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  • 1. Seasonal adjustment: Concepts and interpretation, 2026
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-00012026001
    Description: This reference document provides nontechnical answers on selected topics related to the use and interpretation of seasonally adjusted data. It is designed to complement more technical discussions of seasonal adjustment found in Statistics Canada publications and reference manuals.
    Release date: 2026-05-11
  • 2. Statistical Methods Reference Documents
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-0001
    Description: Documents in this series provide insight into the statistical methods used by Statistics Canada to produce official statistics. They include introductory material, in-depth descriptions of techniques and methods, best practices, and guidelines. All documents have undergone review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted methodological standards and practices.
    Release date: 2026-05-11
  • 3. Latest Developments in the Canadian Economic Accounts
    Notices and consultations: 13-605-X
    Description: This product contains articles related to the latest methodological, conceptual developments in the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts as well as the analysis of the Canadian economy. It includes articles detailing new methods, concepts and statistical techniques used to compile the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts. It also includes information related to new or expanded data products, provides updates and supplements to information found in various guides and analytical articles touching upon a broad range of topics related to the Canadian economy.
    Release date: 2026-05-04
  • 4. A Framework for Projecting Housing Use Associated with Immigrants and Non-Permanent Residents
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2026002
    Description: Recent changes in Canada’s immigration levels have heightened interest in understanding how immigration affects housing demand. This article develops a methodological framework for projecting housing use associated with permanent residents (PRs) and non-permanent residents (NPRs) under alternative immigration scenarios. The framework applies observed per capita housing use rates from the Census of Population to estimate incremental housing use by tenure over time.
    Release date: 2026-04-24
  • 5. Analytical Studies: Methods and References
    Journals and periodicals: 11-633-X
    Description: Papers in this series provide background discussions of the methods used to develop data for economic, health, and social analytical studies at Statistics Canada. They are intended to provide readers with information on the statistical methods, standards and definitions used to develop databases for research purposes. All papers in this series have undergone peer and institutional review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted standards of good professional practice.
    Release date: 2026-04-24
  • 6. When and How to Use Area-Level Measures for Health Analysis: A Review and Recommendation Report
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2026001
    Description: This report defines key concepts related to area-level analysis and introduces area-level measures developed and utilized at Statistics Canada for health analysis. It also provides a decision-making framework and practical recommendations to help researchers select appropriate methods. The goal is to guide readers on when area-level analysis is appropriate and what type of area-level measure is suitable to achieve research objectives.
    Release date: 2026-03-05
  • 7. Social Policy Simulation Database and Model (SPSD/M)
    Public use microdata: 89F0002X
    Description: The SPSD/M is a static microsimulation model designed to analyse financial interactions between governments and individuals in Canada. It can compute taxes paid to and cash transfers received from government. It is comprised of a database, a series of tax/transfer algorithms and models, analytical software and user documentation.
    Release date: 2026-02-12
  • 8. Distributions of Household Economic Accounts, estimates of asset, liability and net worth distributions, 2010 to 2025, technical methodology and quality report
    Articles and reports: 13-604-M2026001
    Description: This documentation outlines the methodology used to develop the Distributions of household economic accounts published in January 2026 for the reference years 2010 to 2025. It describes the framework and the steps implemented to produce distributional information aligned with the National Balance Sheet Accounts and other national accounts concepts. It also includes a report on the quality of the estimated distributions.
    Release date: 2026-01-29
  • 9. Effects of model misspecification on small area estimators
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200001
    Description: Nested error regression models are commonly used to incorporate unit specific auxiliary variables to improve small area estimates. When the mean structure of the model is misspecified, the design-based mean squared prediction error (MSPE) of Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (EBLUP) generally increases. The Observed Best Prediction (OBP) method has been proposed with the intent to improve on the design-based MSPE over EBLUP. In this paper, we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation experiments to understand the effect of misspsecification of mean structures on different small area estimators. Our findings suggest that the OBP using unit-level auxiliary variables does not outperform the EBLUP in terms of design-based MSPE, unless the number of small areas m is extremely large. Conversely, the performance of OBP significantly improves when area-level auxiliary variables are employed. This paper includes both analytical and numerical evidence to demonstrate these observations, providing practical insights for addressing model misspecification in small area estimation (SAE).
    Release date: 2025-12-23
  • 10. Who’s asking? Interviewer effects on unit nonresponse in the Household Finance and Consumption Survey
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200002
    Description: This study examines interviewer effects on household nonresponse in three waves of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) in Austria using a multilevel model. Addressing nonresponse at its source is crucial for maintaining survey data quality and representativeness. Our findings indicate that the variation in response behavior explained by interviewer effects decreased from about one-third in the first wave to 7% in the third wave. Effective interviewers tend to have a university degree, be married, homeowners, and have a larger workload. Additionally, higher mean wages in the household’s municipality negatively affect survey participation. These insights suggest targeted interviewer selection and training strategies to improve response rates.
    Release date: 2025-12-23
Data (10)

