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  • 1. International surveys: Motives and methodologies Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210754
    Description:

    The context of the discussion is the increasing incidence of international surveys, of which one is the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project, which began in 2002. The ITC country surveys are longitudinal, and their aim is to evaluate the effects of policy measures being introduced in various countries under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The challenges of organization, data collection and analysis in international surveys are reviewed and illustrated. Analysis is an increasingly important part of the motivation for large scale cross-cultural surveys. The fundamental challenge for analysis is to discern the real response (or lack of response) to policy change, separating it from the effects of data collection mode, differential non-response, external events, time-in-sample, culture, and language. Two problems relevant to statistical analysis are discussed. The first problem is the question of when and how to analyze pooled data from several countries, in order to strengthen conclusions which might be generally valid. While in some cases this seems to be straightforward, there are differing opinions on the extent to which pooling is possible and reasonable. It is suggested that for formal comparisons, random effects models are of conceptual use. The second problem is to find models of measurement across cultures and data collection modes which will enable calibration of continuous, binary and ordinal responses, and produce comparisons from which extraneous effects have been removed. It is noted that hierarchical models provide a natural way of relaxing requirements of model invariance across groups.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 2. Using behavior coding to evaluate the effectiveness of dependent interviewing Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210755
    Description:

    Dependent interviewing (DI) is used in many longitudinal surveys to "feed forward" data from one wave to the next. Though it is a promising technique which has been demonstrated to enhance data quality in certain respects, relatively little is known about how it is actually administered in the field. This research seeks to address this issue through behavior coding. Various styles of DI were employed in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) in January, 2006, and recordings were made of pilot field interviews. These recordings were analysed to determine whether the questions (particularly the DI aspects) were administered appropriately and to explore the respondent's reaction to the fed-forward data. Of particular interest was whether respondents confirmed or challenged the previously-reported information, whether the prior wave data came into play when respondents were providing their current-wave answers, and how any discrepancies were negotiated by the interviewer and respondent. Also of interest was to examine the effectiveness of various styles of DI. For example, in some cases the prior wave data was brought forward and respondents were asked to explicitly confirm it; in other cases the previous data was read and respondents were asked if the situation was still the same. Results indicate varying levels of compliance in terms of initial question-reading, and suggest that some styles of DI may be more effective than others.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 3. Imputation for nonmonotone last-value-dependent nonrespondents in longitudinal surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210756
    Description:

    In longitudinal surveys nonresponse often occurs in a pattern that is not monotone. We consider estimation of time-dependent means under the assumption that the nonresponse mechanism is last-value-dependent. Since the last value itself may be missing when nonresponse is nonmonotone, the nonresponse mechanism under consideration is nonignorable. We propose an imputation method by first deriving some regression imputation models according to the nonresponse mechanism and then applying nonparametric regression imputation. We assume that the longitudinal data follow a Markov chain with finite second-order moments. No other assumption is imposed on the joint distribution of longitudinal data and their nonresponse indicators. A bootstrap method is applied for variance estimation. Some simulation results and an example concerning the Current Employment Survey are presented.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 4. Adaptive calibration for prediction of finite population totals Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210757
    Description:

    Sample weights can be calibrated to reflect the known population totals of a set of auxiliary variables. Predictors of finite population totals calculated using these weights have low bias if these variables are related to the variable of interest, but can have high variance if too many auxiliary variables are used. This article develops an "adaptive calibration" approach, where the auxiliary variables to be used in weighting are selected using sample data. Adaptively calibrated estimators are shown to have lower mean squared error and better coverage properties than non-adaptive estimators in many cases.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 5. Variance estimation of changes in repeated surveys and its application to the Swiss survey of value added Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210758
    Description:

    We propose a method for estimating the variance of estimators of changes over time, a method that takes account of all the components of these estimators: the sampling design, treatment of non-response, treatment of large companies, correlation of non-response from one wave to another, the effect of using a panel, robustification, and calibration using a ratio estimator. This method, which serves to determine the confidence intervals of changes over time, is then applied to the Swiss survey of value added.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 6. Primary sampling unit (PSU) masking and variance estimation in complex surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210759
    Description:

    The analysis of stratified multistage sample data requires the use of design information such as stratum and primary sampling unit (PSU) identifiers, or associated replicate weights, in variance estimation. In some public release data files, such design information is masked as an effort to avoid their disclosure risk and yet to allow the user to obtain valid variance estimation. For example, in area surveys with a limited number of PSUs, the original PSUs are split or/and recombined to construct pseudo-PSUs with swapped second or subsequent stage sampling units. Such PSU masking methods, however, obviously distort the clustering structure of the sample design, yielding biased variance estimates possibly with certain systematic patterns between two variance estimates from the unmasked and masked PSU identifiers. Some of the previous work observed patterns in the ratio of the masked and unmasked variance estimates when plotted against the unmasked design effect. This paper investigates the effect of PSU masking on variance estimates under cluster sampling regarding various aspects including the clustering structure and the degree of masking. Also, we seek a PSU masking strategy through swapping of subsequent stage sampling units that helps reduce the resulting biases of the variance estimates. For illustration, we used data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) with some artificial modification. The proposed strategy performs very well in reducing the biases of variance estimates. Both theory and empirical results indicate that the effect of PSU masking on variance estimates is modest with minimal swapping of subsequent stage sampling units. The proposed masking strategy has been applied to the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data release.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 7. A tree-based approach to forming strata in multipurpose business surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210760
    Description:

    The design of a stratified simple random sample without replacement from a finite population deals with two main issues: the definition of a rule to partition the population into strata, and the allocation of sampling units in the selected strata. This article examines a tree-based strategy which plans to approach jointly these issues when the survey is multipurpose and multivariate information, quantitative or qualitative, is available. Strata are formed through a hierarchical divisive algorithm that selects finer and finer partitions by minimizing, at each step, the sample allocation required to achieve the precision levels set for each surveyed variable. In this way, large numbers of constraints can be satisfied without drastically increasing the sample size, and also without discarding variables selected for stratification or diminishing the number of their class intervals. Furthermore, the algorithm tends not to define empty or almost empty strata, thus avoiding the need for strata collapsing aggregations. The procedure was applied to redesign the Italian Farm Structure Survey. The results indicate that the gain in efficiency held using our strategy is nontrivial. For a given sample size, this procedure achieves the required precision by exploiting a number of strata which is usually a very small fraction of the number of strata available when combining all possible classes from any of the covariates.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 8. Determining the optimum strata boundary points using dynamic programming Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210761
    Description:

    Optimum stratification is the method of choosing the best boundaries that make strata internally homogeneous, given some sample allocation. In order to make the strata internally homogenous, the strata should be constructed in such a way that the strata variances for the characteristic under study be as small as possible. This could be achieved effectively by having the distribution of the main study variable known and create strata by cutting the range of the distribution at suitable points. If the frequency distribution of the study variable is unknown, it may be approximated from the past experience or some prior knowledge obtained at a recent study. In this paper the problem of finding Optimum Strata Boundaries (OSB) is considered as the problem of determining Optimum Strata Widths (OSW). The problem is formulated as a Mathematical Programming Problem (MPP), which minimizes the variance of the estimated population parameter under Neyman allocation subject to the restriction that sum of the widths of all the strata is equal to the total range of the distribution. The distributions of the study variable are considered as continuous with Triangular and Standard Normal density functions. The formulated MPPs, which turn out to be multistage decision problems, can then be solved using dynamic programming technique proposed by Bühler and Deutler (1975). Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the computational details. The results obtained are also compared with the method of Dalenius and Hodges (1959) with an example of normal distribution.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 9. Multi-objective optimisation for optimum allocation in multivariate stratified sampling Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210762
    Description:

    This paper considers the optimum allocation in multivariate stratified sampling as a nonlinear matrix optimisation of integers. As a particular case, a nonlinear problem of the multi-objective optimisation of integers is studied. A full detailed example including some of proposed techniques is provided at the end of the work.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
  • 10. A balanced sampling approach for multi-way stratification designs for small area estimation Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200800210763
    Description:

    The present work illustrates a sampling strategy useful for obtaining planned sample size for domains belonging to different partitions of the population and in order to guarantee the sampling errors of domain estimates be lower than given thresholds. The sampling strategy that covers the multivariate multi-domain case is useful when the overall sample size is bounded and consequently the standard solution of using a stratified sample with the strata given by cross-classification of variables defining the different partitions is not feasible since the number of strata is larger than the overall sample size. The proposed sampling strategy is based on the use of balanced sampling selection technique and on a GREG-type estimation. The main advantages of the solution is the computational feasibility which allows one to easily implement an overall small area strategy considering jointly the sampling design and the estimator and improving the efficiency of the direct domain estimators. An empirical simulation on real population data and different domain estimators shows the empirical properties of the examined sample strategy.

    Release date: 2008-12-23
Data (370)

Data (370) (60 to 70 of 370 results)

Analysis (394)

Analysis (394) (30 to 40 of 394 results)

  • 31. Aboriginal People Living Off-reserve and the Labour Market: Estimates from the Labour Force Survey, 2007 Archived
    Articles and reports: 71-588-X2008001
    Description:

    This is the first report in the series. This report presents the first national estimates on the labour market experiences of Aboriginal people living off-reserve from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). These estimates are based on the year 2007 and cover Aboriginal people living off-reserve in the ten provinces. This report examines the labour force characteristics of the Aboriginal people, namely the employment and unemployment rates as well as wages by Aboriginal identity. The report further looks at the estimates by non-Aboriginal as well as Aboriginal, North American Indian and Métis populations. Also included is limited analysis on the Inuit population using the 2006 Census results, since the LFS sample size was too small for this group. Data are presented for the following characteristics: age, sex, educational attainment, province or region and industry. Finally, trend analysis is provided for the four western provinces over a four year period. The previously released report (Catalogue no. 71-587-X) provided analysis for the western provinces from April 2004 to March 2005.

    Release date: 2008-12-15
  • 32. Terms of trade in central Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-010-X200801210765
    Geography: Province or territory
    Description:

    This paper examines Ontario's and Quebec's adjustments to the resource boom. Higher commodity prices, an appreciating dollar, and increased foreign competition between 2002 and 2007 led to a restructuring of the Central Canadian economies. The restructuring manifested itself in all areas of the economy: manufacturing employment and output declined, while services and construction rose; within manufacturing there were declines across most industries in Ontario, and a shift away from consumer products towards capital products in Quebec; purchasing power increased in Ontario and Quebec as export and import prices adjusted.

    Release date: 2008-12-11
  • 33. Terms of Trade in Central Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-624-M2008022
    Geography: Province or territory
    Description:

    This paper examines Ontario's and Quebec's adjustments to the resource boom. Higher commodity prices, an appreciating dollar, and increased foreign competition between 2002 and 2007 led to a restructuring of the Central Canadian economies. The restructuring manifested itself in all areas of the economy: manufacturing employment and output declined, while services and construction rose; within manufacturing there were declines across most industries in Ontario, and a shift away from consumer products towards capital products in Quebec; purchasing power increased in Ontario and Quebec as export and import prices adjusted.

    Release date: 2008-12-11
  • 34. Price Transmission Along the Canadian Beef Supply Chain and the Impact of BSE Archived
    Articles and reports: 21-601-M2008091
    Description:

    This study investigates the dynamics of price transmission between the Canadian beef markets along the supply chain and the impact of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) on prices.

    Release date: 2008-12-11
  • 35. Greenhouse gas emissions: a focus on Canadian households Archived
    Articles and reports: 16-002-X200800410749
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Households contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada both directly and indirectly. Direct emissions occur through the use of motor fuel and residential fuel, while indirect emissions result from the production of goods and services purchased by households. This article examines households' direct and indirect GHG emissions from 1990 to 2004.

