carried out in connection with the Canadian Vehicle Survey (CVS) which collects information on road activity such as distance traveled, number of passengers and trip purpose.

    Release date: 2004-10-21
  • 8. National Tourism Indicators, Historical Estimates Archived
    Table: 13-220-X
    Description: In the 1997 edition, new and revised benchmarks were introduced for 1992 and 1988. The indicators are used to monitor supply, demand and employment for tourism in Canada on a timely basis. The annual tables are derived using the National Income and Expenditure Accounts (NIEA) and various industry and travel surveys. Tables providing actual data and percentage changes, for seasonally adjusted current and constant price estimates are included. In addition, an analytical section provides graphs, and time series of first differences, percentage changes, and seasonal factors for selected indicators. Data are published from 1987 and the publication will be available on the day of release. New data are included in the demand tables for non-tourism commodities produced by non-tourism industries and in the employment tables covering direct tourism employment generated by non-tourism industries. This product was commissioned by the Canadian Tourism Commission to provide annual updates for the Tourism Satellite Account.
    Release date: 2003-01-08
  • 9. Historical Statistics of Canada Archived
    Table: 11-516-X
    Description:

    The second edition of Historical statistics of Canada was jointly produced by the Social Science Federation of Canada and Statistics Canada in 1983. This volume contains about 1,088 statistical tables on the social, economic and institutional conditions of Canada from the start of Confederation in 1867 to the mid-1970s. The tables are arranged in sections with an introduction explaining the content of each section, the principal sources of data for each table, and general explanatory notes regarding the statistics. In most cases, there is sufficient description of the individual series to enable the reader to use them without consulting the numerous basic sources referenced in the publication.

    The electronic version of this historical publication is accessible on the Internet site of Statistics Canada as a free downloadable document: text as HTML pages and all tables as individual spreadsheets in a comma delimited format (CSV) (which allows online viewing or downloading).

    Release date: 1999-07-29
  • 10. National Population Health Survey Overview Archived
    Table: 82-567-X
    Description:

    The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is designed to enhance the understanding of the processes affecting health. The survey collects cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. In 1994/95 the survey interviewed a panel of 17,276 individuals, then returned to interview them a second time in 1996/97. The response rate for these individuals was 96% in 1996/97. Data collection from the panel will continue for up to two decades. For cross-sectional purposes, data were collected for a total of 81,000 household residents in all provinces (except people on Indian reserves or on Canadian Forces bases) in 1996/97.

    This overview illustrates the variety of information available by presenting data on perceived health, chronic conditions, injuries, repetitive strains, depression, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, consultations with medical professionals, use of medications and use of alternative medicine.

    Release date: 1998-07-29
Analysis (2,037)

Analysis (2,037) (50 to 60 of 2,037 results)

