Employment and unemployment

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An overview of the changing industrial structure in the census metropolitan areas of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver since 1971.

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Employment equity legislation is becoming more prevalent in Canadian labour markets, yet -- other than broad availability numbers -- the labour market experiencesof designated groups have not been well documented. Using the National Graduates Survey of 1992, this report profiles the early labour market experiences ofvisible minorities, Aboriginal peoples and persons with disabilities who graduated from Canadian universities and community colleges in 1990. In general, we find thatthe earnings of designated group members are very similar to the earnings of their classmates. However, we also find that members of these groups are more likely tobe unemployed and are less likely to participate in the labour force than others in their class.

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This paper uses job turnover data to compare how job creation, job destruction and net job change differ for small and large establishments in the Canadian manufacturing sector. It uses several different techniques to correct for the regression-to-the-mean problem that, it has been suggested, might incorrectly lead to the conclusion that small establishments create a disproportionate number of new jobs. It finds that net job creation for smaller establishments is greater than that of large establishments after such changes are made. The paper also compares the importance of small and large establishments in the manufacturing sectors of Canada and the United States. The Canadian manufacturing sector is shown to have both a larger proportion of employment in smaller establishments but also to have a small establishment sector that is growing in importance relative to that of the United States.

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The statistical observation that small firms have created the majority of new jobs during the 1980s has had a tremendous influence on public policy. Governmentshave looked to the small firm sector for employment growth, and have promoted policies to augment this expansion. However, recent research in the US suggeststhat net job creation in the small firm sector may have been overestimated, relative to that in large firms. This paper addresses various measurement issues raised inthe recent research, and uses a very unique Canadian longitudinal data set that encompasses all companies in the Canadian economy to reassess the issue of jobcreation by firm size. We conclude that over the 1978-92 period, for both the entire Canadian economy and the manufacturing sector, the growth rate of (net)employment decreases monotonically as the size of firm increases, no matter which method of sizing firms is used. The small firm sector has accounted for adisproportionate share of both gross job gains and job losses, and in that aggregate, accounted for a disproportionate share of the employment increase over theperiod. Measurement does matter, however, as the magnitude of the difference in the growth rates of small and large firms is very sensitive to the measurementapproaches used. The paper also produces results for various industrial sectors, asks whether the more rapid growth in industries with a high proportion of smallfirms is responsible for the findings at the all-economy level, and examines employment growth in existing small and large firms (ie excluding births). It is found thatemployment growth in the population of existing small and large firms is very similar.

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Between 1975 and 1993, part-time jobs grew much faster than full-time jobs. The article examines the labour market by looking at jobs rather than workers

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Having a second job is a growing phenomenon. Who are moonlighters and why do they moonlight? The characteristics of moonlighters and the work patterns of their second jobs are discussed.

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An up-to-date look at the labour market and other economic indicators for the first six months of 1994.

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The sluggish employment situation of lone mothers is examined in terms of their marital status.

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A look at the recent decline in the labour force participation rates of women by age.

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In recent years, the labour force participation of youths has fallen dramatically. This note explores the labour market conditions for youths both in and out of school and the labour force.

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The Canadian Labour Market Observatory consists of interactive data visualization applications showcasing the vast amount of publicly available labour market information. The fully interactive applications allow Canadians to quickly and easily personalize the information in a way that is relevant to them and their interests.

Description: This interactive visualization application provides a comprehensive picture of the Canadian labour market using the most recent data from the Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours (SEPH). The estimates are seasonally adjusted and available by province and largest industrial sector. Historical estimates, going back 10 years, are also included. The interactive application allows users to quickly and easily explore and personalize the information presented. Combine multiple provinces and industrial sectors to create your own labour market domains of interest.

Description: Number of employees by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and type of employee, last 5 months.

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Number of employees by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in the energy sector and type of employee.

Description: Number of employees and average weekly earnings (including overtime) for all employees by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), last 5 months.

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Number of employees and average weekly earnings (including overtime) for all employees in the automotive industry, based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), last 5 months.

Description: Number of employees, average hourly and weekly earnings, and average weekly hours by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and type of employee, last 5 months.

Description: Number of employees, average hourly and weekly earnings (including overtime), and average weekly hours for the industrial aggregate excluding unclassified businesses, last 5 months.

Description: Number of employees and average weekly earnings (including overtime) for all employees by provinces, territories and North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), last 5 months.

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Number of job vacancies and payroll employees, and job vacancy rate by province and territory, last 5 months.

