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Description:

The concepts of urban and rural are widely debated and vary depending on a country’s geopolitical and sociodemographic composition. In Canada, population centres and statistical area classifications are widely used to distinguish urban and rural communities. However, neither of these classifications precisely classify Canadian communities into urban, rural and remote areas. A group of researchers at Statistics Canada developed an alternative tool called the “remoteness index” to measure the relative remoteness of Canadian communities. This study builds on the remoteness index, which is a continuous index, by examining how it can be classified into five discrete categories of remoteness geographies. When properly categorized, the remoteness index can be a useful tool to distinguish urban, rural and remote communities in Canada, while protecting the privacy and confidentiality of citizens. This study considers five methodological approaches and recommends three methods.

Description:

Residential dissimilarity describes the extent to which one population group lives apart from another in a shared urban space. This study uses data from the 2016 Census to examine the housing, income and residential dissimilarity of the Indigenous population living in private households in the 49 census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs) that were large enough to be divided into census tracts, and provides a short description of neighbourhoods with a large concentration of Indigenous people.

Description:

This article in the Economic Insights series examines data on the financial conditions of Canadian households, focusing on recent trends related to indebtedness, income growth, and net worth. Aggregate leverage indicators are examined for the household sector as a whole, followed by a more detailed analysis of households with different income profiles in selected urban areas. This study highlights the extent to which indebtedness and household wealth differ across the country, along with the financial vulnerabilities facing low income households.

Description:

Debt-to-income ratios in Canada have continued to rise since the 2008-2009 recession, while they declined in the United States over the same period. This infographic provides information on indebtedness in selected metropolitan areas, illustrating that economic well-being varies considerably across the country and across households, with those at the lower end of the income distribution in a more vulnerable position.

Description:

This fact sheet compares population density for the Toronto and Vancouver census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in 1971 and 2016. It includes maps showing changes in the extent and density of populated areas on the periphery of these areas, as well as changes in population density within previously settled areas.

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This Juristat article analyses changes in the volume and characteristics of sexual assaults reported to and substantiated by police before and after the #MeToo movement went viral on social media. Using 2016 and 2017 crime records provided by police, analysis by month of reporting to police is undertaken to provide a more granular understanding of how the widespread #MeToo movement impacted police-reported sexual assaults in Canada. Changes in volume of reported sexual assaults after #MeToo are also analyzed by geographical factors, including by province or territory, urban and rural areas, and location type of the sexual assault. The age and sex profiles of victims, their assailants, and the relationship between them is also explored to measure shifts after #MeToo. Historical sexual assaults reported following #MeToo are also discussed.

Description: The article "The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas" provides an analysis of land cover and land use change in Canada's largest cities. It focuses on the change in built-up area, arable land and natural and semi-natural land in and around CMAs from 1971 to 2011. The report includes CMA-specific geographical profiles that include tables, charts and maps as well as links to a wealth of other relevant information.

The June 2016 update includes the addition of spatial data files (ArcGIS®, file extension: .shp) for each CMA that can be downloaded from the HTML version of the publication.

Description:

The Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS) is a national survey on the social and economic conditions of Aboriginal Peoples (First Nations people living off reserve, Métis and Inuit) aged 6 years and over. The 2012 APS represents the fourth cycle of the survey and focuses on issues of education, employment and health. The 2012 APS public use microdata file (PUMF) package has been designed to enable users to access and manipulate survey microdata at the national level. The package includes a microdata file; SAS, SPSS and Stata syntax; and a users’ guide. The users’ guide provides general information on the survey as well as guidelines for releasing estimates calculated using the PUMF.

Description:

An emerging area of subjective well-being (SWB) research is centered on the differences in the levels of SWB both across countries and among geographic regions within a country. The consideration of geographic differences would extend our knowledge about the determinants of SWB from "internal" factors of personality traits and individuals' socio-demographic characteristics to "external factors" embedded in individuals' environments. An issue with important theoretical and policy implications is whether the income of others in the same geographic area is associated with individuals' SWB. The association could be positive if people benefit from the improved resources, amenities, and social capital in high-income areas. The association could also be negative if people tend to emulate the lifestyles of their more affluent neighbours. Related empirical studies so far have not come to a consensus on this question.

The present study attempts to contribute to this issue in two significant ways. First, this study examines whether the effect of the average income in a geographic area (locality income) on SWB is sensitive to the scale of geographic units. With a very large sample of survey respondents nested within three hierarchical levels of geographic areas, this study provides reliable estimates of the association of SWB with average incomes in immediate neighbourhoods (defined as "census dissemination areas"), local communities ("census tracts"), and municipalities ("census subdivisions"). Second, this study examines how the choice of control variables influences the estimated effect of locality income. By considering the effects of individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, self-evaluated general health, and area-level attributes in a sequential manner, it is possible to discuss the likely mechanisms through which locality income is related to individuals' SWB.

Description:

Based on 2004/2005 to 2009/2010 data from the Discharge Abstract Database, this study examines associations between unintentional injury hospitalizations and socio-economic status and location relative to an urban core in Dissemination Areas with a high percentage of First Nations identity residents versus a low percentage of Aboriginal identity residents based on the predominant Aboriginal group.