  • 51. One-Stop-Shop for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Official Statistics Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100027
    Description: Several challenges encountered when constructing U.S. administrative record-based (AR-based) population estimates for 2020 are identified. They include locational accuracy, person coverage and its consistency over time, filtering out non-residents and people not alive on the reference date, uncovering missing links across person and address records, and predicting demographic characteristics. Several ways to address these issues are discussed. Regression results illustrate how the challenges and solutions affect the AR-based county population estimates.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 52. Exploration of Approaches to Small Area Estimation with Measurement Errors and their Application to Indonesian Household Surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100028
    Description: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals require detailed, disaggregated data, typically obtained through household surveys. However, surveys alone cannot meet these needs for granular statistics. To address this, National Statistical Institutes adopt small area methods, but these face challenges as auxiliary variables, often derived from surveys, introduce measurement errors into the models. The aim is the application of measurement error correction in classic Fay-Herriot area-level model. The results demonstrate the robustness of the standard approach and ignoring measurement error but show there are specific scenarios where correction for measurement errors is beneficial. The approach is applied to a case study utilizing Indonesian household survey data.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 53. Ahead of the Trends: J.N.K. Rao's Contributions to Survey Research Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100029
    Description: J.N.K. Rao has contributed to almost every subdiscipline of survey research, including unequal-probability and two-phase sampling, variance estimation, regression and categorical data analysis, small area estimation, and data integration. For each of these topics, Rao's work anticipated and led future research directions. His contributions will be discussed in the context of broader research trends as seen in the articles of Survey Methodology over the journal's 50-year history.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 54. Contributions of J.N.K. Rao to Complex Survey Multilevel Models and Composite Likelihood Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100030
    Description: In the setting of multilevel models to be estimated using data from surveys with complex sampling designs, this paper outlines some contributions of the landmark paper by Rao, Verret and Hidiroglou (Survey Methodology, 2013) and subsequent related work.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 55. Comparison of Recent Techniques of Combining Probability and Non-probability Samples Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100031
    Description: Several recent quasi-randomization methods for inferences from non-probability samples will be compared. The considered techniques are developed under the assumption that the sample selection is governed by an underlying latent random mechanism and that it can be uncovered by combining non-probability survey data with a "reference" probability-based sample, obtained from the same target population. Challenges prompting the development of alternative procedures include (i) non-probability sample participation indicators are available only on the observed sample units and (ii) it is not generally known which units from the underlying population belong to both the non-probability and reference samples. The ways different procedures address these challenges are considered, theoretical properties of the methods are discussed and their comparison is made using simulations.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 56. Propensity Score Estimation and Optimal Sampling Design when Integrating Probability Samples with Non-probability Data Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100032
    Description: Although non-probability data sources are not new to official statistics, a revived interest in the topic has emerged from pressures due to falling survey response rates, increasing data collection costs and a desire to take advantage of new data source opportunities from the ongoing societal digitalisation. Due to the exclusion of certain segments of the target population, inference derived solely from a non-probability data source is likely to result in bias. This work approaches the challenge of addressing the bias by integrating non-probability data with reference probability samples. The focus will be on methods to model the propensity of inclusion in the non-probability dataset with the help of the accompanying reference sample, with the modelled propensities then applied in an inverse probability weighting approach to produce population estimates. The reference sample is sometimes assumed as given. In this presentation however, an objective of finding an optimal strategy will be pursued that is, the combination of a data integration-based estimator and sample design for the reference probability sample. Recent work is discussed in which advantage is taken of the good unit identification possibilities in business surveys to study an estimator based on propensities and derive optimal (unequal) selection probabilities for the reference sample.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 57. Including Non-binary Gender in the Calibration Strategy for the Canadian Long-Form Sample Survey Weights Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100033
    Description: Aligning with recent needs for increased disaggregated data, in 2021 Canada became the first country to collect and disseminate data on gender diversity in a national census giving Canadians the option to select male, female, or non-binary. Due to their small size, non-binary population counts were not used in the 2021 Census long-form sample calibration procedure due to the risk of increasing the variance of estimates. This paper presents an alternative long-form calibration strategy which allows for small populations, such as the non-binary group, to be incorporated while mitigating methodological concerns. The strategy put forward can incorporate multiple small populations simultaneously while also being flexible enough to fit the calibration systems of other National Statistical Offices (NSOs). The results of a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation are presented showing improved data quality for the non-binary population under the alternative calibration strategy.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 58. A New Origin-to-Destination Table of Canadian Manufacturing Sales: Challenges with Imputing a Distribution from Annual Survey Data Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100034
    Description: Until now, detailed data on the destination of manufacturing sales have not historically been available to Canadians. Through integration of annual survey data, a destination of sales table by industry and province of origin was developed for the annual and monthly manufacturing surveys at Statistics Canada. Respondents for the annual survey are asked for their distribution of sales as a percentage across 15 destinations. To tackle the difficulty of generating an establishment-level distribution for multi-province respondents, three approaches were compared: using the respondents' total distribution for all their establishments, using optimization, and using the distributions of the single-province respondents. The imputed distribution of destination sales from the annual data was then applied to the monthly survey's sales value. This paper delves into challenges faced with imputing the destination sales (especially for respondents with establishments in multiple provinces), ensuring sales match marginal origin province totals, and allocating a distribution of destinations based on data from the annual program to the monthly estimates.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 59. The Usage of the Relief Algorithm for Edit and Imputation in the Canadian Census of Population Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100035
    Description: Historically, the Canadian census of population Edit and Imputation (E&I) process has operated using a nearest-neighbour donor imputation methodology wherein the distance between a failed unit and a potential donor is obtained through a weighted combination of auxiliary variables. Revision to the model between cycles can be a complicated and time-consuming process given there is no standard approach to variable selection and weighting between topics. This paper will illustrate the potential of the Relief variable selection algorithm to create a machine learning-driven approach to variable selection and weighting that is standardized and comparable between census cycles and among the many topics of the census. An overview on how this process may be applied in practice will be presented, followed by results on several topics that indicate a general improvement over previous methods.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 60. Factors Affecting Response Propensity, with an Interest in Units Sampled Multiple Times Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100036
    Description: As the need for data has grown over the past number of years, the effect and burden of repeatedly sampling the same units for multiple surveys have become an increasing concern. Response burden is generally assumed to contribute to decreasing response rates; however, there are few empirical studies looking into this question. As part of this study, data on response to social surveys conducted at Statistics Canada between 2021 and 2023 was aggregated in order to investigate factors contributing to the observed response patterns, including the effect of having been selected multiple times. It was found that, relative to some other demographic and geographic characteristics, a unit being sampled multiple times is not an influential factor in predicting response propensity.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
Reference (382)

