Survey design

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  • 61. The construction of stratified designs in R with the package stratification Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201100111447
    Description:

    This paper introduces a R-package for the stratification of a survey population using a univariate stratification variable X and for the calculation of stratum sample sizes. Non iterative methods such as the cumulative root frequency method and the geometric stratum boundaries are implemented. Optimal designs, with stratum boundaries that minimize either the CV of the simple expansion estimator for a fixed sample size n or the n value for a fixed CV can be constructed. Two iterative algorithms are available to find the optimal stratum boundaries. The design can feature a user defined certainty stratum where all the units are sampled. Take-all and take-none strata can be included in the stratified design as they might lead to smaller sample sizes. The sample size calculations are based on the anticipated moments of the survey variable Y, given the stratification variable X. The package handles conditional distributions of Y given X that are either a heteroscedastic linear model, or a log-linear model. Stratum specific non-response can be accounted for in the design construction and in the sample size calculations.

    Release date: 2011-06-29
  • 62. Replication variance estimation under two-phase sampling Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201100111448
    Description:

    In two-phase sampling for stratification, the second-phase sample is selected by a stratified sample based on the information observed in the first-phase sample. We develop a replication-based bias adjusted variance estimator that extends the method of Kim, Navarro and Fuller (2006). The proposed method is also applicable when the first-phase sampling rate is not negligible and when second-phase sample selection is unequal probability Poisson sampling within each stratum. The proposed method can be extended to variance estimation for two-phase regression estimators. Results from a limited simulation study are presented.

    Release date: 2011-06-29
  • 63. Cost efficiency of repeated cluster surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201100111449
    Description:

    We analyze the statistical and economic efficiency of different designs of cluster surveys collected in two consecutive time periods, or waves. In an independent design, two cluster samples in two waves are taken independently from one another. In a cluster-panel design, the same clusters are used in both waves, but samples within clusters are taken independently in two time periods. In an observation-panel design, both clusters and observations are retained from one wave of data collection to another. By assuming a simple population structure, we derive design variances and costs of the surveys conducted according to these designs. We first consider a situation in which the interest lies in estimation of the change in the population mean between two time periods, and derive the optimal sample allocations for the three designs of interest. We then propose the utility maximization framework borrowed from microeconomics to illustrate a possible approach to the choice of the design that strives to optimize several variances simultaneously. Incorporating the contemporaneous means and their variances tends to shift the preferences from observation-panel towards simpler panel-cluster and independent designs if the panel mode of data collection is too expensive. We present numeric illustrations demonstrating how a survey designer may want to choose the efficient design given the population parameters and data collection cost.

    Release date: 2011-06-29
  • 64. Statistical foundations of cell-phone surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201000211382
    Description:

    The size of the cell-phone-only population in the USA has increased rapidly in recent years and, correspondingly, researchers have begun to experiment with sampling and interviewing of cell-phone subscribers. We discuss statistical issues involved in the sampling design and estimation phases of cell-phone studies. This work is presented primarily in the context of a nonoverlapping dual-frame survey in which one frame and sample are employed for the landline population and a second frame and sample are employed for the cell-phone-only population. Additional considerations necessary for overlapping dual-frame surveys (where the cell-phone frame and sample include some of the landline population) are also discussed. We illustrate the methods using the design of the National Immunization Survey (NIS), which monitors the vaccination rates of children age 19-35 months and teens age 13-17 years. The NIS is a nationwide telephone survey, followed by a provider record check, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

    Release date: 2010-12-21
  • 65. An interesting property of the entropy of some sampling designs Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201000211385
    Description:

    In this short note, we show that simple random sampling without replacement and Bernoulli sampling have approximately the same entropy when the population size is large. An empirical example is given as an illustration.

