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All (66)

All (66) (50 to 60 of 66 results)

51. Family income inequality, 1970-1995 Archived
Articles and reports: 75-001-X19980044039
Geography: Canada
Description:
Income inequality among families increased between 1970 and 1995 as a result of the recessions of the early eighties and nineties. This article looks at the extend of, and changes in, family income inequality over the period. It also demonstrates the role of government transfer payments and personal income taxes in reducing inequality.
Release date: 1998-12-09
52. Linking Outcomes for Workers to Changes in Workplace Practices: An Experimental Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey Archived
Articles and reports: 88F0017M1996003
Geography: Canada
Description:
This paper examines a number of significant changes (real or perceived) related to wages and earnings, in the Canadian context, since the recession of the early 1980s.
Release date: 1998-10-30
53. What is Happening to Earnings, Inequality and Youth Wages in the 1990s? Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1998116
Geography: Canada
Description:
The increase in earnings inequality among men in particular in Canada has been well documented. This paper adds to our knowledge of inequality trends by addressing three issues. First, what has happened to earnings inequality among the employed population in the 1990s? We find that earnings inequality and polarization increased little in the population of all workers (men and women combined) between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. The second question relates to the impact of the changing propensity of Canadians to hold a job on earnings inequality. Put another way, if we focus on the entire population of working age Canadians (those with and without paid employment), what are the inequality trends. We find that earnings inequality among the working age population changed little over the 1980s and 1990s. This analysis incorporates both the influence of the changing employment/population ratio and inequality trends among employed workers on overall earnings inequality among the working age population. But this relative stability in overall earnings inequality since the mid-1980s masks a number of offsetting underlying trends. Some groups of workers are making earnings gains (notably older workers, and women) while others are losing (notably younger workers and men). This paper focuses in particular on the earnings trends among younger workers, and finds that the decline in annual earnings of younger male workers in particular is associated with a decline in real hourly wages.
Release date: 1998-06-29
54. The Dimensions of Wage Inequality Among Aboriginal Peoples Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1997109
Geography: Canada
Description:
In addition to confirming a wage gap between Canadian workers as a whole and those of Aboriginal origin, our research also generated new findings: there is greater disparity in the distribution of wages among Aboriginals than among Canadian workers as a whole, even after allowing for demographic differences.
Our analysis does not stop there. Indeed, this analysis can hide considerable wage dispersions between Aboriginal groups since appreciable wage gaps were noted between these groups. Having said this, wage dispersion is most likely greater for certain Aboriginal groups than others. Since this aspect has never been studied before, the purpose of this paper is to document differences in wage dispersion for the four main Aboriginal groups. Our results show that North American Indians living on reserves are the most disadvantaged Aboriginal group because their earnings are substantially lower than those of the other groups.
Release date: 1998-01-14
55. The Growth of Earnings Inequality in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 75F0002M1996008
Description:
This paper studies the growth in inequality in weekly earnings in Canada and the factors that contribute to it.
Release date: 1997-12-31
56. Divergent Inequalities - Theory and Empirical Results (Revised Edition) Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1997066
Geography: Canada
Description:
Widely used summary measures of inequality or the "disappearing middle class" are potentially misleading. Divergences between evidence cited and conclusions drawn include failing to distinguish the concepts of inequality and polarization, and using scalar ôinequalityö measures which are not consistent with rankings based on Lorenz curves. In addition, inappropriate claims about trends in inequality can arise from focusing on only a sub-population such as full-time male workers, and failing to account for sampling variability. These divergences are illustrated using Canadian data on labour incomes over the 1967 to 1994 period.
Release date: 1997-07-30
57. Longitudinal Aspects of Earnings Inequality in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1996094
Geography: Canada
Description:
In this paper we ask the three following questions : 1) even after controlling for cyclical effects, do new spells of low earnings now last longer than they used to? 2) once a male worker starts a new spell of low earnings, does he receive lower real annual wages now than his counterparts did in the mid-seventies? 3) has long-term inequality in earnings risen in the eighties? The answers to these questions are the following. First, even after taking account of the relatively high unemployment rates observed since the mid-eighties, it was harder for Canadian male workers, especially those aged 18-24, to move out of the bottom of the earnings distribution during the 1985-93 period than during the 1975-84 period. In other terms, new spells of low earnings now last longer for these workers. Second, real annual wages received by young males who went through a new spell of low earnings were significantly lower in 1985-93 than in 1975-84. Third, during the eighties, inequality in earnings cumulated over either six or ten years rose at the same pace as inequality in annual earnings.
Release date: 1996-08-30
58. Family and Work: What Will the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics Have to Offer? Archived
Articles and reports: 75F0002M1995013
Description:
This paper describes the empirical data that will be available from Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) to help explain the choices women make in balancing home, family and work aspects of their lives.
Release date: 1995-12-30
59. The Wage Gap Between Men and Women: An Update Archived
Articles and reports: 75F0002M1995014
Description:
This paper follows up on the initial article in the publication Dynamics of Labour and Income, 1994 Report. The analysis remains the same, but it provides detailed variable groupings, regression and decomposition results which were not originally included.
Release date: 1995-12-30
60. Social Transfers, Changing Family Structure, and Low Income Among Children Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M1995082
Geography: Canada
Description:
Our aim in this paper is to resolve a paradox. Since the 1970s, there has been a downward secular trend in the average real and relative earnings of young adults under the age of 35. Despite the fact that most young children live in households headed by adults under 35, there has been no corresponding secular rise in the incidence of low income among children. Rather child poverty has followed the usual fluctuations of the business cycle.
We show that the relative stability in child poverty rates in the face of declining labour market earnings is a result of two factors. First, the decline in market income in young households with children has been offset by rising transfers. Since the 1970s, social transfers have replaced earnings as the main source of income among low income families with children.
Second, changes in the fertility behaviour and labour market characteristics of young adults have sharply reduced the risk of young children growing up in low income households. Today's young parents are better educated, working more hours, having fewer children, and postponing child-birth until later ages when earnings are higher. Although more children do find themselves in single parent families, this change has been swamped by other changes in family patterns and labour market behaviour that have reduced the risk of child poverty.
Thus, the upward pressure on low income among children stemming from the labour market has been offset by social transfers, on the one hand, and by changes in family formation and the labour market behaviour of young adults, on the other. Except for cyclical variations, the result has been relative stability in the incidence of low income among children over the 1980s and early 1990s. Whether these offsetting patterns will continue in the last half of the 1990s remains to be seen.
Release date: 1995-09-30