Data (10) ((10 results))

  • 1. Social Policy Simulation Database and Model (SPSD/M)
    Public use microdata: 89F0002X
    Description: The SPSD/M is a static microsimulation model designed to analyse financial interactions between governments and individuals in Canada. It can compute taxes paid to and cash transfers received from government. It is comprised of a database, a series of tax/transfer algorithms and models, analytical software and user documentation.
    Release date: 2026-02-12
  • 2. National Address Register
    Profile of a community or region: 46-26-0002
    Description: The National Address Register (NAR) is a list of commercial and residential addresses in Canada that are extracted from Statistics Canada's Building Register and deemed non-confidential.
    Release date: 2025-12-19
  • 3. PASSAGES microsimulation model
    Table: 89-26-0006
    Description: PASSAGES is an open-source dynamic microsimulation model aimed at supporting policy analysis and research relating to Canadian retirement income system outcomes at the individual and family level. The publicly available version includes a synthetic starting database, a model, and documentation. A confidential starting database is also available.
    Release date: 2025-03-12
  • 4. Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer Hub Archived
    Data Visualization: 71-607-X2020010
    Description: The Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer empowers users to discover geo enabled data holdings of Statistics Canada at various levels of geography including at the neighbourhood level. Users are able to visualize, thematically map, spatially explore and analyze, export and consume data in various formats. Users can also view the data superimposed on satellite imagery, topographic and street layers.
    Release date: 2024-08-21
  • 5. Income divergence index (D-index) by census tract
    Table: 11-10-0074-01
    Geography: Census tract
    Frequency: Occasional
    Description:

    The divergence index (D-index) describes the degree that families with different income levels are mixing together in neighbourhoods. It compares neighbourhood (census tract, CT) discrete income distributions to a base distribution, which is the income quintiles of the neighbourhood’s census metropolitan area (CMA).

    Release date: 2020-06-22
  • 6. Housing Data Viewer Archived
    Data Visualization: 71-607-X2019010
    Description: The Housing Data Viewer is a visualization tool that allows users to explore Statistics Canada data on a map. Users can use the tool to navigate, compare and export data.
    Release date: 2019-10-30
  • 7. Findings of the Canadian Vehicle Fuel Pilot Survey Archived
    Table: 53-500-X
    Description:

    This report presents the results of a pilot survey conducted by Statistics Canada to measure the fuel consumption of on-road motor vehicles registered in Canada. This study was carried out in connection with the Canadian Vehicle Survey (CVS) which collects information on road activity such as distance traveled, number of passengers and trip purpose.

    Release date: 2004-10-21
  • 8. National Tourism Indicators, Historical Estimates Archived
    Table: 13-220-X
    Description: In the 1997 edition, new and revised benchmarks were introduced for 1992 and 1988. The indicators are used to monitor supply, demand and employment for tourism in Canada on a timely basis. The annual tables are derived using the National Income and Expenditure Accounts (NIEA) and various industry and travel surveys. Tables providing actual data and percentage changes, for seasonally adjusted current and constant price estimates are included. In addition, an analytical section provides graphs, and time series of first differences, percentage changes, and seasonal factors for selected indicators. Data are published from 1987 and the publication will be available on the day of release. New data are included in the demand tables for non-tourism commodities produced by non-tourism industries and in the employment tables covering direct tourism employment generated by non-tourism industries. This product was commissioned by the Canadian Tourism Commission to provide annual updates for the Tourism Satellite Account.
    Release date: 2003-01-08
  • 9. Historical Statistics of Canada Archived
    Table: 11-516-X
    Description:

    The second edition of Historical statistics of Canada was jointly produced by the Social Science Federation of Canada and Statistics Canada in 1983. This volume contains about 1,088 statistical tables on the social, economic and institutional conditions of Canada from the start of Confederation in 1867 to the mid-1970s. The tables are arranged in sections with an introduction explaining the content of each section, the principal sources of data for each table, and general explanatory notes regarding the statistics. In most cases, there is sufficient description of the individual series to enable the reader to use them without consulting the numerous basic sources referenced in the publication.

