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All (2,481) (40 to 50 of 2,481 results)

  • 41. Reverse-Engineering a Hypothetical Raking Process for the Estimation of Mean Squared Error of Raked Small Area Estimates Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100006
    Description: Small area estimation is frequently used to produce estimates at a disaggregated level where direct survey estimation does not have sufficient sample to produce precise estimates. Often this is done using the area-level Fay-Herriot model, by assuming the direct estimates are independent under the design and have a known variance, and applying a smoothing process to the variance estimates of the direct estimates to better meet that last assumption. It is not rare that small area estimates are benchmarked/raked to aggregated level direct estimates. This article shows that wrongly assuming independence can have a big impact on the MSE of the raked estimates. Values of the covariances between direct estimates are thus required for good point and MSE estimates. Getting good estimates of those covariances is difficult given the small sample sizes in some areas. An original way of deriving values for those covariances, by reverse-engineering a hypothetical raking process, is presented.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 42. Correcting Selection Bias in a Non-probability Two-phase Payment Survey Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100007
    Description: This paper employs the Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PML) estimator to the non-probability two-phase sampling when relevant auxiliary information is available from both probability survey sample and non-probability survey sample. To accommodate various weight adjustments and estimates variance beyond totals and means such as medians and quantiles, a simplified pseudo-population bootstrap procedure is proposed to approximately estimate the second-phase variance. Specifically, the simplification ignores the second phase sampling variability (i.e., treated as fixed, while in fact it is random), if the first-phase sampling fraction of the non-probability sample is negligible. Using the Bank of Canada 2020 Cash Alternative Survey Wave 2, the performance of the proposed method is compared to alternative methods, which either do not explicitly model the selection probability (i.e., raking) or ignore the valuable information from Phase 1 (i.e., Phase-2-Only). The results show that the PML-based approach performs better than raking and Phase-2-Only estimates in terms of reducing the selection bias for both phases' payment-related variables, especially for the low-response youth group. Estimated variances of the PML-based estimates are stable.