Description:

This annual publication includes detailed analysis and charts depicting construction activity over the last decade. The tables are comparable to those in the monthly publication 64-001-XPB Building permits. In addition, the annual publication includes revised monthly data, on a seasonally adjusted basis, for the previous three years.

Description: Extreme heat has significant impacts on mortality. In Canada, past research has analyzed the degree to which non-accidental mortality increases during single extreme heat events; however, few studies have considered multiple causes of death and the impacts of extreme heat events on mortality over longer time periods. This study analyzes the impacts of extreme heat events on nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory deaths from 2000 to 2020 in 12 of the largest cities in Canada.

Description: While many Canadians prefer to live in low-density housing, the supply of these units is linked to urban sprawl and attendant environmental and economic implications. This article examines recent trends of new housing supply and areas of urban sprawl in select Canadian cities. It also analyzes the characteristics of homeowners who live in neighbourhoods which have recently experienced urban sprawl.

Description: This analysis compares the investment efforts of official language minority (OLM) owned businesses depending on whether they are located in a rural or urban area. The study is based on a model that uses a seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) system estimator to simultaneously assess the impact of determinants that explain the investment of businesses in rural and urban areas and to statistically test the differences between the two areas.

Description: A key component of Canada’s immigration program is to promote the balanced geographic distribution of immigrants and refugees across Canada. This study asks whether there were significant differences in the economic outcomes of government assisted refugees (GARs), based on the size of the city to which they were designated. The analysis was conducted for both those remaining in the designated cities (stayers) and those moving to other locations (movers).

Description: This publication features short and accessible analytical articles that delve further into key findings and emerging trends identified in Census of Agriculture and other data sources related to agriculture. Subjects of analysis include matters related to farm land, crops, livestock, farm finances, technology, the environment and the farm population, as well as other economic and social aspects of Canada’s agriculture industry. Analytical articles are written in plain language and are intended to be a valuable source of information for a broad audience, including policy analysts, students, researchers, agricultural operators, the media and the public at large.

Description: This research paper examines shelter and transportation costs within census metropolitan areas (CMAs). The paper begins by describing a proposed methodology for delineating urban and suburban sub-regions within CMA Market Basket Measure (MBM) regions. It then presents new shelter and transportation costs based on the new delineations and assesses the extent to which differences in costs between urban and suburban sub-regions differ. The analysis concludes by examining how the new delineations would impact the estimation of poverty rates had they been implemented. This paper also provides an opportunity for the public and stakeholders to provide feedback and comments.

Description: This infographic looks at the distribution of the Canadian farm population by province, area (rural vs urban), median household income and farm type. The main data source for this product is the 2021 Agriculture–Population Linkage (linkage between the Census of Agriculture and the Census of Population).

Description: Infographic with main findings from the "Police-reported crime in rural and urban areas in the Canadian provinces, 2021" Juristat article.

Description:

As the eleventh goal outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Canada and other UN member states have committed to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by 2030. This 2022 infographic provides an overview of indicators underlying the eleventh Sustainable Development Goal in support of sustainable cities and communities, and the statistics and data sources used to monitor and report on this goal in Canada.

Description:

The infographic provides a high-level description of how the Census counts people, including Indigenous people, particularly those in urban areas. This includes efforts before and during data collection including communications and advertising, reminders, follow up calls and visits, and special outreach. It also outlines the practice of counting people based on usual place of residence on Census day. Finally, the infographic discusses studies that Statistics Canada undertakes to estimate undercoverage, that is, the net impact of some people being missed and others that are being counted more than once by the Census.

Description:

Series description

This series includes five general reference products - the Preview of Products and Services; the Catalogue; the Dictionary; the Handbook and the Technical Reports - as well as geography reference products - GeoSuite and Reference Maps.

Product description

Technical Reports examine the quality of data from the 1996 Census, a large and complex undertaking. While considerable effort was taken to ensure high quality standards throughout each step, the results are subject to a certain degree of error. Each report looks at the collection and processing operations and presents results from data evaluation, as well as notes on historical comparability.

Technical Reports are aimed at moderate and sophisticated users but are written in a manner which could make them useful to all census data users. Most of the technical reports have been cancelled, with the exception of Age, Sex, Marital Status and Common-law Status, Coverage and Sampling and Weighting. These reports will be available as bilingual publications as well as being available in both official languages on the Internet as free products.

This report deals with coverage errors, which occured when persons, households, dwellings or families were missed by the 1996 Census or enumerated in error. Coverage errors are one of the most important types of error since they affect not only the accuracy of the counts of the various census universes but also the accuracy of all of the census data describing the characteristics of these universes. With this information, users can determine the risks involved in basing conclusions or decisions on census data.

Description:

This report highlights the results of the geography portion of the 2001 Census consultation process. At the June 1998 federal-provincial conference session on the 2001 Census, geography was described as the "cornerstone" of the census. Based on the submissions received in the past year, many users feel the same way. It is the standard geographic areas that determine the framework in which the data will be released. It is the users, through the consultation process, who influence the changes to the standard geographic areas that are recommended for each census.

Description:

This Geography Supplement augments the Geography section of the 2001 Census Consultation Guide, Catalogue No. 92-125-GPE. It provides additional information to help users contribute ideas and suggestions to Statistics Canada regarding the geographic content of the 2001 Census.