Science and technology

Description:

Innovation is at the heart of economic growth and development. It is through innovation that new products are brought to market, new production processes developed and organizational change realized. Given existing cross-industry variations in structure, competitiveness and maturity, it is reasonable to expect that firms in different industries will innovate for different reasons, in different ways and with different results. This report focuses on how the innovation activities of firms in three dynamic service industries are conditioned by their different environments.

Through an understanding of what competitive pressures come into play and how these pressures affect the type of innovation that is performed, Innovation in dynamic service industries goes some way in illustrating how innovation regimes differ substantially, and quite logically, from one industry to another.

This is the fifth in the series of publications on innovation and technological change in Canada. One of the earlier studies investigated the type of innovation taking place in the manufacturing sector (Baldwin and Da Pont, Innovation in Canadian manufacturing enterprises, Catalogue No. 88-513-XPB). Two others focused on advanced manufacturing technologies. The first (Baldwin and Sabourin, Technology adoption in Canadian manufacturing, Catalogue No. 88-512-XPB) outlined the intensity of use of these technologies. The second (Baldwin, Sabourin, and Rafiquzzaman, Benefits and problems associated with technology adoption, Catalogue No. 88-514-XPE) investigated the determinants of adoption. Another study (Baldwin, Innovation and intellectual property, Catalogue No. 88-515-XPE) examined how innovative firms protect their intellectual property after they have innovated.

Description:

Considerable attention has been directed at understanding the structural changes that are generating an increased need for skilled workers. These changes are perceived to be the result of developments associated with the emergence of the new knowledge economy, whose potential is often linked to the growth of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). Where are these firms to be found? Related work on changes in technology and innovativeness has been accompanied by the creation of taxonomies that classify industries as high-tech or high-knowledge, based primarily on the characteristics of large firms. There is a temptation to use these taxonomies to identify new technology-based firms only within certain sectors. This paper uses a special survey that collected data on new firms to argue that this would be unwise.

The paper investigates the limitations of existing classification schemes that might be used to classify industries as high- or low-tech, as advanced or otherwise. Characteristically unidimensional in scope, many of these taxonomies employ conceptual and operational measures that are narrow and incomplete. Consequently, previous rankings that identify sectors as high- or low-tech using these measures obscure the degree of innovativeness and human capital formation exhibited by certain industries. In a policy environment wherein emotive 'scoreboard' classifications have direct effects on resource allocation, the social costs of misclassification are potentially significant.

Using a comparative methodology, this study investigates the role that conceptualization plays in devising taxonomies of high- and low-tech industries. Far from producing definitive classifications, existing measures of technological advancement are found to be wanting when their underpinnings are examined closely. Our objective in the current analysis is to examine the limitations of standard classification schemes, particularly when applied to new small firms, and to suggest an alternative framework based on a competency-model of the firm.

Description:

This release provides data on the Research and development activities of the private nonprofit sector.

Description:

This study uses the results of the 1991 Survey of Research and Development in Canadian Industry to examine exchanges of funds between Canadian firms for R & D purposes. Through such exchanges of funds, Canadian companies form alliances that collectively constitute a network that fosters exchanges of knowledge. These networks are widely dispersed, covering the great majority of industrial activities.

Four case studies are presented. They reveal that different industries pursue different alliance strategies. R & D alliances in the information technology, business services, oil, and pulp and paper sectors are examined. The alliance strategies are diverse, encompassing vertical integration of large related firms, a collection of small companies providing services to all sectors, and industry-specific networks in which firms have their R & D performed by research institutes. Understanding R & D alliances helps shed some light on the intricacy of the national innovation system concept.