    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 43. Recruitment and Collection of Web Panels at Statistics Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100008
    Description: In 2020, Statistics Canada started to use probabilistic web panels as an alternate method of collecting official statistics. In a web panel, respondents to another survey are asked for contact information to participate in future short surveys. This paper will highlight Statistics Canada's experience with panels after 4 years, including what has been learned about the recruitment of panel participants and how to subsequently collect data using panel surveys. The ways in which recruitment questions are presented can result in very different rates of participation. Moreover, the wealth of auxiliary information available on the recruitment survey can be used to actively manage panel collection operations, by predicting the probability of response and using this information to target follow-up efforts.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 44. A Bias Evaluation for Probabilistic Web Panels at Statistics Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100009
    Description: Three series of web panels were implemented at Statistics Canada from 2020 to 2024. Participants for these web panel series were recruited from respondents of large probabilistic social surveys (recruitment surveys), and subsequently were invited to complete a series of short online surveys. Estimates of recruitment survey variables were calculated using both recruitment survey weights and web panel weights, and these were compared; differences signal the possibility of residual bias that was not corrected by the web panel weighting process. This investigation found more significant differences than would be expected if the web panel estimator fully corrected for the bias resulting from the web panel response process. Questions related to certain topics such as politics and voting, sense of belonging, and media consumption were found to have the most significant differences between web panel estimates and recruitment survey estimates.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 45. Life in the FastText Lane: Harnessing Linear Programming Constrained Machine Learning for Classifications Revision Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100010
    Description: Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey (LFS) plays an essential role in the estimation of labour market conditions in Canada. Periodically, LFS revises its data to the most recent industry and occupational classification versions. Differences in versions can be extensive, including high-level and unit-group structural changes, creations, deletions, split-offs and combination of classification units (classes). Historically, to reconcile split-off classes - where one class splits into multiple classes - a sample of LFS split-off records would be manually recoded to the new classification version. Based on the split-off proportion observed in the recoded sample, a random allocation method would be applied on all data to reflect the changing Canadian labour market over time. This article proposes using machine learning (fastText), constrained to split-off proportions using linear programming, to revise industry and occupation classifications in LFS. The hybrid framework benefits from a text-based revision mechanism while adhering to traditional proportions driven estimates, thus ensuring a minimal impact on the comparability of published labour market indicators.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 46. Data-driven Imputation Strategies and their Associated Quality Indicators in Economic Surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100011
    Description: The use of modern "data"-driven imputation methods to treat non-response in the context of surveys processed in the Integrated Business Statistics Program at Statistics Canada has previously been explored. It was observed that these methods can lead to high quality imputation and further have the potential to result in broad efficiencies when setting up a particular survey's edit and imputation strategy. However, estimation of the associated total variance, more specifically the component due to imputation, remains a challenge. In this article, two methods for estimation of total variance are proposed and show preliminary results that have motivated us to pursue further research in this area.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 47. The challenges of conducting a survey of youth in Nunavik UVIKKAVUT QANUIPPAT? Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100012
    Description: In 2022, the Institut de la statistique du Québec conducted a survey of high school students in Nunavik, a unique, remote region of Quebec. The survey aimed to develop a portrait of the state of the students' physical and mental health, their lifestyle habits and their environment. This article describes the challenges encountered during the survey and the solutions put in place to overcome them.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 48. Advancing Equitable Data Collection: Insights from Statistics Canada's Statistical Integration Methods Division Disaggregated Data Action Plan Research Project Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100013
    Description: As part of answering the call to action for the United Nations' (UN) 17 Sustainable Development Goals, as well as addressing social, economic, and equity challenges within Canada, Statistics Canada's five-year development phase for the Disaggregated Data Action Plan (DDAP) was funded in 2021 to support data driven decision around these challenges. In turn, the document "Guiding Principles: Leveraging the 2021 Census of Populations Data for DDAP Groups of Interest" were created. The guiding principles document explains the organizational framework of the DDAP in the Agency, describes existing data sources, addresses ethical and privacy concerns, and centralizes sampling methods tailored for DDAP initiatives while accounting for characteristics which can complicate sampling and data collection procedures.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 49. On the Interplay of Legal Requirements, Quality Aspects and Ethical Risks when using Machine Learning in German Official Statistics Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100014
    Description: Artificial intelligence (AI) with its subfield machine learning (ML) has found its way into administration in general and also into official statistics in Germany in particular. This paper highlights the ethical issues that may arise when using AI/ML in official statistics and examines whether a separate ethical framework is needed to deal with these issues appropriately, as is proposed by institutions of other countries and intergovernmental institutions related to official statistics. The results of the study are presented to show that the implementation of the requirements of the existing and mostly non-AI/ML-specific frames of reference such as law and quality is already sufficient to adequately address the ethical issues based on risk scenarios.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
  • 50. Statistical Disclosure Control Analysis for Small Area Estimation Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100015
    Description: Currently, Statistics Canada has no official guidance on confidentiality rules for releasing small area estimate. In recent years, there has been increasing demand from Research Data Centre (RDC) researchers for comprehensive confidentiality guidelines such that they can publish small area estimates in their research. This confidentiality analysis applies to area-level small area estimation.
    Release date: 2025-09-08
Data (10)

Data (10) ((10 results))

