Education and labour market outcomes

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  • 1. Trends in education–occupation mismatch among recent immigrants with a bachelor’s degree or higher, 2001 to 2021
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202400500002
    Description: Selecting immigrants with high levels of education increases their chances of economic success. Immigrants with a bachelor’s degree or higher are more adaptable to changes in the labour market and have steeper growth in employment earnings than those with a trades or high school education. However, many immigrants with a bachelor’s degree or higher have occupations that underutilize their skills, which can reduce their employment income, productivity and well-being. This article updates previously documented trends in education–occupation mismatch with census data from 2001 to 2021.
    Release date: 2024-05-22
  • 2. Labour market outcomes for college and university graduates, 2010 to 2020
    Articles and reports: 37-20-00012024001
    Description: This guide is for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group, gender and status of student in Canada for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined.
    Release date: 2024-04-17
  • 3. The improvement in the labour market outcomes of recent immigrants since the mid-2010s
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202400200004
    Description: Several factors may have contributed to the improved labour market outcomes for recent immigrants since the mid-2010s, such as the expansion of the two-step immigration selection process and the introduction of the Express Entry system in 2015. This article presents updated analyses regarding the employment and earnings outcomes of recent immigrants. It also discusses factors that might influence these outcomes in the near term.
    Release date: 2024-02-28
  • 4. Most prevalent jobs of young bachelor’s degree graduates by detailed field of study
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202301200002
    Description: Investing in a postsecondary education is one of the most important decisions made by people over their lifetime. Understanding the potential outcomes associated with specific postsecondary academic programs may help inform young people, but most of the available information focuses on earnings. While important, earnings say little about what postsecondary graduates are likely to do in their career, which may factor heavily in their decision-making process. This article presents the most prevalent jobs held by graduates of Canadian bachelor’s degree programs aged 25 to 34 using the 2021 Census of Population.
    Release date: 2023-12-21
  • 5. Canadian postsecondary education and labour market outcomes of 2010 economic immigrants to Canada
    Articles and reports: 81-595-M2023003
    Description: Using the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) integrated with the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) and the T1 Family File (T1FF), this study explores the Canadian postsecondary educational attainment and employment income of immigrants from the “economic immigrant” programs who were granted permanent residency based on their ability to contribute to the Canadian economy. The analysis compares the skilled immigrants who returned to postsecondary education after admission to Canada to those who did not return to postsecondary education and explores their potential difficulty to transfer their educational qualifications onto the Canadian labour market.
    Release date: 2023-08-15
  • 6. High school academic performance and earnings by postsecondary field of study
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202300400001
    Description: Selecting a field of study is an important decision made by thousands of incoming postsecondary students each year. Numerous studies have shown that graduates from engineering, business and mathematics programs earn considerably more than their counterparts from arts and humanities. This article estimates the earnings differences across various fields of study after adjusting for differences in high school academic performance (course marks), neighbourhood factors (income and educational attainment) and postsecondary institution effects.
    Release date: 2023-05-08
  • 7. Labour market outcomes for college and university graduates, 2010 to 2019
    Articles and reports: 37-20-00012023002
    Description: This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and gender for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined. This document has been updated to reflect the 2023 methodology used to produce labour market outcomes indicators.
    Release date: 2023-04-18
  • 8. Early career job quality of racialized Canadian graduates with a bachelor’s degree, 2014 to 2017 cohorts
    Articles and reports: 75-006-X202300100001
    Description: Racialized Canadians are generally more likely than their non-racialized, non-Indigenous counterparts to pursue a university-level education. Despite this, their labour market outcomes are often less favourable. Using data from the integrated file of the Postsecondary Student Information System, the 2016 Census and the T1 Family File, this article compares the employment earnings, unionization rate and pension plan coverage rate of racialized graduates with a bachelor’s degree with those of non-racialized, non-Indigenous graduates, two years after graduation.
    Release date: 2023-01-18
  • 9. The rising popularity of college postgraduate credential programs in Canada
    Articles and reports: 75-006-X202200100008
    Description:

    This article provides a profile of the number and characteristics of college postgraduate credential students in Canada, as well as their outcomes, including graduation rates, rates of transition to permanent residency (for international students), and earnings after graduation.

    Release date: 2022-09-12
  • 10. Differences in tenure status and feelings of fairness in hiring and promotions among male and female faculty in Canadian universities
    Articles and reports: 75-006-X202200100007
    Description:

    This study uses 2019 data from the University and College Academic Staff System to examine gender differences in tenure status among faculty in Canadian universities. It also uses the Survey of Postsecondary Faculty and Researchers to examine feelings of fairness in hiring and promotions.

    Release date: 2022-09-01
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Analysis (107)

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  • 11. Labour market outcomes for college and university graduates, 2010 to 2018
    Articles and reports: 37-20-00012022005
    Description:

    This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and gender for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined. This document has been updated to reflect the 2022 methodology used to produce labour market outcomes indicators.

