Technical Reference Guides for the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform
Labour market outcomes for college and university graduates, 2010 to 2016
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1. Introduction
Statistics Canada, in collaboration with the provinces and territories, Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC), and other stakeholders, has developed the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP).
The ELMLP allows longitudinal integration of administrative data related to education with other data sources to provide customized datasets for analytical purposes.
The ELMLP Program fills data gaps and enables a greater understanding of student and apprenticeship pathways, transitions to the labour market and outcomes over time.
Data from the ELMLP can help address a wide range of policy questions pertaining to student and apprenticeship persistence, completion, mobility and pathways as well as their labour market outcomes.
These data allow policy makers to understand the different types of trajectories that students can take through their postsecondary education or apprenticeship training as well as student characteristics that may be related to these trajectories.
The target audience for the ELMLP includes provincial ministries of education, apprenticeship authorities, postsecondary institutions, federal government departments, members of the academic community, researchers, students and parents interested in graduate outcomes and other stakeholder groups involved in education and the labour market.
2. The Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP)
2.1 The key features of the ELMLP
- Platform – The Platform allows researchers to unlock information about past cohorts of college/university students and registered apprentices, to better understand their pathways and the ways in which education and training affected their career prospects.
- Securely integrated datasets - These integrated datasets allow us to know more than what a single dataset or survey can provide. Integrated datasets means that all of the datasets in the ELMLP may be linked with each other using an anonymous linkage identifier located on each file. After identifying which ELMLP datasets are needed to answer a specific research or policy question, researchers can use the anonymous linkage identifier located on each file to bring these datasets together. The integration of datasets is carried out within the Statistics Canada Social Data Linkage Environment (SDLE), which maintains the highest privacy and data security standards.
- Longitudinal data – The data available within the Platform are linked longitudinally, allowing researchers to better understand the behaviours and outcomes of students and apprentices over time.
- Accessible data – All datasets prepared for the Platform are made available to researchers through the Research Data Centre network across Canada.
2.2 Accessibility, confidentiality and privacy
The integrated datasets in the ELMLP are deemed sensitive statistical information and subject to the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act. Statistics Canada employees who build the integrated datasets for research purposes have access to the data only after they have been stripped of personal identifiers. Furthermore, only Statistics Canada employees and deemed employees who have an approved need to access the data for their analytical work are allowed access to the linked analytical files.
These data are treated with the same level of confidentiality as surveys administered by Statistics Canada.
Findings from the ELMLP are released through Statistics Canada’s website.
The ELMLP data are also available in Statistics Canada’s Research Data Centres (RDC) to researchers with approved projects only. These researchers will be provided with access in a secure setting at the RDCs, which are staffed by Statistics Canada employees. The RDCs are operated under the provisions of the Statistics Act in accordance with all confidentiality rules, and are accessible to researchers once they have been sworn in under the Statistics Act as “deemed employees.”
2.3 Core and supplementary datasets
The ELMLP consists of two types of datasets: core and supplementary.
Core datasets are updated in the ELMLP on an annual basis and include:
- The Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) – an administrative dataset of all Canadian public college and university enrolments and graduates by type of program and credential, and field of study for each reporting year. The ELMLP includes PSIS data from 2009 onwards for all provinces and territories, as well as from 2005 onwards for the four Atlantic provinces and from 2004 onwards for Alberta.
- The Registered Apprenticeship Information System (RAIS) - an annual administrative dataset of all Canadian (provincial and territorial) registered apprentices and trade qualifiers. The ELMLP includes RAIS data from 2008 onward.
- Income tax from the T1 Family File (T1FF) - select information from income tax data from 1992 onwards is available for all PSIS and RAIS records that were linked to the T1 Family File.
Supplementary datasets are additional datasets that are being integrated into the platform in order to add new indicators for research purposes. Over time, the number of supplementary datasets that are brought into the ELMLP will grow and could include survey data already collected by Statistics Canada, administrative data already obtained by Statistics Canada, and administrative data not yet available at Statistics Canada. The list of ELMLP files currently in the RDCs can be found at the Statistics Canada website (type “ELMLP” in the Filter Items window).
3. Data sources
3.1 Data sources and record linkages
The data used for calculation of graduate outcome indicators are derived from the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) and selected tax variables from the T1 Family File (T1FF).
Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) data
The PSIS is a national annual administrative database that enables Statistics Canada to provide detailed information on enrolments and graduates of Canadian public postsecondary institutions in order to meet policy and planning needs in the field of postsecondary education. PSIS collects information pertaining to the programs and courses offered at an institution, as well as information regarding the students themselves and the program(s) and course(s) in which they were registered, or from which they have graduated.