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Analysis (64)

Analysis (64) (0 to 10 of 64 results)

1. Labour Statistics at a Glance
Journals and periodicals: 71-222-X
Description: Labour Statistics at a Glance features short analytical articles on specific topics of interest related to Canada's labour market. The studies examine recent or historical trends using data produced by the Centre for Labour Market Information, i.e., the Labour Force Survey, the Survey of Employment Payrolls and Hours, the Job Vacancy and Wage Survey, the Employment Insurance Coverage Survey and the Employment Insurance Statistics Program.
Release date: 2024-06-03
2. Wages by deciles, 1997 to 2022
Articles and reports: 14-28-0001202300100005
Description: In the publication Quality of Employment in Canada, the Earnings by deciles indicator examines the median usual hourly wages as well as the ratios between hourly wage deciles for employees in their main job. Three decile ratios are used to measure wage inequality: the 9th decile divided by the 1st decile; the 9th decile divided by the 5th decile; and the 5th decile divided by the 1st decile.
Release date: 2023-06-13
3. Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 10, Reduced Inequalities
Articles and reports: 11-637-X202200100010
Description:
As the tenth goal outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Canada and other UN member states have committed to reduce inequalities within and among countries by 2030. This 2022 infographic provides an overview of indicators underlying the tenth Sustainable Development Goal in support of reduced inequalities, and the statistics and data sources used to monitor and report on this goal in Canada.

Release date: 2022-12-13
4. Pay gap, 1998 to 2021
Articles and reports: 14-28-0001202000100003
Description:
In the publication Quality of Employment in Canada, the Pay gap indicator is based on the self-reported usual hourly wages of paid employees aged 25 to 54 at their main job.