    The electronic version of this historical publication is accessible on the Internet site of Statistics Canada as a free downloadable document: text as HTML pages and all tables as individual spreadsheets in a comma delimited format (CSV) (which allows online viewing or downloading).

    Release date: 1999-07-29
  • 10. National Population Health Survey Overview Archived
    Table: 82-567-X
    Description:

    The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is designed to enhance the understanding of the processes affecting health. The survey collects cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. In 1994/95 the survey interviewed a panel of 17,276 individuals, then returned to interview them a second time in 1996/97. The response rate for these individuals was 96% in 1996/97. Data collection from the panel will continue for up to two decades. For cross-sectional purposes, data were collected for a total of 81,000 household residents in all provinces (except people on Indian reserves or on Canadian Forces bases) in 1996/97.

    This overview illustrates the variety of information available by presenting data on perceived health, chronic conditions, injuries, repetitive strains, depression, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, consultations with medical professionals, use of medications and use of alternative medicine.

    Release date: 1998-07-29
Analysis (2,036)

Analysis (2,036) (40 to 50 of 2,036 results)

  • 41. Survey-admin Hybrid Measure of Persistent Child Poverty in New Zealand Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100018
    Description: The Child Poverty Reduction Act (2018) outlines a need for the New Zealand Government to set three- and ten-yearly persistent child poverty reduction targets come end of 2024. In the absence of longitudinal survey data, a survey-administrative data hybrid method that will facilitate the production of these reduction targets and official estimates of persistent child poverty once reporting is required for the 2025/2026 financial year onwards is outlined. This hybrid approach leverages off the cross-sectional Household Economic Survey (HES), administrative-based beneficiary's family data, and recent advances developed for the construction of households within the Administrative Population Census (APC) at Statistics New Zealand. With increasing data collection challenges due to rising non-response and costs, this survey-admin hybrid method represents an alternative to longitudinal survey data collection, ensuring ongoing sustainable and quality statistics to produce persistent child poverty estimates.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 42. Efficient Record Linkage for Large Datasets by Business Names Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100019
    Description: Accurate and efficient record linkage is crucial for maintaining a comprehensive and current Statistical Business Register (SBR) at Statistics Canada. Linking external business lists to the SBR by name presents computational and methodological challenges, especially as data volumes grow. This paper describes a scalable methodology that employs blocking techniques to constrain the computational search space and integrates multiple similarity measures—from edit distances and n-gram overlaps to embedding-based methods using Sentence-BERT (SBERT)—to identify likely matches. By combining simple character-level comparisons with more advanced semantic embedding methods, the approach can adapt to various naming conventions and complexities. While it does not guarantee superior accuracy in all circumstances, it offers a pragmatic balance between computational feasibility and linkage quality.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 43. Evaluating the Accuracy when Linking Records in Waves Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100020
    Description: At Statistics Canada, many data sets are linked with quasi-identifiers such as the first name, last name, or address. In such cases, linkage errors are a potential concern and must be measured. In that regard, previous studies have shown that the evaluation may be based on modeling the number of links from a given record while accounting for all the interactions among the linkage variables and dispensing with clerical reviews, so long as the decision to link two records does not involve other records. In this communication, the methodology is adapted for a class of practical strategies, which violate this constraint by linking the records in consecutive waves, where a given wave links a subset of the records that are not linked in previous waves. In particular, the linkage may be based on a deterministic wave followed by a probabilistic one.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 44. Model-Based Threshold Selection for Agricultural Linkages Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100021
    Description: Optimal threshold selection is a critical challenge in probabilistic linkage, with significant implications for the accuracy and reliability of linked datasets. This paper analyzes the performance of the neighbour model, a recently proposed error model which models linkage errors by the number of links from each record. Three threshold selection algorithms utilizing the neighbour model were assessed, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. Their performance was assessed through simulation studies, which demonstrated that methods using the neighbour model achieved lower relative bias compared to two established methods for threshold selection. Additionally, the practical utility was validated through goodness-of-fit tests conducted on four agricultural datasets, showing the potential of the model for use in real-world applications.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 45. T1 Redesign: T1 Partnership Identification Process Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100022