    Release date: 2008-12-09
  • 36. Canadian participation in an environmentally active lifestyle Archived
    Articles and reports: 16-002-X200800410750
    Geography: Canada
    Description: This study focuses on six environmental behaviours at the household level: use of reduced volume toilets; use of low-flow showerheads; use of compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFL); recycling; composting; and lowering temperatures. In 2006, almost half of Canadian households were very active across this range of environmental behaviours.
    Release date: 2008-12-09
  • 37. Households' use of water and wastewater services Archived
    Articles and reports: 16-002-X200800410752
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article presents data on water conservation and septic system maintenance from the 2006 Households and the Environment Survey. It also compares conservation practices for households using public and private water services.

    Release date: 2008-12-09
  • 38. Energy-efficient holiday lights Archived
    Articles and reports: 16-002-X200800410753
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article presents data on the use of light emitting diode (LED) holiday lighting using data from the 2007 Households and the Environment Survey.

    Release date: 2008-12-09
  • 39. Sexual Assault in Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 85F0033M2008019
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Since only a small proportion of sexual offences are formally documented, the prevalence of sexual assault in Canada has been difficult to quantify. Using data from the 1999 and 2004 General Social Surveys (GSS) on victimization and police-reported data derived from the aggregate Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) and the incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR2), the prevalence and nature of sexual assault in Canada is examined. Specifically, this report examines rates of sexual victimization; characteristics of victims and offenders; rates of police reporting; reasons for not reporting to police; the emotional effects of sexual victimization; as well as fear of crime and the use of precautionary measures by victims of sexual assault.

    Release date: 2008-12-09
  • 40. Firm Turnover and Productivity Growth in the Canadian Retail Trade Sector Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0027M2008053
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper examines firm turnover and productivity growth in the Canadian retail trade sector. Firm turnover occurs as the competitive process shifts market share from exiting firms and existing firms that contracted to entering firms and existing firms that expanded. There is considerably more firm turnover in the retail sector than in the manufacturing sector and more of it comes from entry and exit. Moreover, contrary to the manufacturing sector where only part of overall productivity growth comes from firm turnover and the re-allocation of resources from the less to the more productive, all of the aggregate productivity growth comes from this source in the retail sector. This suggests that the much-discussed Wal-Mart effect on retail sector productivity mainly comes from the Wal-Mart-created competitive pressure that shifts market share from exitors and declining incumbents to entrants and growing incumbents. Foreign-controlled firms contributed 30% of labour productivity growth and 45% of multifactor productivity growth in the retail trade sector in the period from 1984 to 1996, which are mainly due to the entry of foreign-controlled firms and expansion of more productive foreign-controlled existing firms.

    Release date: 2008-12-08
Reference (54)

Reference (54) (50 to 60 of 54 results)

  • 51. Languages Reference Guide, 2006 Census Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 97-555-P2006003
    Description:

    This guide focuses on the following demographic variables: First official language spoken, Home language, Knowledge of non-official languages, Knowledge of official languages, Language of work, and Mother tongue.

    Provides information that enables users to effectively use, apply and interpret data from the 2006 Census. Each guide contains definitions and explanations on census concepts. Additional information will be included for specific variables to help general users better understand the concepts and questions used in the census.

    Release date: 2008-01-09
  • 52. Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, 2006 Census Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 97-557-P2006003
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This guide focuses on the following demographic variables: Place of birth, Generation status, Citizenship and Immigration.

    Provides information that enables users to effectively use, apply and interpret data from the 2006 Census. Each guide contains definitions and explanations on census concepts. Additional information will be included for specific variables to help general users better understand the concepts and questions used in the census.

    Release date: 2008-01-09
  • 53. Language, 2006 Census Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 97-555-P
    Description:

    These guides provide information that enables users to effectively use, apply and interpret data from the 2006 Census. Each guide contains definitions and explanations on census concepts. Additional information will be included for specific variables to help general users better understand the concepts and questions used in the census.

    Release date: 2008-01-09
  • 54. Immigration and Citizenship, 2006 Census Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 97-557-P
    Description:

    These guides provide information that enables users to effectively use, apply and interpret data from the 2006 Census. Each guide contains definitions and explanations on census concepts, data quality and historical comparability. Additional information will be included for specific variables to help general users better understand the concepts and questions used in the census.

    Release date: 2008-01-09
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