Reference (382) (270 to 280 of 382 results)

  • 271. Estimation using the generalized weight share method: The case of record linkage Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015680
    Description:

    To augment the amount of available information, data from different sources are increasingly being combined. These databases are often combined using record linkage methods. When there is no unique identifier, a probabilistic linkage is used. In that case, a record on a first file is associated with a probability that is linked to a record on a second file, and then a decision is taken on whether a possible link is a true link or not. This usually requires a non-negligible amount of manual resolution. It might then be legitimate to evaluate if manual resolution can be reduced or even eliminated. This issue is addressed in this paper where one tries to produce an estimate of a total (or a mean) of one population, when using a sample selected from another population linked somehow to the first population. In other words, having two populations linked through probabilistic record linkage, we try to avoid any decision concerning the validity of links and still be able to produce an unbiased estimate for a total of the one of two populations. To achieve this goal, we suggest the use of the Generalised Weight Share Method (GWSM) described by Lavallée (1995).

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 272. Dual system estimation and the 2001 Census coverage surveys of the U.K. Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015682
    Description:

    The application of dual system estimation (DSE) to matched Census / Post Enumeration Survey (PES) data in order to measure net undercount is well understood (Hogan, 1993). However, this approach has so far not been used to measure net undercount in the UK. The 2001 PES in the UK will use this methodology. This paper presents the general approach to design and estimation for this PES (the 2001 Census Coverage Survey). The estimation combines DSE with standard ratio and regression estimation. A simulation study using census data from the 1991 Census of England and Wales demonstrates that the ratio model is in general more robust than the regression model.

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 273. Simultaneous calibration of several surveys Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015684
    Description:

    Often, the same information is gathered almost simultaneously for several different surveys. In France, this practice is institutionalized for household surveys that have a common set of demographic variables, i.e., employment, residence and income. These variables are important co-factors for the variables of interest in each survey, and if used carefully, can reinforce the estimates derived from each survey. Techniques for calibrating uncertain data can apply naturally in this context. This involves finding the best unbiased estimator in common variables and calibrating each survey based on that estimator. The estimator thus obtained in each survey is always a linear estimator, the weightings of which can be easily explained and the variance can be obtained with no new problems, as can the variance estimate. To supplement the list of regression estimators, this technique can also be seen as a ridge-regression estimator, or as a Bayesian-regression estimator.

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 274. Diagnostics for comparison and combined use of diary and interview data from the U.S. consumer expenditure survey Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015686
    Description:

    The U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey uses two instruments, a diary and an in-person interview, to collect data on many categories of consumer expenditures. Consequently, it is important to use these data efficiently to estimate mean expenditures and related parameters. Three options are: (1) use only data from the diary source; (2) Use only data from the interview source; and (3) use generalized least squares, or related methods, to combine the diary and interview data. Historically, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has focused on options (1) and (2) for estimation at the five or six-digit Universal Classification Code level. Evaluation and possible implementation of option (3) depends on several factors, including possible measurement biases in the diary and interview data; the empirical magnitude of these biases, relative to the standard errors of customary mean estimators; and the degree of homogeneity of these biases across strata and periods. This paper reviews some issues related to options (1) through (3); describes a relatively simple generalized least squares method for implementation of option (3); and discussed the need for diagnostics to evaluate the feasibility and relative efficiency of the generalized least squares method.