  • 1. Social Policy Simulation Database and Model (SPSD/M)
    Public use microdata: 89F0002X
    Description: The SPSD/M is a static microsimulation model designed to analyse financial interactions between governments and individuals in Canada. It can compute taxes paid to and cash transfers received from government. It is comprised of a database, a series of tax/transfer algorithms and models, analytical software and user documentation.
    Release date: 2026-02-12
  • 2. National Address Register
    Profile of a community or region: 46-26-0002
    Description: The National Address Register (NAR) is a list of commercial and residential addresses in Canada that are extracted from Statistics Canada's Building Register and deemed non-confidential.
    Release date: 2025-12-19
  • 3. PASSAGES microsimulation model
    Table: 89-26-0006
    Description: PASSAGES is an open-source dynamic microsimulation model aimed at supporting policy analysis and research relating to Canadian retirement income system outcomes at the individual and family level. The publicly available version includes a synthetic starting database, a model, and documentation. A confidential starting database is also available.
    Release date: 2025-03-12
  • 4. Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer Hub Archived
    Data Visualization: 71-607-X2020010
    Description: The Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer empowers users to discover geo enabled data holdings of Statistics Canada at various levels of geography including at the neighbourhood level. Users are able to visualize, thematically map, spatially explore and analyze, export and consume data in various formats. Users can also view the data superimposed on satellite imagery, topographic and street layers.
    Release date: 2024-08-21
  • 5. Income divergence index (D-index) by census tract
    Table: 11-10-0074-01
    Geography: Census tract
    Frequency: Occasional
    Description:

    The divergence index (D-index) describes the degree that families with different income levels are mixing together in neighbourhoods. It compares neighbourhood (census tract, CT) discrete income distributions to a base distribution, which is the income quintiles of the neighbourhood’s census metropolitan area (CMA).

    Release date: 2020-06-22
  • 6. Housing Data Viewer Archived
    Data Visualization: 71-607-X2019010
    Description: The Housing Data Viewer is a visualization tool that allows users to explore Statistics Canada data on a map. Users can use the tool to navigate, compare and export data.
    Release date: 2019-10-30
  • 7. Findings of the Canadian Vehicle Fuel Pilot Survey Archived
    Table: 53-500-X
    Description:

    This report presents the results of a pilot survey conducted by Statistics Canada to measure the fuel consumption of on-road motor vehicles registered in Canada. This study was carried out in connection with the Canadian Vehicle Survey (CVS) which collects information on road activity such as distance traveled, number of passengers and trip purpose.

    Release date: 2004-10-21
  • 8. National Tourism Indicators, Historical Estimates Archived
    Table: 13-220-X
    Description: In the 1997 edition, new and revised benchmarks were introduced for 1992 and 1988. The indicators are used to monitor supply, demand and employment for tourism in Canada on a timely basis. The annual tables are derived using the National Income and Expenditure Accounts (NIEA) and various industry and travel surveys. Tables providing actual data and percentage changes, for seasonally adjusted current and constant price estimates are included. In addition, an analytical section provides graphs, and time series of first differences, percentage changes, and seasonal factors for selected indicators. Data are published from 1987 and the publication will be available on the day of release. New data are included in the demand tables for non-tourism commodities produced by non-tourism industries and in the employment tables covering direct tourism employment generated by non-tourism industries. This product was commissioned by the Canadian Tourism Commission to provide annual updates for the Tourism Satellite Account.
    Release date: 2003-01-08
  • 9. Historical Statistics of Canada Archived
    Table: 11-516-X
    Description:

    The second edition of Historical statistics of Canada was jointly produced by the Social Science Federation of Canada and Statistics Canada in 1983. This volume contains about 1,088 statistical tables on the social, economic and institutional conditions of Canada from the start of Confederation in 1867 to the mid-1970s. The tables are arranged in sections with an introduction explaining the content of each section, the principal sources of data for each table, and general explanatory notes regarding the statistics. In most cases, there is sufficient description of the individual series to enable the reader to use them without consulting the numerous basic sources referenced in the publication.

    The electronic version of this historical publication is accessible on the Internet site of Statistics Canada as a free downloadable document: text as HTML pages and all tables as individual spreadsheets in a comma delimited format (CSV) (which allows online viewing or downloading).