    Release date: 2010-12-21
  • 66. Evaluating within household selection rules under a multi-stage design Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201000111243
    Description:

    The 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) and the international Adult Literacy and Lifeskills (ALL) surveys each involved stratified multi-stage area sample designs. During the last stage, a household roster was constructed, the eligibility status of each individual was determined, and the selection procedure was invoked to randomly select one or two eligible persons within the household. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the within-household selection rules under a multi-stage design while improving the procedure in future literacy surveys. The analysis is based on the current US household size distribution and intracluster correlation coefficients using the adult literacy data. In our evaluation, several feasible household selection rules are studied, considering effects from clustering, differential sampling rates, cost per interview, and household burden. In doing so, an evaluation of within-household sampling under a two-stage design is extended to a four-stage design and some generalizations are made to multi-stage samples with different cost ratios.

    Release date: 2010-06-29
  • 67. A comparison of sample set restriction procedures Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201000111249
    Description:

    For many designs, there is a nonzero probability of selecting a sample that provides poor estimates for known quantities. Stratified random sampling reduces the set of such possible samples by fixing the sample size within each stratum. However, undesirable samples are still possible with stratification. Rejective sampling removes poor performing samples by only retaining a sample if specified functions of sample estimates are within a tolerance of known values. The resulting samples are often said to be balanced on the function of the variables used in the rejection procedure. We provide modifications to the rejection procedure of Fuller (2009a) that allow more flexibility on the rejection rules. Through simulation, we compare estimation properties of a rejective sampling procedure to those of cube sampling.

    Release date: 2010-06-29
  • 68. Comparing Income Statistics from Different Sources: Aggregate Income, 2005 Archived
    Articles and reports: 75F0002M2010002
    Description:

    This report compares the aggregate income estimates as published by four different statistical programs. The System of National Accounts provides a portrait of economic activity at the macro economic level. The three other programs considered generate data from a micro-economic perspective: two are survey based (Census of Population and Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics) and the third derives all its results from administrative data (Annual Estimates for Census Families and Individuals). A review of the conceptual differences across the sources is followed by a discussion of coverage issues and processing discrepancies that might influence estimates. Aggregate income estimates with adjustments where possible to account for known conceptual differences are compared. Even allowing for statistical variability, some reconciliation issues remain. These are sometimes are explained by the use of different methodologies or data gathering instruments but they sometimes also remain unexplained.

    Release date: 2010-04-06
  • 69. Methods for oversampling rare subpopulations in social surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200900211036
    Description:

    Surveys are frequently required to produce estimates for subpopulations, sometimes for a single subpopulation and sometimes for several subpopulations in addition to the total population. When membership of a rare subpopulation (or domain) can be determined from the sampling frame, selecting the required domain sample size is relatively straightforward. In this case the main issue is the extent of oversampling to employ when survey estimates are required for several domains and for the total population. Sampling and oversampling rare domains whose members cannot be identified in advance present a major challenge. A variety of methods has been used in this situation. In addition to large-scale screening, these methods include disproportionate stratified sampling, two-phase sampling, the use of multiple frames, multiplicity sampling, panel surveys, and the use of multi-purpose surveys. This paper illustrates the application of these methods in a range of social surveys.

    Release date: 2009-12-23
  • 70. A standardization of randomized response strategies Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X200900211037
    Description:

    Randomized response strategies, which have originally been developed as statistical methods to reduce nonresponse as well as untruthful answering, can also be applied in the field of statistical disclosure control for public use microdata files. In this paper a standardization of randomized response techniques for the estimation of proportions of identifying or sensitive attributes is presented. The statistical properties of the standardized estimator are derived for general probability sampling. In order to analyse the effect of different choices of the method's implicit "design parameters" on the performance of the estimator we have to include measures of privacy protection in our considerations. These yield variance-optimum design parameters given a certain level of privacy protection. To this end the variables have to be classified into different categories of sensitivity. A real-data example applies the technique in a survey on academic cheating behaviour.