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 275. Combining data sources: Air pollution and asthma consultations in 59 general practices throughout England and Wales - A case study Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015688
    Description:

    The geographical and temporal relationship between outdoor air pollution and asthma was examined by linking together data from multiple sources. These included the administrative records of 59 general practices widely dispersed across England and Wales for half a million patients and all their consultations for asthma, supplemented by a socio-economic interview survey. Postcode enabled linkage with: (i) computed local road density; (ii) emission estimates of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxides, (iii) measured/interpolated concentration of black smoke, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and other pollutants at practice level. Parallel Poisson time series analysis took into account between-practice variations to examine daily correlations in practices close to air quality monitoring stations. Preliminary analyses show small and generally non-significant geographical associations between consultation rates and pollution markers. The methodological issues relevant to combining such data, and the interpretation of these results will be discussed.

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 276. A method of generating a sample of artificial data from several existing tables: Application based on the residential electric power market Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015690
    Description:

    The artificial sample was generated in two steps. The first step, based on a master panel, was a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) carried out on basic variables. Then, "dummy" individuals were generated randomly using the distribution of each "significant" factor in the analysis. Finally, for each individual, a value was generated for each basic variable most closely linked to one of the previous factors. This method ensured that sets of variables were drawn independently. The second step consisted in grafting some other data bases, based on certain property requirements. A variable was generated to be added on the basis of its estimated distribution, using a generalized linear model for common variables and those already added. The same procedure was then used to graft the other samples. This method was applied to the generation of an artificial sample taken from two surveys. The artificial sample that was generated was validated using sample comparison testing. The results were positive, demonstrating the feasibility of this method.

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 277. Using meta-analysis to understand the impact of time-of-use rates Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015692
    Description:

    Electricity rates that vary by time-of-day have the potential to significantly increase economic efficiency in the energy market. A number of utilities have undertaken economic studies of time-of-use rates schemes for their residential customers. This paper uses meta-analysis to examine the impact of time-of-use rates on electricity demand pooling the results of thirty-eight separate programs. There are four key findings. First, very large peak to off-peak price ratios are needed to significantly affect peak demand. Second, summer peak rates are relatively effective compared to winter peak rates. Third, permanent time-or-use rates are relatively effective compared to experimental ones. Fourth, demand charges rival ordinary time-of-use rates in terms of impact.

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 278. Meta-analysis of population dynamics data: Hierarchical modelling to reduce uncertainty Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X19990015694
    Description:

    We use data on 14 populations of coho salmon to estimate critical parameters that are vital for management of fish populations. Parameter estimates from individual data sets are inefficient and can be highly biased, and we investigate methods to overcome these problems. Combination of data sets using nonlinear mixed effects models provides more useful results, however questions of influence and robustness are raised. For comparison, robust estimates are obtained. Model-robustness is also explored using a family of alternative functional forms. Our results allow ready calculation of the limits of exploitation and may help to prevent extinction of fish stocks. Similar methods can be applied in other contexts where parameter estimation is part of a larger decision-making process.

    Release date: 2000-03-02
  • 279. Integration of Administrative Data with Survey and Census Data Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 21-601-M1999042
    Description:

    This paper reconstructs the development and evolution of the Canadian agricultural statistical system. It describes the expanding and increasingly important role of administrative data, which is integrated into survey and census information in order to complement, supplement or replace survey information or to assist with frame maintenance.

    Release date: 2000-01-14
  • 280. Utilization of Document Imaging Technology by the 1996 Canadian Census of Agriculture Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 21-601-M1998034
    Description:

    This paper describes the experiences, the issues and the expectations of the many different players involved in the implementation of document imaging for the Canadian Census of Agriculture.

    Release date: 2000-01-13

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