    Release date: 1999-07-29
  • 10. National Population Health Survey Overview Archived
    Table: 82-567-X
    Description:

    The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is designed to enhance the understanding of the processes affecting health. The survey collects cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. In 1994/95 the survey interviewed a panel of 17,276 individuals, then returned to interview them a second time in 1996/97. The response rate for these individuals was 96% in 1996/97. Data collection from the panel will continue for up to two decades. For cross-sectional purposes, data were collected for a total of 81,000 household residents in all provinces (except people on Indian reserves or on Canadian Forces bases) in 1996/97.

    This overview illustrates the variety of information available by presenting data on perceived health, chronic conditions, injuries, repetitive strains, depression, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, consultations with medical professionals, use of medications and use of alternative medicine.

    Release date: 1998-07-29
Analysis (2,037)

Analysis (2,037) (0 to 10 of 2,037 results)

  • 1. Statistical Methods Reference Documents
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-0001
    Description: Documents in this series provide insight into the statistical methods used by Statistics Canada to produce official statistics. They include introductory material, in-depth descriptions of techniques and methods, best practices, and guidelines. All documents have undergone review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted methodological standards and practices.
    Release date: 2026-06-16
  • 2. Quantitative impact analysis: A practical overview
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202600500003
    Description: This spotlight article outlines practical methods for assessing the economic impacts of public programs delivered by federal agencies and Crown corporations. It summarizes key steps in conducting quantitative impact analysis, including data linkage, cohort construction and implementation of quasi causal estimators.
    Release date: 2026-05-27
  • 3. Analytical Studies: Methods and References
    Journals and periodicals: 11-633-X
    Description: Papers in this series provide background discussions of the methods used to develop data for economic, health, and social analytical studies at Statistics Canada. They are intended to provide readers with information on the statistical methods, standards and definitions used to develop databases for research purposes. All papers in this series have undergone peer and institutional review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted standards of good professional practice.
    Release date: 2026-05-27
  • 4. Income Research Paper Series
    Journals and periodicals: 75F0002M
    Description: This series provides detailed documentation on income developments, including survey design issues, data quality evaluation and exploratory research.
    Release date: 2026-05-20
  • 5. Distributions of Household Economic Accounts, estimates of asset, liability and net worth distributions, 2010 to 2025, technical methodology and quality report
    Articles and reports: 13-604-M2026001
    Description: This documentation outlines the methodology used to develop the Distributions of household economic accounts published in January 2026 for the reference years 2010 to 2025. It describes the framework and the steps implemented to produce distributional information aligned with the National Balance Sheet Accounts and other national accounts concepts. It also includes a report on the quality of the estimated distributions.
    Release date: 2026-01-29
  • 6. Effects of model misspecification on small area estimators
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200001
    Description: Nested error regression models are commonly used to incorporate unit specific auxiliary variables to improve small area estimates. When the mean structure of the model is misspecified, the design-based mean squared prediction error (MSPE) of Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (EBLUP) generally increases. The Observed Best Prediction (OBP) method has been proposed with the intent to improve on the design-based MSPE over EBLUP. In this paper, we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation experiments to understand the effect of misspsecification of mean structures on different small area estimators. Our findings suggest that the OBP using unit-level auxiliary variables does not outperform the EBLUP in terms of design-based MSPE, unless the number of small areas m is extremely large. Conversely, the performance of OBP significantly improves when area-level auxiliary variables are employed. This paper includes both analytical and numerical evidence to demonstrate these observations, providing practical insights for addressing model misspecification in small area estimation (SAE).
    Release date: 2025-12-23
