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    Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics

    Delaying Post-secondary Education: Who Delays and for How Long?

    References

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    Ahlgren, Ingrid. (2006). "Taking a gap year," Foreign Service Journal, June: 62-76.

    Astone, Nan M. and McLanahan, Sara S. (1994). "Family structure, residential mobility, and school dropout: A research note." Demography 31:575–84.

    Baizán, Pau and Martín-García, Teresa (2006). "Endogeneity and joint determinants of educational enrolment and first birth timing in France and West Germany," Genus LXII (2): 89-117.

    Bowlby, J.W. and McMullen, K. (2002). At a Crossroads: First Results for the 18 to 20-Year-Old Cohort of the Youth in Transition Survey. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada and Statistics Canada, 81-591-XPE.

    Boyd, Monica. (2002). "Educational attainments of immigrant offspring: Success or segmented assimilation," International Migration Review 36(4): 1037-1060.

    Bozick, Robert and DeLuca, Stefanie. (2005). "Better late than never? Delayed enrollment in the high school to college transition," Social Forces 84(1): 527-550.

    Braiker, Brian. (2004). "Time off helps," Newsweek, August 1. online access March 17, 2010: stable url: http://www.newsweek.com/id/54649.

    Breen, R., Jonsson, J.O. (2005). "Inequality of opportunity in comparative perspective: recent research on educational attainment and social mobility," Annual Review of Sociology 31, 223–243.

    Broh, B.A. (2002). "Linking extracurricular programming to academic achievement: Who benefits and why?" Sociology of Education 75: 69-91.

    Brooks, R. (2003). 'Young people's higher education choices: The role of family and friends', British Journal of Sociology of Education 24(3): 283-297.

    Buchmann, Claudia. and DiPrete, Thomas. A. (2006). "The growing female advantage in college completion: The role of family background and academic achievement," American Sociological Review 71: 515-541.

    Bushnik, Tracey. (2003). Learning, Earning and Leaving: The Relationship Between Working While in High School and Dropping Out. Education, Skills and Learning Research Papers. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2003004.

    Bushnik, Tracey, Barr-Telford, Lynn and Bussière, Patrick. (2002). In and Out of High School: First Results from the Second Cycle of the Youth in Transition Survey. Statistics Canada and Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, Ottawa, 2004. 81-595-MIE, No 14.

    Bussière, Patrick, Cartwright, Fernando, Crocker, Robert, Ma, Xin, Oderkirk, Jillian and Zhang, Yanhong. (2001). Measuring Up: The Performance of Canada's Youth in Reading, Mathematics and Science – OECD PISA Study – First Results for Canadians Aged 15. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada, Statistics Canada, Council of Ministers of Education, 81-590-XPE.

    Canadian Council on Learning. (2008). Lessons in Learning: Gappers Taking Time Off Between High School and Post-Secondary Studies. Ottawa.

    Chambers, Elisha A. and Schreiber, James B. (2004). "Girls, academic achievement: Varying associations of extracurricular activities," Gender and Education 16(3): 327-346.

    Chen, Zeng-yin and Kaplan, Howard B. (2003). "School failure in early adolescence and status attainment in middle adulthood: A longitudinal study," Sociology of Education 76(2): 110-127.

    Clark, William. (2000). '100 Years of Education,' Canadian Social Trends (Winter). Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-XIE. : 3-7.

    Clark, S., Dechman, M., French, F. and MacCallum, B. (1991). Mothers and Children: One Decade Later. Halifax: Nova Scotia Department of Community Services.

    Coleman, J.S. (1988). "Social capital in the creation of human capital," American Journal of Sociology 94: S95–S120.

    Cooper, H., Valentine, J., Nye, B. and Lindsay, J. (1999). "Relationship between five after-school activities and academic achievement," Journal of Educational Psychology 91(2): 369-378.

    Cox, D.R. (1972). "Regression models and life tables (with discussion)," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 34: 187-220.

    Darling, Nancy. (2005). "Participation in extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 34(5): 493-505.

    de Broucker, Patrice. (2005a). From Education to Work: A Difficult Transition for Young Adults with Low Levels of Education. Organisation For Economic Cooperation and Development and Canadian Policy Research Network, Ottawa.

    Downey, Douglas B. (1995). "When bigger is not better: family size, parental resources, and children's educational performance," American Sociological Review 60, 746–761.

    Eccles, Jacquelynne S. and Barber, Bonnie L. (1999). "Student council, volunteering, basketball or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters?" Journal of Adolescent Research 14(1): 10-43.

    Eccles, Jacquelynne S., Barber, Bonnie L., Stone, Margaret, and Hunt, James. (2003). "Extracurricular activities and adolescent development," Journal of Social Issues 59(4): 865-889.