Release date: 2022-05-30
5. Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 10, Reduced Inequalities Archived
Articles and reports: 11-637-X202000100010
Description: As the tenth goal outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Canada and other UN member states have committed to reduce inequalities within and among countries by 2030. This 2020 infographic provides an overview of indicators underlying the tenth Sustainable Development Goal in support of reduced inequalities, and the statistics and data sources used to monitor and report on this goal in Canada.
Release date: 2020-10-20
6. The Gender Wage Gap in 2018 Archived
Stats in brief: 11-627-M2019065
Description:
Based on data from the Labour Force Survey, this infographic highlights the gender wage gap and its sources in 2018.
Release date: 2019-10-07
7. The gender wage gap in Canada: 1998 to 2018
Articles and reports: 75-004-M2019004
Description:
This study examines the evolution of the gender wage gap in Canada from 1998 to 2018 among employees aged 25 to 54. The contributions of various characteristics to the gap, and to the changes in the gap, are examined using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition on hourly wage data from the Labour Force Survey.

Release date: 2019-10-07
8. Pay Transparency and the Gender Gap
Articles and reports: 11F0019M2019018
Description:
This paper examines the impact of public sector salary disclosure laws on university faculty salaries in Canada. These laws, which give the public access to the salaries of individual faculty members if they exceed specified thresholds, were introduced in different provinces at different points in time. One of the most persistent and salient features of labour markets around the world is that women earn less than men. A hypothesis recently gaining traction among academic researchers and policy makers is that the gender earnings gap persists in part because it is hidden. There have also been calls in the private sector for more transparency on pay discrepancies between male and female workers. This paper provides new evidence on the causal effect of pay transparency laws on salaries.

Release date: 2019-09-16
9. Measuring and Analyzing the Gender Pay Gap: A Conceptual and Methodological Overview
Articles and reports: 45-20-00022019001
Description:
Reducing pay inequality between women and men is a key priority, both nationally and internationally, for achieving gender equality. Documenting gender inequality in pay and tracking progress in this regard for policy purposes requires at least one indicator. The adjusted gender pay gap-the raw difference between the employment earnings of women and men, expressed either as a proportion of men's earnings (i.e., the "gender pay ratio") or one minus the gender pay ratio-typically serves this purpose. At present, there are no internationally-recognized standards for measuring the adjusted gender pay gap, leaving considerable scope for political choice.

The purpose of this paper is to inform the development of international standards for measuring the adjusted gender pay gap by explaining the assumptions underlying, and the implications following from, various methods. Additionally, the paper strives to increase literacy about the meaning and interpretation of different estimates of the gender pay gap, and to bring together various explanations for the gender pay gap.

Release date: 2019-08-30
10. Earnings Inequality and the Gender Pay Gap in Canada: The Role of Women’s Under-representation Among Top Earners Archived
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2019002
Description:
This Economic Insights article examines the representation of women in top earnings groups—specifically, the top 0.1%, next 0.9% and next 9% of earners—and the extent to which their under-representation in these groups contributes to the overall gender gap in annual earnings. Trends are documented over almost forty years from 1978 to 2015.

Release date: 2019-03-07

Reference (2)

Reference (2) ((2 results))

1. Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics: 2003 Historical Revision Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M2005009
Description:
The release of the 2003 data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) was accompanied by a historical revision which accomplished three things. First, the survey weights were updated to take into account new population projections based on the 2001 Census of Population, instead of the 1996 Census. Second, a new procedure in the weight adjustments was introduced to take into account an external source of information on the overall distribution of income in the population, namely the T4 file of employer remittances to Canada Revenue Agency. Third, the low income estimates were revised due to new low income cut-offs (LICOs). This paper describes the second of these improvements' the new weighting procedure to reflect the distribution of income in the population with greater accuracy. Part 1 explains in non-technical terms how this new procedure came about and how it works. Part 2 provides some examples of the impacts on the results for previous years.
Release date: 2005-07-22
2. Societal Indicators Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 89F0123X
Description:
This web page contains examples of societal indicators identified in Managing for results, 1999 tabled in Parliament by the President of the Treasury Board of Canada. Information on societal trends is provided on three clusters of societal indicators: health, environment and physical security; economic opportunity and participation; and social participation and inclusion.
Release date: 2001-01-23

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Date modified:: 2024-06-04