    Release date: 2022-07-19
  • 12. Is taking a gap year between high school and postsecondary education beneficial or detrimental in the long term?
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202200500004
    Description:

    Following high school graduation, some students decide to delay their postsecondary education (PSE). This raises the issue of the long-term implications of taking a gap year. The main question asked in this study is “Among high school graduates who eventually registered for postsecondary studies, how do the long-term labour market outcomes compare between those who took a gap year (i.e. attended PSE between 12 and 15 months after high school graduation) and those who followed a more linear path into PSE (i.e. attended PSE within three months of high school graduation)?” The analysis is based on data from the Youth in Transition Survey, Cohort A (YITS-A) linked to the T1 Family File (T1FF) and takes into account differences in a very rich set of characteristics including academic performance, cognitive and non-cognitive ability, parental characteristics (presence, education, aspirations, education savings behaviour), peers, and high school fixed effects.

    Release date: 2022-05-25
  • 13. Fine tuning or re-skilling? Educational strategies of prime-aged displaced workers
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202200100005
    Description:

    While a large literature has documented the substantial and persistent earnings losses often experienced by displaced workers, relatively little is known regarding the educational strategies that prime-aged displaced workers use to cope with job loss. Specifically, the extent to which Canadian laid-off workers undergo re-skilling, i.e. enter new fields of study after losing their job or simply upgrade their skills and remain within their initial fields of study is currently unknown. This study fills this information gap using data from the Post-Secondary Information System (PSIS) in conjunction with Statistics Canada’s Longitudinal Worker file (LWF) and the Census of Population of 2006.

    Release date: 2022-01-26
  • 14. The labour market outcomes of economic immigrants in the skilled trades
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202101100003
    Description:

    Since the 1990s, Canadian immigration policy has emphasized human capital, particularly education and language proficiency, in the selection of economic immigrants. While immigration and the domestic educational system continuously increase the supply of a university-educated labour force, there has been concern that skilled trades are an often-overlooked career option for many secondary school graduates, and that this may lead to labour shortages in skilled trades. This article examines trends in the number of economic immigrant principal applicants who intended to work in skilled trades, their sociodemographic characteristics, and their employment and earnings outcomes. Also, comparisons are made with other economic immigrant principal applicants.

    Release date: 2021-11-24
  • 15. The achievements, experiences and labour market outcomes of First Nations, Métis and Inuit women with bachelor's degrees or higher
    Articles and reports: 75-006-X202100100009
    Description:

    This study examines the educational attainment and labour market outcomes of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit women primarily aged 25 to 64 using data from the 2006 and 2016 Census of Population, the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey and the 2018 National Graduates Survey. Comparisons are made to the non-Indigenous population, across Indigenous-identity groups, and between the sexes.

    Release date: 2021-10-20
  • 16. Chapter 3: Youth and Education in Canada
    Articles and reports: 42-28-0001202100100003
    Description:

    This chapter provides a broad overview of the education situation of Canadian youth. It focuses on the general level of education for young Canadians, as well as on which groups are driving the rise in educational attainment. The chapter also examines the literacy and numeracy skills of young Canadians and how they compare with their counterparts in other OECD countries. Finally, it looks at some of the costs and benefits of a postsecondary education in Canada, including how such an education has been rewarded in the labour market.

    Release date: 2021-10-04
  • 17. Overqualification among 2012 and 2013 bachelor's graduates
    Articles and reports: 81-595-M2021004
    Description:

    Using a new database created by integrating information from the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) with 2016 Census data, this article examines the extent to which 2012 and 2013 graduates with a bachelor's degree who did not go back to school full time after graduating held a job requiring a high school diploma at most when they entered the labour market in 2016. The overqualification rate is examined according to several characteristics, such as sex, field of study, province, graduation year, belonging to a group designated as a visible minority and immigration status.

    Release date: 2021-09-21
  • 18. Leveraging postsecondary student employment into a career: The importance of remaining in the firm after graduation
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100600005
    Description:

    Building a résumé during one’s postsecondary studies may provide postsecondary students with an advantage in the labour market after graduation. Although there are many ways to do so, this study will investigate one previously unexplored detail that students may leverage: building human capital with a specific employer. More specifically, the study estimates the relationship between post-graduation labour market outcomes and the type of match between the student job and the post-graduation job.

    Release date: 2021-06-23
  • 19. Completion of a college certificate or diploma after a bachelor's degree
    Articles and reports: 75-006-X202100100001
    Description:

    This study uses data from the 2016 Census of Population and the Postsecondary Student Information System to examine the characteristics and outcomes of recent college graduates with a prior bachelor's degree.

    Release date: 2021-04-08
  • 20. Labour market outcomes of postsecondary graduates, class of 2015
    Articles and reports: 81-595-M2020002
    Description:

    This article looks at the labour market outcomes of 2015 postsecondary graduates three years after graduation. Specifically, it examines their employment status, job permanency, relatedness of their job or business to their 2015 educational program, the degree to which graduates feel qualified for their job, their employment income and their job satisfaction. This article answers the question: How are graduates of 2015 faring in terms of their integration into the labour market?

    Release date: 2020-11-17
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