  • 7. Who’s asking? Interviewer effects on unit nonresponse in the Household Finance and Consumption Survey
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200002
    Description: This study examines interviewer effects on household nonresponse in three waves of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) in Austria using a multilevel model. Addressing nonresponse at its source is crucial for maintaining survey data quality and representativeness. Our findings indicate that the variation in response behavior explained by interviewer effects decreased from about one-third in the first wave to 7% in the third wave. Effective interviewers tend to have a university degree, be married, homeowners, and have a larger workload. Additionally, higher mean wages in the household’s municipality negatively affect survey participation. These insights suggest targeted interviewer selection and training strategies to improve response rates.
    Release date: 2025-12-23
  • 8. Estimating monthly indicators for Consumer Confidence using Structural Time Series Models
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200003
    Description: In this paper a model-based inference procedure based on a multivariate structural time series model is developed for the production of monthly figures about consumer confidence. The input for the model are five series of direct estimates for the indices that measure consumer confidence, which are derived from the Dutch Consumer Survey. The model improves the accuracy of the direct estimates, since it provides a better separation of measurement errors and sampling errors from estimated target parameters. The standard errors for the month-to-month changes are clearly smaller under the time series model. A second problem addressed in this paper is related to the transition to a new survey process in 2017. Structural time series models in combination with a parallel run are applied to estimate discontinuities induced by the redesign. An algorithm designed for the consumer confidence variables is developed to construct uninterrupted input series for the aforementioned structural time series model. This inference method facilitated a smooth transition to a new survey design and resulted in uninterrupted series about consumer confidence that date back to 1986. The method is implemented for the production of official monthly figures on consumer confidence in the Netherlands.
    Release date: 2025-12-23
  • 9. Collinearity diagnostics in generalized linear models fitted with survey data
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200004
    Description: The class of generalized linear models (GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary least squares regression that allows the linear model to be related to the response variable via a link function and assumes the magnitude of the variance of each measurement to be a function of its predicted value. Multicollinearity in GLMs can inflate variances of the estimated coefficients and cause poor prediction in certain regions of the regression space. It may also cause a nonsignificant Wald statistic even when the predictors are highly predictive in a model of the family of GLMs. Little previous research has closely investigated the diagnostics of multicollinearity in GLMs, especially when complex survey data are used. In this paper, we develop variance inflation factors (VIFs) that measure the amount that the variance of a parameter estimator is increased due to multicollinearity in GLMs. We also extend VIFs and condition indexes to apply to complex survey data, accounting for design features, e.g. weights, clusters, and strata. Illustrations of these methods are given using data from a household survey of health and nutrition.
    Release date: 2025-12-23
  • 10. Quantile balancing inverse probability weighting for non-probability samples
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200005
    Description: The use of non-probability data sources for statistical purposes and for official statistics has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, statistical inference based on non-probability samples is made more difficult by nature of their biasedness and lack of representativity. In this paper we propose quantile balancing inverse probability weighting estimator (QBIPW) for non-probability samples. We apply the idea of Harms and Duchesne (2006) allowing the use of quantile information in the estimation process to reproduce known totals and the distribution of auxiliary variables. We discuss the estimation of the QBIPW probabilities and its variance. Our simulation study has demonstrated that the proposed estimators are robust against model mis-specification and, as a result, help to reduce bias and mean squared error. Finally, we applied the proposed methods to estimate the share of job vacancies aimed at Ukrainian workers in Poland using an integrated set of administrative and survey data about job vacancies.
    Release date: 2025-12-23
Reference (382)