The start date for each reporting year in the PSIS report is the day after the end of the institution's previous winter term, which is usually a date in April, May or June, however this may vary by institution. The reference period is one year from this start date.
Tax Family File (T1FF)
The T1FF is a database that combines individuals and variables from the T1 and T4 tax files and the Canada Child Tax Benefit into a family composition file. It includes income, demographic and geographic variables for each tax filer and their spouse, family and children.
Reference period: Calendar year (January to December).
PSIS data for the reference years 2009/2010 to 2016 /2017 and T1FF data for 2011 to 2018 have been used for the November 5th, 2020 release of the indicator tables.
Please note: Information about the students must be available from all sources to be used in the graduate outcome indicators calculations. PSIS data that have been imputedNote or graduate records for which no tax data were available were not used.
4. Methodology to derive the graduate outcome indicators
4.1 Deriving the target population
Using both PSIS and tax data, six graduating cohorts from the 2010 to 2016 calendar years were derived for the indicators released on November 5th, 2020. These cohorts are included in tables 37-10-0114-01, 37-10-0115-01, 37-10-0122-01, 37-10-0156-01, 37-10-0157-01, and 37-10-0158-01.
In PSIS, graduate counts refer to the total number of degrees, diplomas and certificates awarded to graduates. For example, if an individual graduates with two educational qualifications in a calendar year, this individual appears twice in the PSIS graduate file for that year.
In contrast to the PSIS published counts, the approach used for the graduate outcome indicators focuses on outcomes for unique persons, rather than for each reported educational qualification earned. This method is more appropriate for matching PSIS graduates to tax data and for simplifying the interpretation of the outcomes over time.
The derivation of the target population thus requires some adjustments to the source population data and is described below.
Creation of the cohort of graduates
Students graduate at different times over the year. PSIS information on graduates can be assessed according to either the institution’s PSIS reporting year or a calendar year. As tax data are compiled based on a calendar year, the graduating cohorts were constructed based on the unique individuals who graduated in each calendar year to facilitate the analysis of the linkage results. Complete cohorts were constructed for calendar years 2010 to 2016. Calendar year graduates are collected from two reporting years e.g. 2010 graduates come from the second part of the 2009/2010 reporting year data and the first part of 2010/2011.
Exclusion of some PSIS programs
A number of program types, credential types and fields of study were excluded from the main graduate population definition. Some of these were considered ‘out-of-scope’ for looking at postsecondary graduate outcomes as they are either related to the in-class components of apprenticeship training, are non-postsecondary in nature, do not result in an educational qualification, or they specifically prepare students to enter another postsecondary program rather than the labour market. They are:
- Apprenticeship programs;
- High school/secondary diploma and certificate programs;
- Pre-technology education/pre-industrial art programs;
- Basic education programs;
- Undergraduate or graduate qualifying programs;
- Micro-programs (related to co-operative education terms in Quebec); and
- Non-programs (PSIS records for students taking courses or involved in educational activities that are not officially part of a credential program).
Grouping by educational qualification
Graduates were grouped by educational qualification using the ‘Classification of programs and credentials – professional degree variant’ (a combination of the PSIS program type and credential type variables) according to the credentials they received.
The educational qualification category definitions made two further adjustments compared to PSIS to permit greater consistency and homogeneity of grouping when studying graduate outcomes:
- Undergraduate or post-baccalaureate non-graduate degrees in the six fields of study of Dentistry (DDS, DMD), Law (LLB, JD, BCL), Medicine (MD), Optometry (OD), Pharmacy (PharmD, BS, BSc, BPharm) or Veterinary medicine (DVM) were moved to their own category named "professional degree".
- Post-baccalaureate non-graduate degrees in Education or in Social work were regrouped with the undergraduate degrees group for more consistency across jurisdictions. A small number of post-baccalaureate non-graduate degrees in a handful of other selected fields of study were also regrouped with undergraduate degrees due to the small remaining category size. Thus, very few graduates remained in the post-baccalaureate non-graduate degree category and the category no longer represented these graduates.
Please note: These changes made to the groupings of programs and credentials did not impact the final total target population count, only the classification within it.
Removing multiple records in the same cohort for an individual
To simplify the analysis of graduate outcomes by educational qualification groups, only one record was retained for individuals obtaining more than one educational qualification in the same calendar year and thus appearing more than once in the year’s PSIS data.