Description:

Human resources in science and technology are deemed to be important to Canada's economic growth because of the key role they play in the development and use of new technologies. To gain a better understanding of this group and its relation to industry, this paper examines its demographic structure, occupation and education profile as well as its working conditions. The analysis is based on data from the 1991 census of population. It reveals a picture of a well-educated, well-paid, middle-aged (25-44 years) professionals and managers who work full-time all year. The majority are male and have an educational specialization related to their scientific occupation. However, the correspondence between scientific education and occupation is not perfect. There are some who have a certain educational background but who work elsewhere, and there are some who work in scientific occupations without the typical educational profile. The distribution across occupations appears to be changing, with the younger generation moving towards mathematics and systems occupations and away from engineering and the natural and applied sciences. The profile of women differs from that of men in terms of their greater concentration in mathematics and systems occupations. Women in the oldest group have more varied specializations than men.

Description:

Canada has a service economy and research and development (R&D) in Canada is mainly a service sector activity. This paper examines the sectoral distribution of expenditure on R&D performance, with emphasis on the business sector in Canada and with international comparisons. The principal observation is the key role played by service industry firms in the performing and commissioning of R&D.

Description:

Statistics Canada is engaged in the "Information System for Science and Technology Project" to develop useful indicators of activity and a framework to tie them together into a coherent picture of science and technology (S&T) in Canada. The working papers series is used to publish results of the different initiatives conducted within this project. The data are related to the activities, linkages and outcomes of S&T. Several key areas are covered such as: innovation, technology diffusion, human resources in S&T and interrelations between different actors involved in S&T. This series also presents data tabulations taken from regular surveys on research and development (R&D) and S&T and made possible by the project.

Description:

Statistics Canada is engaged in the "Information System for Science and Technology Project" to develop useful indicators of activity and a framework to tie them together into a coherent picture of science and technology (S&T) in Canada. The working papers series is used to publish results of the different initiatives conducted within this project. The data are related to the activities, linkages and outcomes of S&T. Several key areas are covered such as: innovation, technology diffusion, human resources in S&T and interrelations between different actors involved in S&T. This series also presents data tabulations taken from regular surveys on research and development (R&D) and S&T and made possible by the project.

Description:

Knowledge flows in Canada as measured by bibliometrics, by Benoît Godin, Yves Gingras and Louis Davignon, uses the database developed, with Statistics Canada support, by the Observatoire des Sciences et des Technologies. It develops statistical indicators of Canadian production and knowledge flow in the natural sciences and engineering.

Description:

Statistics Canada is engaged in a project "Information System for Science and Technology" which purpose is to develop useful indicators of activity and a framework to tie them together into a coherent picture of science and technology (S&T) in Canada. The Working papers series is used to publish results of the different initiatives conducted within this project. The produced data are related to the activities, linkages and outcomes of S&T. Several key areas are covered such as: innovation, technology diffusion, human resources in S&T and interrelations between different actors involved in S&T. This series also presents important data tabulations taken from regular surveys on R&D and S&T and made possible because of the existing Project.

Description:

Percentage of enterprises impacted by cyber security incidents in specific ways by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and size of enterprise.

Description:

This table contains 140 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) Intellectual property and other technology related services (10 items: Total intellectual property and other technology related services; Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks; ...) Payments made and received for intellectual property and other technology related services (14 items: Payments made; Payments to parent, affiliated or subsidiary companies; Payments to parent, affiliated or subsidiary companies made within Canada; Payments to parent, affiliated or subsidiary companies made outside Canada; ...).

Description:

This table contains 1500 series, with data for years 2014 - 2015 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (75 items: Total all industries; Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting; Agriculture (except aquaculture) and support activities for crop production and animal production; Forestry, logging and support activities for forestry; ...) Intellectual property and other technology related services (10 items: Total intellectual property and other technology related services; Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks; ...) Payments made and received for intellectual property and other technology related services (2 items: Payments made; Payments received).

Description:

This interactive data visualization dashboard provides a comprehensive picture of research and development (R&D) activities in Canadian industry. Users will find extensive coverage of characteristics on R&D activities in Canadian industry. The dashboard features information on in-house as well as outsourced R&D expenditures, statistics on energy-related R&D expenditures by area of technology and details on intellectual property product commerce.