    Release date: 2009-12-23
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Analysis (266)

Analysis (266) (0 to 10 of 266 results)

  • 1. Improvements to the Canadian Income Survey Methodology for the 2022 Reference Year
    Articles and reports: 75F0002M2024005
    Description: The Canadian Income Survey (CIS) has introduced improvements to the methods and data sources used to produce income and poverty estimates with the release of its 2022 reference year estimates. Foremost among these improvements is a significant increase in the sample size for a large subset of the CIS content. The weighting methodology was also improved and the target population of the CIS was changed from persons aged 16 years and over to persons aged 15 years and over. This paper describes the changes made and presents the approximate net result of these changes on the income estimates and data quality of the CIS using 2021 data. The changes described in this paper highlight the ways in which data quality has been improved while having little impact on key CIS estimates and trends.
    Release date: 2024-04-26
  • 2. Children born into vulnerability: Challenges encountered in a Quebec longitudinal survey Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202200100010
    Description: Growing Up in Québec is a longitudinal population survey that began in the spring of 2021 at the Institut de la statistique du Québec. Among the children targeted by this longitudinal follow-up, some will experience developmental difficulties at some point in their lives. Those same children often have characteristics associated with higher sample attrition (low-income family, parents with a low level of education). This article describes the two main challenges we encountered when trying to ensure sufficient representativeness of these children, in both the overall results and the subpopulation analyses.
    Release date: 2024-03-25
  • 3. Model-based stratification of payment populations in Medicare integrity investigations
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202300200001
    Description: When a Medicare healthcare provider is suspected of billing abuse, a population of payments X made to that provider over a fixed timeframe is isolated. A certified medical reviewer, in a time-consuming process, can determine the overpayment Y = X - (amount justified by the evidence) associated with each payment. Typically, there are too many payments in the population to examine each with care, so a probability sample is selected. The sample overpayments are then used to calculate a 90% lower confidence bound for the total population overpayment. This bound is the amount demanded for recovery from the provider. Unfortunately, classical methods for calculating this bound sometimes fail to provide the 90% confidence level, especially when using a stratified sample.