To retain only ONE educational qualification record per graduate, a set of sequential rules were applied in the following order to choose the most relevant record for the outcome analysis:
- Keep the record with the highest PSIS program type, e.g. graduate program level is retained over undergraduate level;
- If program types are the same, then keep the record with the highest PSIS credential type, e.g. degree is retained over diploma;
- If credential types are also the same, but one educational qualification is in the field of study of ‘Education’ then it is retained over the other fields of study;
- If credential types are also the same, but neither educational qualification is in the field of study of ‘Education’ then one of the fields of study is chosen at random.
Missing information and out-of-scope individuals
Finally, graduate records with missing key demographic information (gender or age) were removed since not enough information was present to classify them. Graduates less than age 15 or 65 years old and over were also removed and deemed out-of-scope as the study focused on outcomes in the labour market. Age is defined as reported on December 31 of the calendar year of graduation. It is assumed that graduates over age 64 are more likely to complete programs for personal achievement and development, rather than as an asset for the labour market. However, these numbers are generally quite small.
Fields of study for non-postsecondary, non-credit and/or personal improvement programs were not included.
Final target population
The final target population of graduate data contains one record per graduate aged 15 to 64 with an in-scope postsecondary educational qualification (no multiple records), and excludes individuals missing selected key (gender or age) demographic variables.
4.2 Criteria used to derive subpopulations for the median employment income calculations
For a graduate to be included in the subpopulation for calculating the median employment income indicators, the following criteria must have been met. The criteria were applied slightly differently for the cross-sectional analysis versus the longitudinal cohort analysis (see below).
- Criteria based on tax record availability
Information on the graduates after graduation, including their earnings and student status for those returning to school, comes from the tax records. Hence the indicator calculations only include graduates whose academic records could be linked to their tax record for each year following their graduation.
- Criteria based on school attendance
Graduates who returned and attended school full-time during the year(s)/period of analysis after their initial graduation were excluded from the median employment earnings analysis because their employment and earnings profiles differed both from graduates who were working and attending school part-time, and from graduates who were working and not attending school.
The full-time and part-time ‘returners’ to school were identified through tax variables indicating eligibility for full-time or part-time education-related tax credits. Starting in the 2017 tax year, the full-time and part-time education-related tax credits variables were replaced with comparable variables representing the number of months of full-time and part-time educationNote . These new variables are required by the Canada Revenue Agency for the administration of federal programs, and were used in the place of tuition credit variables to identify returning students for the November 2020 release.
The group of graduates who returned to school part-time only (and were eligible for tax credits) was not significantly different from the non-returners in terms of average earnings or earnings distribution one year after graduation. For the outcomes analysis, it was decided that part-time returners would be grouped with non-returners.
In contrast, a large difference exists in employment earnings (mean, median and distribution) for the full-time returners compared to the part-time returners and non-returners. These results confirm that full-time returners should not be included in the analysis of earnings together with the other graduates, and they were excluded from further analysis.
Two different types of analysis are then used to develop the graduate outcome indicators:
The cross-sectional analysis label means that the exclusion criteria above were applied only in the year of the outcome measurement (e.g., in the second or fifth year after graduation ).
Therefore, cross-sectional data for two and five years after graduation should not be compared to each other, because the underlying populations are different.
The longitudinal analysis label means that graduates who met the exclusion criteria in any of the tax years after the graduation (e.g. from the first year after to the fifth years after) were excluded from the analysis for all years of the longitudinal period. Doing this ensures that the subpopulation for analysis is the same in every year and the results can be compared over time.
Please note: Results from the cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis should not be compared because the underlying populations are different. The results may in fact be quite different for some groups due to different definitions.
Graduate outcome indicators:
The tables show the counts of graduates in the target population who, during the cross-sectional year or longitudinal period of analysis:
- had no tax information (i.e. they were not linked to the tax data);
- had returned to school full-time;
- had employment income (wages, salaries or commissions or self-employment income);
- had only wages, salaries, or commissions (but no self-employment income).
The indicator of median employment income is calculated only for the last two groups of graduates:
- median employment income for graduates who had employment income;
- median employment income for graduates who had only wages, salaries, or commissions.
These indicators are released for different graduating year cohorts (where data allow ) and according to dimensions such as the province of postsecondary institution of graduation, educational qualification (type of program and credential), field of study, gender, age group, and status of student in Canada. Fields of study are grouped under Field of study (Primary Grouping) and Field of study (2-digit subseries) , and under ‘STEM/ BHASE (non-STEM)’ grouping with the 2- and 3- digits STEM/ BHASE subseries . Estimates are available for two and five years after graduation for both a cross-sectional analysis and a longitudinal analysis. Additional results for other years (example: year one, three, four, etc. after graduation) are available by request. The estimates are subject to annual revision.