Description: Annual estimates of capital expenditures on environmental protection and resource management activities by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and geography. The unit of measure is dollars (x1,000,000).

Description: Annual estimates of the percentage of enterprises that reported drivers and obstacles to the purchase of technologies, systems or equipment related to environmental protection by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The unit of measure is percent.

Description:

Product innovators' average percentage of sales that came from products that were new to one of the business's markets, new only to the business, and unchanged or marginally modified in three years, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and enterprise size, based on a one-year observation period. Estimates refer to fiscal year 2017 (end date falling after January 1, 2017 and on or before December 31, 2017).

Description:

Average expenditures (x 1,000) on specific innovation activities, by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and enterprise size, based on a one-year observation period. Innovation activities include research and experimental development; acquisition or development of advanced technology; design activities related to other organizations; employee training specifically for innovation projects; consultation activities with external experts or internal workgroups; activities related to the development and implementation of new marketing methods; market preparation activities directly linked to the introduction of new goods or services; and other innovation activities. Estimates refer to fiscal year 2017 (end date falling after January 1, 2017 and on or before December 31, 2017).

Description:

The number of full-time equivalent (FTE) personnel employed outside Canada by businesses that are not an affiliate of a foreign parent (in the United States of America, Mexico, other Latin American and Caribbean countries, Europe, China, other Asian countries or all other countries), by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and enterprise size, based on a one-year observation period. Estimates refer to fiscal year 2017 (end date falling after January 1, 2017 and on or before December 31, 2017).

Description:

The number of full-time equivalent (FTE) personnel employed inside Canada by business activity, North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code and enterprise size, based on a one-year observation period. Business activities include production of goods, distribution and logistics, call and help centre, marketing and sales services, information and communication technology (ICT) services, professional services, engineering and research and development (R&D) services, general management, and all other business activities. Estimates refer to fiscal year 2017 (end date falling after January 1, 2017 and on or before December 31, 2017).

Description:

The debate over the appropriate function of government policy for research and development (R&D) subsidies brings into focus the different roles that are played by large and small firms in the innovation process. Small firms, it is often claimed, have different tendencies to use R&D facilities than large firms and, therefore, require the development of special programs that are directed at this sector. This paper examines the differences in the innovation profiles of small and large firms, and how R&D intensity and efficacy varies across different size classes. It investigates the contribution that R&D makes to success in the small and medium-sized population and the types of policies that small firms feel are the most appropriate to reduce the impediments to innovation that they face.

The paper finds a number of differences between large and small firms in the tendency to innovate and to use R&D facilities. Small firms can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of firms that resemble large firms in that they perform R&D and generate new products and processes primarily through their own efforts. The second are those who rely upon customers and suppliers for their sources of ideas for innovation. Large firms, by way of contrast, tend to rely more heavily on R&D. While they too rely on networks for ideas, their networks focus more heavily on relationships with other firms that belong to the same firm.

Most of the differences between small and large firms are explained by the fact that firms of different sizes specialize in different parts of the production process. Firms of different sizes serve different niches; they each have their own advantages. Small firms are more flexible but can suffer from cost disadvantages due to scale. They overcome their disadvantages by networking with their customers and by showing the same flexibility in their R&D process that they exhibit elsewhere. They rely less on dedicated R&D facilities and more on the flexible exploitation of R&D as opportunities arise. They also network with customers in order to adopt their suggestions for new innovations.

Description:

The Higher Education sector is composed of "all universities, colleges of technology and other institutes of post-secondary education, whatever their source of finance or legal status.

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Research and development is defined as creative work undertaken on a systematic basis to increase the stock of scientific and technical knowledge and to use this knowledge in new applications.

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In 1995, software research and development expenditures account for 36% of all industrial research and development performed.