    In this paper, 166 redacted samples from Medicare integrity investigations are displayed and described, along with 156 associated payment populations. The 7,588 examined (Y, X) sample pairs show (1) Medicare audits have high error rates: more than 76% of these payments were considered to have been paid in error; and (2) the patterns in these samples support an “All-or-Nothing” mixture model for (Y, X) previously defined in the literature. Model-based Monte Carlo testing procedures for Medicare sampling plans are discussed, as well as stratification methods based on anticipated model moments. In terms of viability (achieving the 90% confidence level) a new stratification method defined here is competitive with the best of the many existing methods tested and seems less sensitive to choice of operating parameters. In terms of overpayment recovery (equivalent to precision) the new method is also comparable to the best of the many existing methods tested. Unfortunately, no stratification algorithm tested was ever viable for more than about half of the 104 test populations.
    Release date: 2024-01-03
  • 4. Sample designs and estimators for multimode surveys with face-to-face data collection
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202300200006
    Description: Survey researchers are increasingly turning to multimode data collection to deal with declines in survey response rates and increasing costs. An efficient approach offers the less costly modes (e.g., web) followed with a more expensive mode for a subsample of the units (e.g., households) within each primary sampling unit (PSU). We present two alternatives to this traditional design. One alternative subsamples PSUs rather than units to constrain costs. The second is a hybrid design that includes a clustered (two-stage) sample and an independent, unclustered sample. Using a simulation, we demonstrate the hybrid design has considerable advantages.
    Release date: 2024-01-03
  • 5. Constructing all determinantal sampling designs
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202300200008
    Description: In this article, we use a slightly simplified version of the method by Fickus, Mixon and Poteet (2013) to define a flexible parameterization of the kernels of determinantal sampling designs with fixed first-order inclusion probabilities. For specific values of the multidimensional parameter, we get back to a matrix from the family PII from Loonis and Mary (2019). We speculate that, among the determinantal designs with fixed inclusion probabilities, the minimum variance of the Horvitz and Thompson estimator (1952) of a variable of interest is expressed relative to PII. We provide experimental R programs that facilitate the appropriation of various concepts presented in the article, some of which are described as non-trivial by Fickus et al. (2013). A longer version of this article, including proofs and a more detailed presentation of the determinantal designs, is also available.
    Release date: 2024-01-03
  • 6. Targetted double control of burden in multiple surveys
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202300200010
    Description: Sample coordination methods aim to increase (in positive coordination) or decrease (in negative coordination) the size of the overlap between samples. The samples considered can be from different occasions of a repeated survey and/or from different surveys covering a common population. Negative coordination is used to control the response burden in a given period, because some units do not respond to survey questionnaires if they are selected in many samples. Usually, methods for sample coordination do not take into account any measure of the response burden that a unit has already expended in responding to previous surveys. We introduce such a measure into a new method by adapting a spatially balanced sampling scheme, based on a generalization of Poisson sampling, together with a negative coordination method. The goal is to create a double control of the burden for these units: once by using a measure of burden during the sampling process and once by using a negative coordination method. We evaluate the approach using Monte-Carlo simulation and investigate its use for controlling for selection “hot-spots” in business surveys in Statistics Netherlands.
    Release date: 2024-01-03
  • 7. Comments by Guillaume Chauvet on “Jean-Claude Deville’s contributions to survey theory and official statistics”
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202300200016
    Description: In this discussion, I will present some additional aspects of three major areas of survey theory developed or studied by Jean-Claude Deville: calibration, balanced sampling and the generalized weight-share method.
    Release date: 2024-01-03
  • 8. Improvements to the Canadian Income Survey Methodology for the 2021 Reference Year
    Articles and reports: 75F0002M2023005
    Description: The Canadian Income Survey (CIS) has introduced improvements to the methods and systems used to produce income estimates with the release of its 2021 reference year estimates. This paper describes the changes and presents the approximate net result of these changes on income estimates using data for 2019 and 2020. The changes described in this paper highlight the ways in which data quality has been improved while producing minimal impact on key CIS estimates and trends.
    Release date: 2023-08-29
  • 9. Sampling with adaptive drawing probabilities
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202300100009
    Description: In this paper, with and without-replacement versions of adaptive proportional to size sampling are presented. Unbiased estimators are developed for these methods and their properties are studied. In the two versions, the drawing probabilities are adapted during the sampling process based on the observations already selected. To this end, in the version with-replacement, after each draw and observation of the variable of interest, the vector of the auxiliary variable will be updated using the observed values of the variable of interest to approximate the exact selection probability proportional to size. For the without-replacement version, first, using an initial sample, we model the relationship between the variable of interest and the auxiliary variable. Then, utilizing this relationship, we estimate the unknown (unobserved) population units. Finally, on these estimated population units, we select a new sample proportional to size without-replacement. These approaches can significantly improve the efficiency of designs not only in the case of a positive linear relationship, but also in the case of a non-linear or negative linear relationship between the variables. We investigate the efficiencies of the designs through simulations and real case studies on medicinal flowers, social and economic data.
    Release date: 2023-06-30
  • 10. How Survey Mode and Survey Context Affect the Measurement of Self-Perceived Racial Discrimination across Cycles of the General Social Survey
    Articles and reports: 11-633-X2022006
    Description:

    This article compares how survey mode, survey thematic context and sample design contribute to variation in responses to similar questions on self-perceived racial discrimination across the 2013, 2014, 2019 and 2020 cycles of the General Social Survey (GSS).

    Release date: 2022-08-09
Reference (1)

Reference (1) ((1 result))

  • 1. Content of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics Part B - Income and Wealth Content Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M1992001
    Description:

    Starting in 1994, the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) will follow individuals and families for at least six years, tracking their labour market experiences, changes in income and family circumstances. An initial proposal for the content of SLID, entitled "Content of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics : Discussion Paper", was distributed in February 1992.

    That paper served as a background document for consultation with and a review by interested users. The content underwent significant change during this process. Based upon the revised content, a large-scale test of SLID will be conducted in February and May 1993.

    The present document outlines the income and wealth content to be tested in May 1993. This document is really a continuation of SLID Research Paper Series 92-01A, which outlines the demographic and labour content used in the January /February 1993 test.

    Release date: 2008-02-29
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