Treatment of graduates with no wages, salaries or commissions income in the calculations
Graduates with no employment income in a given year are excluded from the median employment income calculations for the cross-sectional analysis. The proportion is usually quite small and it is assumed that most graduates who had no employment income for the entire calendar year were probably out of the labour market. In this way, the earnings measure only includes those who actually worked in that year.
Post-doctoral fellowships may in some cases be reported as ‘other income’. Doctoral graduates with postdoctoral fellowships who do not report any employment income are excluded from the median employment income calculations.
5. Quality analysis
As a result of limited data availability, Ontario college data could not be used for all years from 2009/2010 up to 2012/2013 academic years (inclusive). This gap has an impact on national-level indicators for college-level certificates and diplomas, as well as undergraduate degrees from 2009/2010 to 2012/2013.
Quebec CEGEP graduates with a diploma in the stream leading to labour market entry were included in the outcomes analysis. The pre-university diploma graduates from CEGEPs were excluded from the outcomes analysis by educational qualification. University micro-programs and attestations were also excluded from the analysis at the undergraduate, master's and doctoral levels.
As a result of limited data availability, the first cohort for which graduate outcome indicators are available for New Brunswick colleges is 2011.
As a result of limited data availability, graduate outcome indicators for the 2010 cohort are not available for Manitoba college graduates and for graduates who obtained career, technical or professional training program certificates from Manitoba universities.
The Territories include Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut. Due to limited data availability, graduate outcome indicators for the Territories are not available for the 2010 and 2011 graduate cohort.
Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) – T1 Family File (T1FF) Linkage Quality
- About 90% of PSIS graduates link to the T1FF at least once.
- About 93% of Canadian graduates link at least once.
- Although they comprise approximately 9% of graduates, international students account for about 39% of never-linked graduates within a two year period after graduation.
5.1 Confidentiality and rounding
All data are subject to the confidentiality procedures of rounding and suppression.
Constant dollar conversion and rounding:
All median employment income figures are adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and are presented in 2018 constant dollars to correspond with the most recent year of tax data available when the indicators were calculated. To protect the confidentiality of graduates, counts and amounts are rounded. Rounding may increase, decrease, or cause no change to counts and amounts.
When producing estimates on graduate incomes, the disclosure control rules as outlined on the webpage for the T1FF were used.
5.2 Limitations
Limitations for data linkages and the data interpretation should be acknowledged.
- Data coverage: PSIS data exhibit some institution-level non-response or non-tax-linking data gaps for some years, with the newer years generally being more complete. These gaps are mostly concentrated by jurisdiction and by type of institution. These gaps are imputed for regular PSIS estimates, but imputed data cannot be used when linking to tax data. The gaps thus affect which graduating cohorts and educational qualifications are included in the tables for each jurisdiction. Improvements to response and linkage rates for these institutions are ongoing and time will yield more complete years of longitudinal data.
- Administrative data, like survey data, are not free of errors and inconsistencies. There may be differences in the way in which some institutions report different variables or program records for PSIS. For some variables, some institutions may provide best proxies rather than not respond at all. Recognized inconsistencies can sometimes be dealt with by adapting the indicator methodology.
- Incorrect linkages: There may be a potential bias or measurement errors to graduate outcome indicators due to a small proportion of incorrect links between records and the presence of unlinked records caused by missing linkage information.
- Non-filers or late filers: Another potential bias to graduate outcome indicators may be due to T1 non-filers (or individuals that file more than 6 months after the June 15th deadline). These individuals do not file their taxes for various reasons, including the fact that some individuals are not required to file. Therefore they have no information in the T1FF annual database. As some classes of individuals (e.g. lower earners and those out of the labour force) might be more likely to be non-filers, this might affect the analytical results. This study cannot distinguish between non-filers and individuals that are unlinked due to missing data.
Additionally, the present analysis does not identify students with multiple credentials to assess if they have different outcomes. This kind of analysis requires a different and more complex methodology and will require more years of graduation data to get better results. Work has started on this analysis, however, results/findings are not available as of this data release.