    Description: In Canada, T1 Tax forms are used to report personal income, whether earned as an employee or through self-employment. Income from self-employment, or "T1 Business Income" is reported by sole proprietorships or partnerships. A T1 partnership involves two or more legal entities jointly filing for a shared business. T1 business data is received as individual filings, meaning partnerships are received separately for each partner. Internal record linkage within the T1 business database is performed to identify partnerships and prevent overcoverage within the final population of T1 businesses. This new T1 partnership identification process takes advantage of newer algorithms, such as DBSCAN numerical clustering fuzzy matching, to identify internal linkages. Graph theory is used to construct the list of partnerships from the row-pairs identified in the linkage process.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 46. Development of Linkage-Adjusted Weights Accounting for Gender for the 2021 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100023
    Description: The latest Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) continues a series of population-based microdata linkages focused on population health research by demographic, social and economic characteristics. The 2021 CanCHEC consists of 95.5% of the 2021 Census long-form sample survey records. The records of survey respondents that could not be linked to the Derived Record Depository and those presumed to be duplicates account for the remaining 4.5%. Linkage-adjusted main and replicate weights allow researchers to estimate and evaluate the variance of summary measures about population health in the presence of missed linked pairs to better understand the experiences of diverse population groups.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 47. The Future of National Statistical Organisations: The Longer-Term Role and Shape of NSOs Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100024
    Description: This paper explores a vision for the future of National Statistics Offices (NSOs). It analyses the history and role of NSOs before exploring current and future challenges and opportunities for NSOs, before finally outlining a future where NSOs become more agile, open, and collaborative while maintaining their high level of trust in the community, thereby allowing them to fulfil their new role as data stewards in a rapidly evolving data landscape.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 48. Statistical Inference for a Finite Population Mean with Machine Learning-Based Imputation for Missing Survey Data Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100025
    Description: National statistical offices have increasingly adopted machine learning (ML) for its potential to improve survey estimates. ML techniques offer significant advantages, notably the ability to manage high-dimensional data and to capture complex, nonlinear relationships, thereby enhancing the overall quality of survey statistics. In this article, following the approach of Chernozhukov et al. (2018), we describe a double debiased machine learning framework that enables valid statistical inference when imputed estimators are derived from ML procedures. Simulation results suggest that the proposed framework performs well in a wide range of scenarios.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 49. A Safe and Inclusive Approach to Disseminating Statistical Information about the Non-binary Population in Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100026
    Description: In 2022, Canada became the first country to release statistical information about its transgender and non-binary populations based on census data. Moreover, following a 2018 government-wide policy direction, Statistics Canada's surveys have been collecting and disseminating information about gender by default rather than sex at birth. Due to the small size of the transgender and non-binary populations, disseminating safe statistical information about them at detailed geographical levels poses a challenge.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 50. One-Stop-Shop for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Official Statistics Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100027
    Description: Several challenges encountered when constructing U.S. administrative record-based (AR-based) population estimates for 2020 are identified. They include locational accuracy, person coverage and its consistency over time, filtering out non-residents and people not alive on the reference date, uncovering missing links across person and address records, and predicting demographic characteristics. Several ways to address these issues are discussed. Regression results illustrate how the challenges and solutions affect the AR-based county population estimates.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
Reference (380)

Reference (380) (20 to 30 of 380 results)