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The statistics presented in this bulletin are derived from our latest survey of industrial research and development activities in Canada.

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This document provides recent information on the performance and funding of Federal Government Expenditures on Scientific Activities, 1997-98.

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Statistics presented are derived from a survey of eight provincial research organizations: the InNOVAcorp (formerly the Nova Scotia Research Foundation Corporation), the New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council, the "Centre de recherche industrielle du Québec", ORTECH Corporation (Ontario), the Economic Innovation and Technology Council (Manitoba), the Saskatchewan Research Council, the Alberta Research Council and the NUNAVUT Research Institute (formerly the Science Institute of the Northwest Territories).

Description:

The size of spending on research and development performed by a firm may be influenced by the size of the firm, the country of control, or the industry in which the firm operates.

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This release provides data on the research and development activities of the private non-profit sector. Although the contribution of this sector to the national R&D effort is small in dollar terms, its impact, particularly in the university sector, is significant.

Description:

The analysis presented in this report is a joint project of the Chemicals and Bio-Industries Branch of Industry Canada and the Science and Technology Redesign Project of Statistics Canada.

Description: This classification system was developed conjointly by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and Statistics Canada which is the custodian. This shared standard classification, inspired by the Frascati Model 2015 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), will be used by the federal granting agencies and Statistics Canada to collect, and disseminate data related to research and development in Canada. The Canadian Research and Development Classification (CRDC) first official version was the 2020 Version 1.0, now being replaced by CRDC Version 2.0. The CRDC is revised within 2 years for minor changes, and every five years for major revisions. CRDC 2020 Version 2.0 is composed of 3 main pieces: the type of activity or TOA (with 3 categories), the field of research or FOR (with 1,671 fields at the lowest level) and socioeconomic objective or SEO (with 85 main groups at the lowest level).

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The concordance table provides a link between data tables and the survey questions from the Survey of Innovation and Business Strategy (SIBS).

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Summary of the technical workshop on Estimates of Research and Development in the Higher Education Sector (HERD), held in Ottawa on October 16, 2009. Data users and experts from universities and colleges, granting councils and provincial and federal government departments proposed general and detailed recommendations for the methodology applied in estimating the HERD.

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The issue of biotechnology in agriculture has generated much debate. This activity is designed to help students better understand biological systems for producing materials and their advantages over synthetic systems.

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This activity looks at the different ways in which technology is used on the farm.

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This report focusses on new studies that analyse information and communications technology industries, science-based industries, high-technology industries and firms, the knowledge-based economy, and knowledge workers.

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Statistics Canada's annual Economic Conference provides a forum for the exchange of empirical research among business, government, research and labour communities. The conference is also a means to promote economic and socio-economic analyses while subjecting existing data to critical assessment as part of an ongoing process of statistical development and review. This year's theme was Innovation in an Evolving Economy. At the May 6-7, 2002 conference there were 12 presentations, based directly on the analysis of Science, Innovation and Electronic Information Division (SIEID) data. These presentations were given by SIEID analysts, by Statistics Canada analysts in other groups, by facilitated access researchers and by analysts using published or commissioned estimates.

Description:

The Quebec Institute of Statistics hosted a forum for Statistics Canada and provincial government experts dealing with the subject of science and technology statistics.

Description:

This paper describes the experiences, the issues and the expectations of the many different players involved in the implementation of document imaging for the Canadian Census of Agriculture.

Description:

Statistics Canada is engaged in a project "Information System for Science and Technology" which purpose is to develop useful indicators of activity and a framework to tie them together into a coherent picture of science and technology (S&T) in Canada. The Working papers series is used to publish results of the different initiatives conducted within this project. The produced data are related to the activities, linkages and outcomes of S&T. Several key areas are covered such as: innovation, technology diffusion, human resources in S&T and interrelations between different actors involved in S&T. This series also presents important data tabulations taken from regular surveys on R&D and S&T and made possible because of the existing Project.