Survey Methodology
Model-based stratification of payment populations in Medicare integrity investigations

by Don Edwards, Piaomu Liu and Alexandria Delage^{Note 1}

Abstract

When a Medicare healthcare provider is suspected of billing abuse, a population of payments $X$ made to that provider over a fixed timeframe is isolated. A certified medical reviewer, in a time-consuming process, can determine the overpayment $Y\mathrm{<mo>=</mo>}X-$ (amount justified by the evidence) associated with each payment. Typically, there are too many payments in the population to examine each with care, so a probability sample is selected. The sample overpayments are then used to calculate a 90% lower confidence bound for the total population overpayment. This bound is the amount demanded for recovery from the provider. Unfortunately, classical methods for calculating this bound sometimes fail to provide the 90% confidence level, especially when using a stratified sample.

In this paper, 166 redacted samples from Medicare integrity investigations are displayed and described, along with 156 associated payment populations. The 7,588 examined $\left(Y\mathrm{,}X\right)$ sample pairs show (1) Medicare audits have high error rates: more than 76% of these payments were considered to have been paid in error; and (2) the patterns in these samples support an “All-or-Nothing” mixture model for $\left(Y\mathrm{,}X\right)$ previously defined in the literature. Model-based Monte Carlo testing procedures for Medicare sampling plans are discussed, as well as stratification methods based on anticipated model moments. In terms of viability (achieving the 90% confidence level) a new stratification method defined here is competitive with the best of the many existing methods tested and seems less sensitive to choice of operating parameters. In terms of overpayment recovery (equivalent to precision) the new method is also comparable to the best of the many existing methods tested. Unfortunately, no stratification algorithm tested was ever viable for more than about half of the 104 test populations.

Key Words: Medicare fraud; All-or-nothing mixture model; Dalenius-Hodges stratification; Anticipated moments; Neyman allocation.

Table of contents

• Section 1. Introduction
• Section 2. Honor the data: An exploration of 166 Medicare samples
• Section 3. A model for Medicare sample data
• Section 4. Monte Carlo testing of sample designs under the AN model
• Section 5. Methods for constructing strata using an auxiliary variable X
• Section 6. Efficiency comparisons for the stratification methods
• Section 7. Discussion and conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References

How to cite

Edwards, D., Liu, P. and Delage, A. (2023). Model-based stratification of payment populations in Medicare integrity investigations. Survey Methodology, Statistique Canada, n° 12‑001‑X au catalogue, vol. 49, n° 2. Paper available at http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-001-x/2023002/article/00001-eng.htm.

Note

• Main page