  • 21. Methods for Constructing Life Tables for Canada, Provinces and Territories
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 84-538-X
    Geography: Canada
    Description: This electronic publication presents the methodology underlying the production of the life tables for Canada, provinces and territories.
    Release date: 2023-08-28
  • 22. Agriculture–Population Linkage: Data quality report
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 32-26-0006
    Description: This report provides data quality information pertaining to the Agriculture–Population Linkage, such as sources of error, matching process, response rates, imputation rates, sampling, weighting, disclosure control methods and data quality indicators.
    Release date: 2023-08-25
  • 23. Aggregated and derived income concepts and income statistics, 2021 Census of Population
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 98-20-00032021011
    Description: This video explains the key concepts of different levels of aggregation of income data such as household and family income; income concepts derived from key income variables such as adjusted income and equivalence scale; and statistics used for income data such as median and average income, quartiles, quintiles, deciles and percentiles.
    Release date: 2023-03-29
  • 24. Low-income concepts and statistics, 2021 Census of Population
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 98-20-00032021012
    Description: This video builds on concepts introduced in the other videos on income. It explains key low-income concepts - Market Basket Measure (MBM), Low income measure (LIM) and Low-income cut-offs (LICO) and the indicators associated with these concepts such as the low-income gap and the low-income ratio. These concepts are used in analysis of the economic well-being of the population.
    Release date: 2023-03-29
  • 25. Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) Technical Report, 2021
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2022009
    Description: The Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) is a comprehensive source of data that plays a key role in the understanding of the economic behaviour of immigrants. It is the only annual Canadian dataset that allows users to study the characteristics of immigrants to Canada at the time of admission and their economic outcomes and regional (inter-provincial) mobility over a time span of more than 35 years.

    This report will discuss the IMDB data sources, concepts and variables, record linkage, data processing, dissemination, data evaluation and quality indicators, comparability with other immigration datasets, and the analyses possible with the IMDB.

    Release date: 2022-12-05
  • 26. Guide to the Census of Agriculture
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 32-26-0002
    Description: This reference guide may be useful to both new and experienced users who wish to familiarize themselves with and find specific information about the Census of Agriculture.

    It provides an overview of the Census of Agriculture communications, content determination, collection, processing, data quality evaluation and dissemination activities. It also summarizes the key changes to the census and other useful information.

    Release date: 2022-04-14
  • 27. Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) Volume II. Reference Maps
    Geographic files and documentation: 12-572-X
    Description:

    The Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) provides a systematic classification structure that categorizes all of the geographic area of Canada. The SGC is the official classification used in the Census of Population and other Statistics Canada surveys.

    The classification is organized in two volumes: Volume I, The Classification and Volume II, Reference Maps.

    Volume II contains reference maps showing boundaries, names, codes and locations of the geographic areas in the classification. The reference maps show census subdivisions, census divisions, census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census metropolitan influenced zones and economic regions. Definitions for these terms are found in Volume I, The Classification. Volume I describes the classification and related standard geographic areas and place names.

    The maps in Volume II can be downloaded in PDF format from our website.

    Release date: 2022-02-09
  • 28. Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) Technical Report, 2020
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2021008
    Description: The Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) is a comprehensive source of data that plays a key role in the understanding of the economic behaviour of immigrants. It is the only annual Canadian dataset that allows users to study the characteristics of immigrants to Canada at the time of admission and their economic outcomes and regional (inter-provincial) mobility over a time span of more than 35 years. The IMDB includes Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) administrative records which contain exhaustive information about immigrants who were admitted to Canada since 1952. It also includes data about non-permanent residents who have been issued temporary resident permits since 1980. This report will discuss the IMDB data sources, concepts and variables, record linkage, data processing, dissemination, data evaluation and quality indicators, comparability with other immigration datasets, and the analyses possible with the IMDB.
    Release date: 2021-12-06
  • 29. Statistics: Power from Data!
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 12-004-X
    Description:

    Statistics: Power from Data! is a web resource that was created in 2001 to assist secondary students and teachers of Mathematics and Information Studies in getting the most from statistics. Over the past 20 years, this product has become one of Statistics Canada most popular references for students, teachers, and many other members of the general population. This product was last updated in 2021.

    Release date: 2021-09-02
  • 30. Multi-year Consolidated Plan for Research, Modelling and Data Development, 2021 to 2023 Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2021005
    Description:

    The Analytical Studies and Modelling Branch (ASMB) is the research arm of Statistics Canada mandated to provide high-quality, relevant and timely information on economic, health and social issues that are important to Canadians. The branch strategically makes use of expert knowledge and a broad range of data sources and modelling techniques to address the information needs of a broad range of government, academic and public sector partners and stakeholders through analysis and research, modeling and predictive analytics, and data development. The branch strives to deliver relevant, high-quality, timely, comprehensive, horizontal and integrated research and to enable the use of its research through capacity building and strategic dissemination to meet the user needs of policy makers, academics and the general public.

    This Multi-year Consolidated Plan for Research, Modelling and Data Development outlines the priorities for the branch over the next two years.

    Release date: 2021-08-12

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