    Fan, X., Chen, M. (2001). "Parental involvement and students' academic achievement: a meta-analysis," Educational Psychology Review 13: 1–22.

    Finnie, Ross, Mueller, Richard E., Sweetman, Arthur and Usher, Alex (2008). Who Goes? Who Stays? What Matters? Kingston: School of Policy Studies, Queen's University.

    Fredricks, Jennifer A., Blumenfeld, Phyllis C., and Paris, Alison H. (2004). "School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence," Review of Educational Research 74(1): 59-109.

    Frenette, Marc. (2007). Why Are Youth From Lower-Income Families Less Likely to Attend University? Evidence from Academic Abilities, Parental Abilities, and Financial Constraints. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series. Catalogue no.11F0019MIE2007295.

    Frenette, Marc. (2006). "Too far to go on? Distance to school and university participation," Education Economics 14(1): 31-58.

    Frenette, Marc and Zeman, Klarka. (2007). Why Are Most University Students Women? Evidence Based on Academic Performance, Study Habits and Parental Influences. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series. Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 11F0019MIE – Number 303.

    Fuligni, A.J., and Stevenson, H.W. (1995). "Time use and mathematics achievement among American, Chinese, and Japanese high school students," Child Development 66, 830-842.

    Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. (2003). "Teenage childbearing as a public issue and private concern," Annual Review of Sociology 29: 23-39.

    Gerber, S. (1996). 'Extracurricular activities and academic achievement', Journal of Research and Development in Education 30(1): 42-50.

    Hagan, John, Ross MacMillan, and Blair Wheaton. (1996). "New Kid in Town: Social Capital and the Life Course Effects of Family Migration on Children," American Sociological Review 61:368–85.

    Hallfors, Denise, Vevea, Jack L., Iritani, Bonita, Cho, HyunSan, Khatapoush, Shereen, and Saxe, Leonard. (2002). "Truancy, grade point average and sexual activity: A meta-analysis of risk indicators for youth substance use," Journal of School Health 72(5): 205-211.

    Hango, Darcy (2010). Labour Market Experience of Youth after Leaving School: Exploring the Effect of Educational Pathways over Time. Statistics Canada.Catalogue no. 81-595-87.

    Hango, Darcy. (2008). "Taking time off between high school and post-secondary education: Determinants and early labour market outcomes," Education Matters: Insights on Education, Learning and Training in Canada. January 7, Vol. 4, No.5. Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 81-004-XIE.

    Hango, Darcy W. (2007). "Parental investment in childhood and educational qualifications: Can greater parental involvement mediate the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage?" Social Science Research 36: 1371-1390.

    Hango, Darcy and de Broucker, Patrice. (2007). Education-to-Labour Market Pathways of Canadian Youth: Findings from the Youth in Transition Survey. Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Research Papers, Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 81-595-MIE200754.

    Haveman, Robert, Barbara Wolfe, and James Spaulding. (1991). "Childhood events and circumstances influencing high school completion." Demography 28:133–57.

    Heath, Sue. (2007). "Widening the gap: pre-university gap years and the 'economy of experience,'" British Journal of Sociology 28(1): 89-103.

    Ho Sui-Chu, E., and Willms, J.D. (1996). "Effects of parental involvement on eighth-grade achievement," Sociology of Education 69: 126–141.

    Jones, Andrew. (2004). Review of Gap Year Provision, Research Report No. 555. Department for Education and Skills and University of London. London: United Kingdom.

    Kandel, D.B. and Lesser, G.S. (1969). 'Parental and peer influence on educational plans of adolescents', American Sociological Review 34(2): 213-223.

    Knighton, Tamara and Bussière, Patrick. (2006). Educational Outcomes at Age 19 Associated with Reading Ability at Age 15. Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Research Papers, Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 81-595-MIE2006043.

    Knighton, Tamara and Mirza, Sheba. (2002). "Post-secondary participation: the effects of parents' education and household income," Education Quarterly Review 8(3): 25-32

    Lareau, Annette. (1987). "Social class differences in family-school relationships: the importance of cultural capital," Sociology of Education 60: 73–85.

    Light, Audrey. (1995). "The effects of interrupted schooling on wages," The Journal of Human Resources 30(3): 472-502.

    Mahoney, J. and Cairns, R.B. (1997). 'Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout?' Developmental Psychology 33(2): 241-253.

    Marini, Margaret M. (1987). "Measuring the process of role change during the transition to adulthood," Social Science Research 16: 1-38.

    Marsh, Herbert W. and Kleitman, Sabina. (2005). "Consequences of employment during high school: Character building, subversion of academic goals, or a threshold?" American Educational Research Journal 42(2): 331-369.