6. List of Tables
- Table 37-10-0114: Characteristics and median employment income of postsecondary graduates five years after graduation, by educational qualification and field of study (alternative primary groupings), 2010 to 2013 cohorts
- Table 37-10-0115: Characteristics and median employment income of longitudinal cohorts of postsecondary graduates two and five years after graduation, by educational qualification and field of study (alternative primary groupings), 2010 to 2013 cohorts
- Table 37-10-0122: Characteristics and median employment income of postsecondary graduates two years after graduation, by educational qualification and field of study (alternative primary groupings), 2010 to 2016 cohorts
- Table 37-10-0156: Characteristics and median employment income of postsecondary graduates five years after graduation, by educational qualification and field of study (STEM and BHASE (non-STEM) groupings), 2010 to 2013 cohorts
- Table 37-10-0157: Characteristics and median employment income of longitudinal cohorts of postsecondary graduates two and five years after graduation, by educational qualification and field of study (STEM and BHASE (non-STEM) groupings), 2010 to 2013 cohorts
- Table 37-10-0158: Characteristics and median employment income of postsecondary graduates two years after graduation, by educational qualification and field of study (STEM and BHASE (non-STEM) groupings), 2010 to 2016 cohorts
Appendix A
Glossary of terms
BHASE: field of study grouping (CIP 2016 variant) that includes the Business and administration, Arts and humanities, Social and behavioural sciences, Legal professions and studies, Health care, Education and teaching, and Trades, services, natural resources and conservation sub-groupings.
Cross-sectional analysis: Analysis for cohorts of graduates who had tax records in a given year and who did not return to school full-time in that year. The number of graduates in this analysis will be different from year to year.
Educational qualification: This variable classifies the educational qualification a student obtained (e.g., undergraduate degree, master’s certificate) according to the ‘Classification of programs and credentials – professional degree variant’ which essentially combines the two PSIS variables of program type (e.g., undergraduate program, master’s program) and credential type (e.g., degree, diploma or certificate) and also creates a separate category for professional degree. Some combinations were renamed for easier identification by data users (e.g., master’s degree, and doctoral degree). The educational qualification obtained is expected to be an important contributor to determining the earnings of graduates.
Employment income: Employment income includes wages, salaries and commissions (wages, salaries, commissions, training allowances, tips, gratuities, and tax-exempt employment income earned by registered Indians) and net self-employment income (net income from business, profession, farming, fishing and commissions). Net self-employment income may be positive, negative or zero. In analysis where the self-employed subpopulation is excluded, wages, salaries and commissions will make up all of employment income.
Field of study and Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016: The CIP is used to classify the main field of study of postsecondary programs at four standardized levels of aggregation (classes, sub-series, series and 13 Primary Groupings). The ‘Variant of CIP 2016 - STEM and BHASE groupings’ and the ‘Variant of CIP 2016 – Alternative primary groupings’ are used in the release tables, with the STEM and BHASE groupings being the most aggregated . CIP is most useful for analysis when combined with information on educational qualification.
Longitudinal cohort analysis: This refers to graduates of a given calendar year (cohort) who have tax records for all years of the analysed period, and who did not return to school full-time at any time during the period from one year after graduation to the final year of analysis (e.g. five years after graduation). The number of graduates in this analysis will be the same for all the analysed years.
Median employment income: The median employment income of a specified group is the amount that divides the employment income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the graduates in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.
Note that median income after graduation does not control for any additional education that may have been obtained since the cohort graduation year for the cross-sectional cohorts.
Some income earned by doctoral graduates in some post-doctoral fellowships may be included in “Other income” on their tax form, the category that is not included in the definition of employment income in this study. The 'Other income' category on the T1 form includes other amounts from lump sum payments, retiring allowance, death benefits, and other kinds of income.
All dollar figures are rounded to the nearest hundred. All median employment income figures are adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and are presented in 2017 constant dollars to correspond with the most recent year of tax data available when the indicators were calculated.
Full-time returners: Full-time returners are individuals identified as having returned to school after their initial graduation using the T1FF education variables. In this study, graduates who return to school full-time are treated differently than those who only return part-time, and are removed from further analysis.
Self-employed: Self-employed individuals are identified using the tax variable for any non-zero gross self-employment income or net income, since a negative or exactly zero net income can be reported. Gross self-employment income includes at least one of the following types of earnings: gross farming income, gross commission income, gross business income, gross fishing income or gross professional income.
Status of student in Canada: The status of student in Canada is defined at the end of the winter term, during the year of graduation. 'Canadian students' include Canadian citizens and permanent residents. 'International students' include students studying in Canada on student visas, non-Canadian students in Canada on other types of visas, non-Canadians whose status is unknown, and students studying in Canadian post-secondary institutions from outside Canada (e.g., by Internet).
STEM: field of study grouping (CIP 2016 variant) that includes the Science and science technology, Engineering and engineering technology, and Mathematics and computer and information sciences sub-groupings.
T1 Family File (T1FF): The T1FF combines variables from the T1 tax file, T4 tax file and the Canada Child Tax Benefit into a family composition file. It includes income, demographic and geographic variables for each tax filer and their spouse, family and children. Only selected tax variables are added to the PSIS postsecondary graduate records.
Notes
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