Statistical methods
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Results
All (2,478)
All (2,478) (0 to 10 of 2,478 results)
- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-0001Description: Documents in this series provide insight into the statistical methods used by Statistics Canada to produce official statistics. They include introductory material, in-depth descriptions of techniques and methods, best practices, and guidelines. All documents have undergone review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted methodological standards and practices.Release date: 2026-05-11
- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 19-20-00012026001Description: This reference document provides nontechnical answers on selected topics related to the use and interpretation of seasonally adjusted data. It is designed to complement more technical discussions of seasonal adjustment found in Statistics Canada publications and reference manuals.Release date: 2026-05-11
- Notices and consultations: 13-605-XDescription: This product contains articles related to the latest methodological, conceptual developments in the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts as well as the analysis of the Canadian economy. It includes articles detailing new methods, concepts and statistical techniques used to compile the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts. It also includes information related to new or expanded data products, provides updates and supplements to information found in various guides and analytical articles touching upon a broad range of topics related to the Canadian economy.Release date: 2026-05-04
- Journals and periodicals: 11-633-XDescription: Papers in this series provide background discussions of the methods used to develop data for economic, health, and social analytical studies at Statistics Canada. They are intended to provide readers with information on the statistical methods, standards and definitions used to develop databases for research purposes. All papers in this series have undergone peer and institutional review to ensure that they conform to Statistics Canada's mandate and adhere to generally accepted standards of good professional practice.Release date: 2026-04-24
- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2026002Description: Recent changes in Canada’s immigration levels have heightened interest in understanding how immigration affects housing demand. This article develops a methodological framework for projecting housing use associated with permanent residents (PRs) and non-permanent residents (NPRs) under alternative immigration scenarios. The framework applies observed per capita housing use rates from the Census of Population to estimate incremental housing use by tenure over time.Release date: 2026-04-24
- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2026001Description: This report defines key concepts related to area-level analysis and introduces area-level measures developed and utilized at Statistics Canada for health analysis. It also provides a decision-making framework and practical recommendations to help researchers select appropriate methods. The goal is to guide readers on when area-level analysis is appropriate and what type of area-level measure is suitable to achieve research objectives.Release date: 2026-03-05
- Public use microdata: 89F0002XDescription: The SPSD/M is a static microsimulation model designed to analyse financial interactions between governments and individuals in Canada. It can compute taxes paid to and cash transfers received from government. It is comprised of a database, a series of tax/transfer algorithms and models, analytical software and user documentation.Release date: 2026-02-12
- Articles and reports: 13-604-M2026001Description: This documentation outlines the methodology used to develop the Distributions of household economic accounts published in January 2026 for the reference years 2010 to 2025. It describes the framework and the steps implemented to produce distributional information aligned with the National Balance Sheet Accounts and other national accounts concepts. It also includes a report on the quality of the estimated distributions.Release date: 2026-01-29
- Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200001Description: Nested error regression models are commonly used to incorporate unit specific auxiliary variables to improve small area estimates. When the mean structure of the model is misspecified, the design-based mean squared prediction error (MSPE) of Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (EBLUP) generally increases. The Observed Best Prediction (OBP) method has been proposed with the intent to improve on the design-based MSPE over EBLUP. In this paper, we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation experiments to understand the effect of misspsecification of mean structures on different small area estimators. Our findings suggest that the OBP using unit-level auxiliary variables does not outperform the EBLUP in terms of design-based MSPE, unless the number of small areas m is extremely large. Conversely, the performance of OBP significantly improves when area-level auxiliary variables are employed. This paper includes both analytical and numerical evidence to demonstrate these observations, providing practical insights for addressing model misspecification in small area estimation (SAE).Release date: 2025-12-23
- Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500200002Description: This study examines interviewer effects on household nonresponse in three waves of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) in Austria using a multilevel model. Addressing nonresponse at its source is crucial for maintaining survey data quality and representativeness. Our findings indicate that the variation in response behavior explained by interviewer effects decreased from about one-third in the first wave to 7% in the third wave. Effective interviewers tend to have a university degree, be married, homeowners, and have a larger workload. Additionally, higher mean wages in the household’s municipality negatively affect survey participation. These insights suggest targeted interviewer selection and training strategies to improve response rates.Release date: 2025-12-23
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Data (10)
Data (10) ((10 results))
- Public use microdata: 89F0002XDescription: The SPSD/M is a static microsimulation model designed to analyse financial interactions between governments and individuals in Canada. It can compute taxes paid to and cash transfers received from government. It is comprised of a database, a series of tax/transfer algorithms and models, analytical software and user documentation.Release date: 2026-02-12
- Profile of a community or region: 46-26-0002Description: The National Address Register (NAR) is a list of commercial and residential addresses in Canada that are extracted from Statistics Canada's Building Register and deemed non-confidential.Release date: 2025-12-19
- Table: 89-26-0006Description: PASSAGES is an open-source dynamic microsimulation model aimed at supporting policy analysis and research relating to Canadian retirement income system outcomes at the individual and family level. The publicly available version includes a synthetic starting database, a model, and documentation. A confidential starting database is also available.Release date: 2025-03-12
- 4. Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer Hub ArchivedData Visualization: 71-607-X2020010Description: The Canadian Statistical Geospatial Explorer empowers users to discover geo enabled data holdings of Statistics Canada at various levels of geography including at the neighbourhood level. Users are able to visualize, thematically map, spatially explore and analyze, export and consume data in various formats. Users can also view the data superimposed on satellite imagery, topographic and street layers.Release date: 2024-08-21
- Table: 11-10-0074-01Geography: Census tractFrequency: OccasionalDescription:
The divergence index (D-index) describes the degree that families with different income levels are mixing together in neighbourhoods. It compares neighbourhood (census tract, CT) discrete income distributions to a base distribution, which is the income quintiles of the neighbourhood’s census metropolitan area (CMA).
Release date: 2020-06-22 - 6. Housing Data Viewer ArchivedData Visualization: 71-607-X2019010Description: The Housing Data Viewer is a visualization tool that allows users to explore Statistics Canada data on a map. Users can use the tool to navigate, compare and export data.Release date: 2019-10-30
- Table: 53-500-XDescription:
This report presents the results of a pilot survey conducted by Statistics Canada to measure the fuel consumption of on-road motor vehicles registered in Canada. This study was carried out in connection with the Canadian Vehicle Survey (CVS) which collects information on road activity such as distance traveled, number of passengers and trip purpose.
Release date: 2004-10-21 - Table: 13-220-XDescription: In the 1997 edition, new and revised benchmarks were introduced for 1992 and 1988. The indicators are used to monitor supply, demand and employment for tourism in Canada on a timely basis. The annual tables are derived using the National Income and Expenditure Accounts (NIEA) and various industry and travel surveys. Tables providing actual data and percentage changes, for seasonally adjusted current and constant price estimates are included. In addition, an analytical section provides graphs, and time series of first differences, percentage changes, and seasonal factors for selected indicators. Data are published from 1987 and the publication will be available on the day of release. New data are included in the demand tables for non-tourism commodities produced by non-tourism industries and in the employment tables covering direct tourism employment generated by non-tourism industries. This product was commissioned by the Canadian Tourism Commission to provide annual updates for the Tourism Satellite Account.Release date: 2003-01-08
- 9. Historical Statistics of Canada ArchivedTable: 11-516-XDescription:
The second edition of Historical statistics of Canada was jointly produced by the Social Science Federation of Canada and Statistics Canada in 1983. This volume contains about 1,088 statistical tables on the social, economic and institutional conditions of Canada from the start of Confederation in 1867 to the mid-1970s. The tables are arranged in sections with an introduction explaining the content of each section, the principal sources of data for each table, and general explanatory notes regarding the statistics. In most cases, there is sufficient description of the individual series to enable the reader to use them without consulting the numerous basic sources referenced in the publication.
The electronic version of this historical publication is accessible on the Internet site of Statistics Canada as a free downloadable document: text as HTML pages and all tables as individual spreadsheets in a comma delimited format (CSV) (which allows online viewing or downloading).
Release date: 1999-07-29 - 10. National Population Health Survey Overview ArchivedTable: 82-567-XDescription:
The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is designed to enhance the understanding of the processes affecting health. The survey collects cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. In 1994/95 the survey interviewed a panel of 17,276 individuals, then returned to interview them a second time in 1996/97. The response rate for these individuals was 96% in 1996/97. Data collection from the panel will continue for up to two decades. For cross-sectional purposes, data were collected for a total of 81,000 household residents in all provinces (except people on Indian reserves or on Canadian Forces bases) in 1996/97.
This overview illustrates the variety of information available by presenting data on perceived health, chronic conditions, injuries, repetitive strains, depression, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, consultations with medical professionals, use of medications and use of alternative medicine.
Release date: 1998-07-29
Analysis (2,036)
Analysis (2,036) (20 to 30 of 2,036 results)
- Articles and reports: 75-005-M2025001Description: Since 2010, engaging Canadians to participate in the LFS has become more challenging due to a variety of social and technological changes. The decline in the LFS response rate accelerated in 2020, exacerbated by public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. This technical paper presents preliminary results of two collection initiatives implemented using an online first strategy to improve the LFS response rates by confirming respondent contact information and expanding the availability of online response. Through these and other planned initiatives, Statistics Canada is working to ensure that the LFS estimates continue to provide an accurate and representative portrait of the Canadian labour market.Release date: 2025-10-21
- Articles and reports: 18-001-X2025001Description: This paper brings the analysis of business cluster to a more granular geographic scale by developing a methodology for identifying business clusters at the neighborhood level. The proposed method identifies clusters of businesses at the DB level, which is one of the most granular spatial units of analysis defined by Statistics Canada. The method is developed with an application to four census metropolitan areas (CMAs) of different sizes and for different industry cluster specifications, including simple 2-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) groups as well as industry clusters resulting from groupings of NAICS codes, as defined by Delgado et al. (2014).Release date: 2025-10-10
- Journals and periodicals: 12-206-XDescription: This report summarizes the annual achievements of the Methodology Research and Development Program (MRDP) sponsored by the Modern Statistical Methods and Data Science Branch at Statistics Canada. This program covers research and development activities in statistical methods with potentially broad application in the agency’s statistical programs; these activities would otherwise be less likely to be carried out during the provision of regular methodology services to those programs. The MRDP also includes activities that provide support in the application of past successful developments in order to promote the use of the results of research and development work. Selected prospective research activities are also presented.Release date: 2025-10-10
- 24. Practical Applications of Synthetic Data Generation ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X202500100001Description: Synthetic data generation (SDG) is increasingly applied across sectors for privacy-preserving data sharing, de-biasing and augmentation. Each use case requires a distinct set of evaluation metrics that must account for the stochasticity of the SDG process: membership and attribute disclosure vulnerability are critical for privacy; fidelity and downstream task utility apply more broadly; and fairness and diversity are relevant for de-biasing and augmentation, respectively. Presenting accumulated evidence and through exemplar case studies, it is shown that SDG can perform well across many of these use cases and our key learnings from our experiences with synthetic health data are shared.Release date: 2025-09-08
- Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100002Description: Under the consumer-merchant bipartite network, we apply the indirect sampling approach to estimate merchant payment acceptance through a consumer payment diary. The records of in-person transactions in the consumer diary provide both the merchant sample via consumer-merchant linkages, and the merchant acceptance via consumers' responses on methods of payments used and accepted. Among merchants receiving multiple transactions during the period of the diary, we show that the derived payment acceptance from the consumer reporting is high quality in terms of very few conflicts between usage and perception, and within perceptions. Therefore, consumers are leveraged to be both sampling and reporting units in our indirect sampling application to eliminate merchant response burden. Furthermore, the necessity to proceed to weight adjustment to account for the non-recorded-merchant bias due to the relatively shorter duration of the diary (i.e., 3 days) is shown. Finally, these indirect sampling estimates are compared to the ones from a direct sampling survey, and it is found that the results are aligning well.Release date: 2025-09-08
- Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100003Description: In-person data collection is critical for the success of many large government-sponsored surveys. Despite response rate declines and increasing costs, the mode remains the gold standard for meeting the most rigorous survey requirements for federal survey programs, particularly as part of a multimode data collection strategy (Schober, 2018). However, over the last ten years critical labor market and workforce changes, exacerbated by the pandemic, have made in-person data collection efforts prohibitive for all but the largest survey organizations. Shifting ideas about job flexibility and job satisfaction alongside the increasingly technical role and demanding nature of the job have impacted recruitment and retention for survey organizations across the U.S. and Europe (Charman et al., 2024). The trends in U.S. field data collector employment are summarized and it is outlined that there are promising practices in recruiting and retaining high quality field data collectors. Additionally, broader ways to structure the field data collector labor force for continued success are considered, including supplementing field data collection with multimode alternatives such as video interviewing and updating value propositions for respondents.Release date: 2025-09-08
- 27. Improving the Automated Capture of Survey of Household Spending Receipts using advanced Machine Learning Techniques ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X202500100004Description: The Survey of Household Spending (SHS) conducted by Statistics Canada collects paper diaries and shopping receipts as a source of household expenditure data. An auto-capturing algorithm was created for SHS 2023 to reduce statistical clerks' manual work of extracting important information from scanned receipts of common store brands. The algorithm used Tesseract optical character recognition (OCR) to extract text characters from images of receipts, and it identified store and product entities using regular expressions, also known as regex. The goal of this study was to enhance the current auto-capture algorithm by experimenting with more advanced OCR and machine learning methods. As a result, PaddleOCR, an open-source OCR toolkit, was selected as the new default OCR engine due to its overall performance in recognizing texts, especially digits, accurately across receipts of various qualities. Additionally, entity classifiers based on support vector machines were trained on historical SHS records and existing regex patterns. By using classifiers to categorize different elements present on receipts instead of relying solely on regex patterns, product and store recognition improved. It is expected that this new algorithm will be used for SHS 2025 to improve the auto-capture quality and reduce the manual burden associated with capturing receipt variables.Release date: 2025-09-08
- Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100005Description: The Physical Flow Account for Plastic Material (PFAPM) aims to enhance environmental-economic analysis by tracking plastic material flows within the Canadian economy. To help streamline this complex process, the project leveraged advanced natural language processing (NLP) such as large language models (LLM) techniques to automate sector classification and summarize the impact of COVID-19 from company reports. By integrating machine learning models and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods, the manual workload was significantly reduced, improving data analysis efficiency, and leading to higher quality insights.Release date: 2025-09-08
- Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100006Description: Small area estimation is frequently used to produce estimates at a disaggregated level where direct survey estimation does not have sufficient sample to produce precise estimates. Often this is done using the area-level Fay-Herriot model, by assuming the direct estimates are independent under the design and have a known variance, and applying a smoothing process to the variance estimates of the direct estimates to better meet that last assumption. It is not rare that small area estimates are benchmarked/raked to aggregated level direct estimates. This article shows that wrongly assuming independence can have a big impact on the MSE of the raked estimates. Values of the covariances between direct estimates are thus required for good point and MSE estimates. Getting good estimates of those covariances is difficult given the small sample sizes in some areas. An original way of deriving values for those covariances, by reverse-engineering a hypothetical raking process, is presented.Release date: 2025-09-08
- Articles and reports: 11-522-X202500100007Description: This paper employs the Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PML) estimator to the non-probability two-phase sampling when relevant auxiliary information is available from both probability survey sample and non-probability survey sample. To accommodate various weight adjustments and estimates variance beyond totals and means such as medians and quantiles, a simplified pseudo-population bootstrap procedure is proposed to approximately estimate the second-phase variance. Specifically, the simplification ignores the second phase sampling variability (i.e., treated as fixed, while in fact it is random), if the first-phase sampling fraction of the non-probability sample is negligible. Using the Bank of Canada 2020 Cash Alternative Survey Wave 2, the performance of the proposed method is compared to alternative methods, which either do not explicitly model the selection probability (i.e., raking) or ignore the valuable information from Phase 1 (i.e., Phase-2-Only). The results show that the PML-based approach performs better than raking and Phase-2-Only estimates in terms of reducing the selection bias for both phases' payment-related variables, especially for the low-response youth group. Estimated variances of the PML-based estimates are stable.Release date: 2025-09-08
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Reference (380)
Reference (380) (30 to 40 of 380 results)
- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2021002Description:
The Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) is a comprehensive source of data that plays a key role in the understanding of the economic behaviour of immigrants. It is the only annual Canadian dataset that allows users to study the characteristics of immigrants to Canada at the time of admission and their economic outcomes and regional (inter-provincial) mobility over a time span of more than 35 years. The IMDB includes Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) administrative records which contain exhaustive information about immigrants who were admitted to Canada since 1952. It also includes data about non-permanent residents who have been issued temporary resident permits since 1980. This report will discuss the IMDB data sources, concepts and variables, record linkage, data processing, dissemination, data evaluation and quality indicators, comparability with other immigration datasets, and the analyses possible with the IMDB.
Release date: 2021-02-01 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-633-X2019005Description:
The Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) is a comprehensive source of data that plays a key role in the understanding of the economic behaviour of immigrants. It is the only annual Canadian dataset that allows users to study the characteristics of immigrants to Canada at the time of admission and their economic outcomes and regional (inter-provincial) mobility over a time span of more than 35 years. The IMDB includes Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) administrative records which contain exhaustive information about immigrants who were admitted to Canada since 1952. It also includes data about non-permanent residents who have been issued temporary resident permits since 1980. This report will discuss the IMDB data sources, concepts and variables, record linkage, data processing, dissemination, data evaluation and quality indicators, comparability with other immigration datasets, and the analyses possible with the IMDB.
The IMDB was released in stages. The sections 2.2 and 7 of this report were revised to take the updates into account.
Release date: 2020-07-20 - 33. 2019 Census Content Test: Design and methodology ArchivedSurveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 98-20-00012020020Description:
This fact sheet provides detailed insight into the design and methodology of the content test component of the 2019 Census Test. This test evaluated changes to the wording and flow of some questions, as well as the potential addition of new questions, to help determine the content of the 2021 Census of Population.
Release date: 2020-07-20 - Notices and consultations: 98-26-0001Description:
This white paper presents Statistics Canada’s planned approach to the 2021 Census of Population and provides a clear explanation of the processes behind the census program, touching on historical, legal, operational and content aspects. Statistics Canada recognizes that it is important to not only successfully conduct the census, but also to be transparent and informative about the way in which those efforts are accomplished. Painting a Portrait of Canada: The 2021 Census of Population gives readers an exclusive, detailed look at how census data is collected, analyzed and given back to Canadians, in the form of high-quality statistical information, used to make evidence-based decisions in Canadian society.
Release date: 2020-07-20 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 89-26-0003Description:
Statistics Canada Data Strategy (SCDS) provides a course of action for managing and leveraging the agency’s data assets to ensure their optimal use and value while maintaining public trust. As Statistics Canada is the nation’s trusted provider of high-quality data and information to support evidence-based policy and decision making, the SCDS also naturally includes the agency’s plan for providing support and data expertise to other government organizations (federal, provincial and territorial), non-governmental organizations, the private sector, academia, and other national and international communities).
The SCDS provides a roadmap for how Statistics Canada will continue to govern and manage its valuable data assets as part of its modernization agenda and in alignment with and response to other federal government strategies and initiatives. These federal strategies include the Data Strategy for the Federal Public Service, Canada’s 2018-2020 National Action Plan on Open Government, and the Treasury Board Secretariat Digital Operations Strategic Plan: 2018-2022.
Release date: 2020-04-30 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 34-26-0002Description:
As of reference year 2018, the Annual Capital and Repair Expenditures Survey (CAPEX) has added additional content allowing to produce estimates of capital and repair expenditures on infrastructure assets. In addition to the existing content, the new questionnaire asks for a breakdown of expenditures by function (or purpose) as well as the source of funding of capital expenditures from government grants and subsidies.
This product will decribe the sources and methods used to produce capital and repair expenditure estimates specific to infrastructure assets by function.
Release date: 2020-04-01 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M2020001Description:
This note provides the definition of a first-time homebuyer concept used in the 2018 Canadian Housing Survey (CHS). It also includes the methodology used to identify first-time homebuyers and provides sensitivity analysis under alternative methodologies.
Release date: 2020-01-15 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 12-539-XDescription:
This document brings together guidelines and checklists on many issues that need to be considered in the pursuit of quality objectives in the execution of statistical activities. Its focus is on how to assure quality through effective and appropriate design or redesign of a statistical project or program from inception through to data evaluation, dissemination and documentation. These guidelines draw on the collective knowledge and experience of many Statistics Canada employees. It is expected that Quality Guidelines will be useful to staff engaged in the planning and design of surveys and other statistical projects, as well as to those who evaluate and analyze the outputs of these projects.
Release date: 2019-12-04 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 99-011-XDescription:
This topic presents data on the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and their demographic characteristics. Depending on the application, estimates using any of the following concepts may be appropriate for the Aboriginal population: (1) Aboriginal identity, (2) Aboriginal ancestry, (3) Registered or Treaty Indian status and (4) Membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Data from the 2011 National Household Survey are available for the geographical locations where these populations reside, including 'on reserve' census subdivisions and Inuit communities of Inuit Nunangat as well as other geographic areas such as the national (Canada), provincial and territorial levels.
Analytical products
The analytical document provides analysis on the key findings and trends in the data, and is complimented with the short articles found in NHS in Brief and the NHS Focus on Geography Series.
Data products
The NHS Profile is one data product that provides a statistical overview of user selected geographic areas based on several detailed variables and/or groups of variables. Other data products include data tables which represent a series of cross tabulations ranging in complexity and are available for various levels of geography.
Release date: 2019-10-29 - Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-621-M2018105Description:
Statistics Canada needs to respond to the legalization of cannabis for non-medical use by measuring various aspects of the introduction of cannabis in the Canadian economy and society. An important part of measuring the economy and society is using statistical classifications. It is common practice with classifications that they are updated and revised as new industries, products, occupations and educational programs are introduced into the Canadian economy and society. This paper describes the changes to the various statistical classifications used by Statistics Canada in order to measure the introduction of legal non-medical cannabis.
Release date: 2019-07-24
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