    Maxwell, Nan L. and Lopus, Jane S. (1994). "The Lake Wobegon Effect in Student Self-Reported Data," The American Economic Review 84(2): 201-205.

    McNeal Jr., R.B. (1999). "Parental involvement as social capital: differential effectiveness on science achievement, truancy, and dropping out," Social Forces 78, 117–144.

    Palameta, Boris and Zhang, Xuelin. (2006) "Does it pay to go back to school?" Perspectives March, Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 75-001-XPE.

    Parsons, Greg and McMullen, Kathryn. (2009). "Trends in University Graduation, 1992 to 2007," Education Matters: Insights on Education, Learning and Training in Canada. December 16, Vol. 6, No.5. Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 81-004-XIE.

    Polesel, John. (2009). "Deferring a university offer in rural Australia," Australian Journal of Education 53(1): 87-103.

    Pope, Chris. (2004). "A year out pays off," Professional Engineering 17(2): 45.

    Pribesh, S. and Downey, D.B. (1999). "Why are residential and school moves associated with poor school performance?" Demography 36:521–34.

    Rindfuss, Ronald R. (1991). "The young adult years: Diversity, structural change and fertility," Demography 28: 493-512.

    Rindfuss, Ronald R., Swicegood, Gray, and Rosenfeld, Rachel A. (1987). "Disorder in the life course: How common and does it matter?" American Sociological Review 52(6): 785-801.

    Ruhm, Christopher J. (1997). "Is high school employment consumption or investment?" Journal of Labor Economics 15: 735-776.

    Ryan, A.M. (2000). "Peer groups as a context for the socialization of adolescents' motivation, engagement, and achievement in school," Educational Psychologist 35, 101–111.

    Sandefur, Gary D., Meier, Ann M., and Campbell, Mary E. (2006). "Family resources, social capital and college attendance," Social Science Research 35(2): 525-553.

    Seltzer, V.C. and Waterman, R.P. (1996). "A cross-national study of adolescent peer concordance on issues of the future," Journal of Research on Adolescence 11(4): 461-482.

    Shanahan, Michael J. (2000). "Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective," Annual Review of Sociology 26: 667-692.

    Shanahan, Michael J. and Flaherty, Brian P. (2001). "Dynamic patterns of time use in adolescence," Child Development 72(2): 385-401.

    Smith, Mark H., Lionel J. Beaulieu, and Ann Seraphine. (1995). "Social Capital, Place of Residence, and College Attendance." Rural Sociology 60:363–80.

    South, Scott J., Haynie, Dana L., and Bose, Sunita (2007). "Student mobility and school dropout," Social Science Research 36: 68-94.

    Stack, Steven. (1994). "The effect of geographic mobility on premarital sex," Journal of Marriage and the Family 56:204–8.

    StataCorp. (2008). Stata Statistical Software: Release 10. College Station, Texas: StataCorp LP.

    Statistics Canada. (2003). Youth in Transition 18-20 Year Old User Guide-Cycle 1. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada and Statistics Canada.

    Sunter, Deborah. (1993). "School, work and dropping out," Perspectives on Labour and Income 5(2): 44-52. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE.

    Swanson, Christopher B. and Barbara Schneider. (1999). "Students on the move: Residential and educational mobility in America's schools." Sociology of Education 72:54–67.

    Sweetman, Arthur and Dicks, Gordon. (1999). "Education and ethnicity in Canada: An intergenerational perspective," Journal of Human Resources 34(4): 668-696.

    Tait, Heather. (1999). "Educational achievement of young Aboriginal adults," Canadian Social Trends 52-Spring: 6-10.

    Taylor, Alison and Krahn, Harvey. (2005). "Aiming high: Educational aspirations of visible minority immigrant youth," Canadian Social Trends 79-Winter: 8-12.

    UCAS (2010). Universities and Colleges Admission Service Yearly Figures on Deferrals. Source: www.ucas.ac.uk1about_us/stat_services/stats_online/data_tables/deferring. Accessed March 24, 2010.

    Walters, David, White, Jerry, and Maxim, Paul. (2004). "Does post-secondary education benefit Aboriginal Canadians? An examination of earnings and employment outcomes for recent Aboriginal graduates," Canadian Public Policy 30(3): 283-301.

    Zaff, J.F., Moore, K.A., Papillo, A.R., and Williams, S. (2003). 'Implications of extracurricular activity participation during adolescence on positive outcomes', Journal of Adolescent Research 18(6): 599-630.

    Zeman, K., Knighton, T. and Bussière, P. (2004). Education and Labour Market Pathways of Young Canadians Between Age 20 and 22: An Overview. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada and Statistics Canada, 81-595-MIE.

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