Reference (382) (10 to 20 of 382 results)

  • 11. 2024 Census Test: Design and methodology of the content test
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 98-20-00052026004
    Description: This report provides detailed insight into the design and methodology of the content test component of the 2024 Census Test. This test evaluated changes to the wording and flow of some questions, as well as the potential addition of new questions, to help determine the content of the 2026 Census of Population.
    Release date: 2025-07-04
  • 12. Census of Agriculture: Changes to the questionnaire
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 32-26-0008
    Description: This report describes the main changes, additions or deletions to the Census of Agriculture questionnaire by topic and in the order they appear on the questionnaire.
    Release date: 2025-07-04
  • 13. Survey on the Official Language Minority Population: User guide, 2022 Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 89-657-X2024009
    Description: The Survey on the Official Language Minority Population (SOLMP) user guide contains a description of the survey, along with survey concepts and definitions and an overview of the content development. The target and survey populations, the sample design and sample size are described in the Methodology section. Finally, in the Data Collection module, the collection period and instrument, modes of collection, collection and communications strategies and response rates are provided.
    Release date: 2024-12-16
  • 14. Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) Technical Report, 2023
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2024004
    Description: The Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) is a comprehensive source of data that plays a key role in the understanding of the economic behaviour of immigrants. It is the only annual Canadian dataset that allows users to study the characteristics of immigrants to Canada at the time of admission and their economic outcomes and regional (inter-provincial) mobility over a time span of more than 40 years.
    Release date: 2024-12-09
  • 15. Multi-year Consolidated Plan for Research, Modelling and Data Development, 2024 to 2026
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2024005
    Description: The Analytical Studies and Modelling Branch is the research (ASMB), modelling, training and access hub of Statistics Canada. It focuses on leveraging the agency’s vast data holdings to generate in-depth insights that support evidence-based policy making and to enable others to do so through analytical training and data access. The ASMB, like other program areas in the agency, works to support Statistics Canada’s overall mission of delivering insights through data for a better Canada.
    Release date: 2024-12-06
  • 16. Census Technical Report: Coverage
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 98-303-X
    Description: The Coverage Technical Report will present the errors included in census data that result from persons who are either missed (not enumerated) or enumerated more than once. The population coverage error is one of the most important types of errors because it affects the accuracy of not only population counts, but also all the census data results that describe the characteristics of the population universe.
    Release date: 2024-10-23
  • 17. Concepts and Methods Guide for the Indigenous Peoples Survey and Indigenous Peoples Survey – Nunavut Inuit Supplement, 2022
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 89-653-X2024002
    Description: This guide is intended to provide a detailed review of both the 2022 IPS and IPS–NIS with respect to subject matter and methodological approaches. It is designed to help data users by serving as a guide to the concepts and measures of the survey as well as the technical details of the survey’s design, field work and data processing. This guide is meant to provide users with helpful information on how to use and interpret survey results. The discussion on data quality also allows users to review the strengths and limitations of the data for their particular needs.

    Chapter 1 of this guide provides an overview of the 2022 IPS and IPS–NIS by introducing the survey background and objectives. Chapter 2 outlines the survey’s themes and explains the key concepts and definitions used for the survey. Chapters 3 to 6 cover important aspects of the survey methodology, sampling design, data collection and processing. Chapters 7 and 8 review issues of data quality and caution users about comparing 2022 IPS or IPS–NIS data with data from other sources. Chapter 9 outlines the survey products available to the public, including data tables, analytical articles and reference material. The appendices provide a comprehensive list of survey indicators, extra coding categories and standard classifications used on both the IPS and the IPS–NIS. Lastly, a glossary of survey terms and information on confidence intervals is also provided.
    Release date: 2024-08-14
  • 18. Guide to the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75-514-G
    Description: The Guide to the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey contains a dictionary of concepts and definitions, and covers topics such as survey methodology, data collection, processing, and data quality. The guide covers both components of the survey: the job vacancy component, which is quarterly, and the wage component, which is annual.
    Release date: 2024-06-18
  • 19. Census of Agriculture: Data quality report
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 32-26-0007
    Description: Census of Agriculture data provide statistical information on farms and farm operators at fine geographic levels and for small subpopulations. Quality evaluation activities are essential to ensure that census data are reliable and that they meet user needs.

    This report provides data quality information pertaining to the Census of Agriculture, such as sources of error, error detection, disclosure control methods, data quality indicators, response rates and collection rates.
    Release date: 2024-02-06
  • 20. Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) Technical Report, 2022
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2024001
    Description: The Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) is a comprehensive source of data that plays a key role in the understanding of the economic behaviour of immigrants. It is the only annual Canadian dataset that allows users to study the characteristics of immigrants to Canada at the time of admission and their economic outcomes and regional (inter-provincial) mobility over a time span of more than 35 years.
    Release date: 2024-01-22

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