Description: The agricultural sector in Canada has relied increasingly on temporary foreign workers (TFWs) to fill the longstanding labour shortage. The number of TFWs in crop production, animal production and aquaculture, and support activities for crop and animal production more than tripled between 2005 and 2020. This study examines the transition to permanent residency (PR) of TFWs in primary agriculture and the retention in the sector among those who obtained PR. The study focuses on TFWs whose first employment was in primary agriculture and who entered the sector between 2005 and 2020.

Description: Temporary residents constitute an important supply of labour for the Canadian economy. However, some of them do not work in a given year, even when holding a valid work permit. This article estimates the share of temporary residents who had paid employment but were “weakly attached” to the Canadian labour market in 2019.

Description: Research generally supports the idea that technological change has favoured the demand for workers in occupations requiring higher levels of education and skills and negatively affected employment in occupations requiring lower skill levels. This article assesses the changes over the past two decades in the occupational skill level of employment in Canada, with a focus on the role of immigration in the changing occupational structure.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: Indigenous Peoples are an integral part of the farm population and have been contributing to the agricultural landscape of what is now Canada for many centuries before the arrival of settlers. This article provides a socioeconomic portrait of the Indigenous farm population, touching on population changes, gender, age, education, type of farming activity and income.

Description: Several factors may have contributed to the improved labour market outcomes for recent immigrants since the mid-2010s, such as the expansion of the two-step immigration selection process and the introduction of the Express Entry system in 2015. This article presents updated analyses regarding the employment and earnings outcomes of recent immigrants. It also discusses factors that might influence these outcomes in the near term.

Description: Using a database that integrates anonymized data from the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) with data from the 2016 Census, the 2021 Census and the T1 Family File (T1FF), this article will examine demographic characteristics of Indigenous graduates at the bachelor level, as well as certain job quality indicators, such as annual employment income level, unionization rate and pension plan coverage rate, at the beginning of their career, that is two years after graduating.

Description: From 2010 to 2019, the Labour Force Survey (LFS) response rate – or the proportion of selected households who complete an LFS interview – had been on a slow downward trend, due to a range of social and technological changes which have made it more challenging to contact selected households and to persuade Canadians to participate when they are contacted. These factors were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in the suspension of face-to-face interviewing between April 2020 and fall 2022. Statistics Canada is committed to restoring LFS response rates to the greatest extent possible. This technical paper discusses two initiatives that are underway to ensure that the LFS estimates continue to provide an accurate and representative portrait of the Canadian labour market.

Description: In recent years, foreign workers have become an important source of labour in the accommodation and food services industry in Canada. This study examines the characteristics of temporary foreign workers with lower-skill occupations who had their first Canadian employment in the accommodation and food services industry from 2000 to 2020, as well as their cumulative rates of transition to permanent residency and retention in that industry. This study also compares these outcomes with those of temporary foreign workers with higher-skill occupations and study permit holders employed in the industry.

Description: In 2013, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada introduced a new refugee resettlement category called the Blended Visa Office-Referred Program. This admission stream combined the core principles of IRCC’s Government-Assisted Refugees program and the Private Sponsorship of Refugees program. This study asks two questions. First, what are the economic outcomes of BVOR refugees who have been admitted to Canada since 2013? Second, how do these outcomes compare with those of other resettled refugees who were admitted through the GAR and Private Sponsorship of Refugees programs?

Description: These reference guides are intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The guide provides an overview of the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) and the Registered Apprenticeship Information System (RAIS), the general methodology used to create longitudinal indicators, and important technical information for users.

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This paper introduces and explains modifications made to the Labour Force Survey estimates.

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This technical reference guide (updated to include the 2022 datasets) is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and gender for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined.

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This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and sex for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined.

Description:

This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and gender for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined.

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This publication provides a systematic classification structure to identify and categorize the entire range of occupational activity in Canada. Definitions and occupational titles are provided for each unit group. An alphabetical index of the occupational titles classified to the unit group level is also included.

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This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and sex for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined.

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This fact sheet offers a concise overview of updated—new or modified—content for the 2021 Census of Population that is specific to the theme of education, labour, commuting, and Veterans, which includes the following topics: education, labour market conditions, commuting to work, and Veteran and military service. The changes considered for these topics are explained, along with the resulting approach for 2021.

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This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this release are derived from integrating the Registered Apprenticeship Information System (RAIS) 2008 to 2017 data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of indicators on educational pathways and labour market outcomes for registered apprentices by select trades, cohorts of apprentices, by sex, for Canada, all provinces, the Atlantic region, and for grouped territories.

Description:

This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and sex for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined.