Earnings, wages and non-wage benefits

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Over the last 20 years, the increasing participation of women in the labour force has been one of the most significant changes in Canada. With that in mind, the author draws on data from previous censuses to review changes in women's earnings and work patterns, and the consequent impact on family income.

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For the first time in recent years, workers have seen their earnings rise more rapidly than consumer prices. The author describes a comparatively new fixed-weight earnings index and explains why it is superior for gauging the cost of labour.

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Have the earnings of Canadian workers been able to keep up with inflation since the 1970s? This study explains the components of labour income and analyzes the trends between 1977 and 1988.

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Many families have low incomes, even if members are active in the work force. Who are the "working poor"? This piece reviews the concepts and measures of low income and examines the labour force participation of families below the low income cut-off.

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Have recent female university graduates been able to narrow the earnings gap between themselves and their male counterparts? This study tackles the question by examining field of study, occupation and other characteristics of graduates

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Many analysts see high technology industries as the way to a healthy and wealthy economy. This article reviews some of the concepts and definitions of high technology, selects one definition and examines the 1977 to 1986 employment and earnings dynamics in these industries.

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This study of 1982 graduates from Canadian universities and community colleges follows their fortunes in the labour market up to 1987. It compares the earnings of graduates in various disciplines and looks at their patterns of inter-provincial mobility.

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As more and more wives join the work force, the dual-earner family has become the norm and a wife who earns more than her husband is no longer a rarity: in 1987, it happened in just under one of five dual-earner families. This study profiles these wives and their husbands by work patterns and earnings, and looks at life-cycle variations.

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One in twelve paid workers in 1986 earned the minimum wage or less. A portrait of low-wage earners and a brief look at the origins of minimum wage legislation and differences by jurisdiction.

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This study compares the earnings of bilingual and unilingual workers in three urban centres: Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa-Hull. Differences in the earnings of bilingual and unilingual workers are considered in the light of several demographic and job-related traits.

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This table presents data for the current year and previous 4 years on labour statistics by job category, for Canada, the provinces and territories, annually, by total number of jobs.

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This table presents data for the current year and previous 4 years on labour statistics by job category, for Canada, the provinces and territories, annually, by total number of jobs.

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This table presents data for the current year and previous 4 years on labour statistics by job category, for Canada, the provinces and territories, annually, by total number of jobs.

Description: Percentage of enterprises that required skills in specific areas, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and enterprise size, based on a one-year observation period. Specific areas include basic digital, computer science, information technology, general data science and analytics, natural sciences and engineering, management, business, international business, skilled trades, design, coaching and mentoring skills to meet the needs of the business, and e-commerce or digital trade.

Description: Percentage of enterprises that encountered skill shortages in specific areas, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and enterprise size, based on a one-year observation period. Specific areas include basic digital, computer science, information technology, general data science and analytics, natural sciences and engineering, management, business, international business, skilled trades, design, coaching and mentoring skills to meet the needs of the business, and e-commerce or digital trade.

Description: Percentage of enterprises that took measures to overcome skill shortages, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and enterprise size, based on a one-year observation period. Measures include outsourcing work in Canada, offshoring of labour, targeted recruitment process, student hiring, training staff, retention strategy, acquisition of external businesses, global talent attraction, other government programs, and other measures.

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Number and average, median, 10^th and 90^th percentile salaries by rank and senior administrative responsibilities of full-time academic teaching staff by university.

Description: Average and median gender pay ratio in annual employment income and in annual wages, salaries and commissions. Data are available by National Occupational Classification (NOC) and age group.

Description: This interactive tool details the median employment income earned by postsecondary graduates two and five years after obtaining their educational qualification.

Description: Characteristics and median employment income of postsecondary graduates five years after graduation, by educational qualification (Classification of programs and credentials - professional degree variant), field of study (Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016 - STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics and computer sciences) and BHASE (business, humanities, health, arts, social science and education) groupings), gender, age group and status of student in Canada (cross-sectional analysis).

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: Using the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) integrated with the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) and the T1 Family File (T1FF), this study explores the Canadian postsecondary educational attainment and employment income of immigrants from the “economic immigrant” programs who were granted permanent residency based on their ability to contribute to the Canadian economy. The analysis compares the skilled immigrants who returned to postsecondary education after admission to Canada to those who did not return to postsecondary education and explores their potential difficulty to transfer their educational qualifications onto the Canadian labour market.

Description: In the publication Quality of Employment in Canada, the Earnings by deciles indicator examines the median usual hourly wages as well as the ratios between hourly wage deciles for employees in their main job. Three decile ratios are used to measure wage inequality: the 9th decile divided by the 1st decile; the 9th decile divided by the 5th decile; and the 5th decile divided by the 1st decile.

Description: In the publication Quality of Employment in Canada, the Parental leave indicator is the number of employed parents aged 20 to 49 who have a child under 1 year of age and are on maternity or parental leave, expressed as a percentage of all employed parents with a child under 1.

Description: Selecting a field of study is an important decision made by thousands of incoming postsecondary students each year. Numerous studies have shown that graduates from engineering, business and mathematics programs earn considerably more than their counterparts from arts and humanities. This article estimates the earnings differences across various fields of study after adjusting for differences in high school academic performance (course marks), neighbourhood factors (income and educational attainment) and postsecondary institution effects.

Description: This article provides a portrait of the ethnocultural and linguistic diversity among lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people in Canada. Using sexual orientation data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015 to 2018), this study also examines the educational and economic outcomes of Canadian-born, immigrant and racialized LGB individuals. It is the fourth release of a series of Just the Facts articles on LGB people in Canada.

Description: This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data for the products associated with this issue are derived from integrating Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) administrative data with other administrative data on earnings. Statistics Canada has derived a series of annual indicators on the labour market outcomes of public postsecondary graduates including median employment income by educational qualification, field of study, age group and gender for Canada, the provinces and the territories combined. This document has been updated to reflect the 2023 methodology used to produce labour market outcomes indicators.

Description: Paid maternity and parental leave help new mothers continue their careers after childbirth or adoption, as continuing employment after becoming a parent became widely common. Historically, an extension of parental leave led Canadian mothers to spend a longer time at home and increased job continuity with their pre-birth employer. This study aims to examine the likelihood and timing of mothers returning to work after parental leave, using more recent data from the Employment Insurance Coverage Survey before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Description: This technical reference guide is intended for users of the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP). The data products associated with this release are derived from integrating the longitudinal Registered Apprenticeship Information System (RAIS) with other administrative data. Statistics Canada has derived a series of indicators on the earnings of newly registered journeypersons by cohort size and selected trades, for Canada, all provinces and for grouped territories.

Description: This infographic features the earnings and mobility of newly-certified journeypersons across Canada. It presents mobility rates over time as well as key results among selected Red Seal trades for earnings and mobility.

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The Guide to the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey contains a dictionary of concepts and definitions, and covers topics such as survey methodology, data collection, processing, and data quality. The guide covers both components of the survey: the job vacancy component, which is quarterly, and the wage component, which is annual.

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The Guide to the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey contains a dictionary of concepts and definitions, and covers topics such as survey methodology, data collection, processing, and data quality. The guide covers both components of the survey: the job vacancy component, which is quarterly, and the wage component, which is annual.

Description:

The Guide to the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey contains a dictionary of concepts and definitions, and covers topics such as survey methodology, data collection, processing, and data quality. The guide covers both components of the survey: the job vacancy component, which is quarterly, and the wage component, which is annual.

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This guide focuses on the following variables: After-tax income, Total income and its components, Income status as well as other related variables from the Income and earnings release.

Provides information that enables users to effectively use, apply and interpret data from the 2006 Census. Each guide contains definitions and explanations on census concepts, data quality and historical comparability. Additional information will be included for specific variables to help general users better understand the concepts and questions used in the census.

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The estimation of intergenerational earnings mobility is rife with measurement problems since the research does not observe permanent, lifetime earnings. Nearly all studies make corrections for mean variation in earnings because of the age differences among respondents. Recent works employ average earnings or instrumental variable methods to address the effects of measurement error as a result of transitory earnings shocks and mis-reporting. However, empirical studies of intergenerational mobility have paid no attention to the changes in earnings variance across the life cycle suggested by economic models of human capital investment.

Using information from the Intergenerational Income Data from Canada and the National Longitudinal Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics from the United States, this study finds a strong association between age at observation and estimated earnings persistence. Part of this age-dependence is related to a general increase in transitory earnings variance during the collection of data. An independent effect of life cycle investment is also identified. These findings are then applied to the variation among intergenerational earnings persistence studies. Among studies with similar methodologies, one-third of the variance in published estimates of earnings persistence is attributable to cross-study differences in the age of responding fathers. Finally, these results call into question tests for the importance of credit constraints based on measures of earnings at different points in the life cycle.

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Direct measures of skill attainment such as the International Adult Literacy Survey are used to assess the importance of educational outcome skills such as literacy in determining labour market outcomes such as earnings. Policy makers also use them to direct resources most efficiently. However, these skill measures are the product of complex statistical procedures. This paper examines the mathematical robustness of the International Adult Literacy Survey measures against other possibilities in estimating the impact of literacy on individual earnings.

Description: The objective of this program is to provide data on employment (number of employees, wages and salaries) in the public sector, i.e. the federal, provincial, territorial and local general governments, health and social service institutions, universities, colleges, vocational and trade institutions, school boards, and government business enterprises.

Description: The survey is designed to provide annual estimates of retail sales, inventories, purchases, employees earnings and location data. This is a survey of Canadian retail business firms with sales and receipts over certain thresholds. The sales data are provided by kind of business and by province and territory.

Description: The Labour Cost Survey was intended to collect information on wage and non-wage benefit costs which is necessary to construct a Labour Cost index.

Description: The estimates are derived in order to supply the System of National Accounts (SNA) with the compensation of employees component of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).