Housing

Description: With an increase in the number of international students and a greater need for affordable housing, questions have arisen about international students housing experiences. This article examines international students’ prevalence of living in unsuitable housing across municipalities enumerated in the 2021 Census of Population long-form questionnaire. The report also presents the rates of unsuitable housing for international students from different source countries and provides comparisons with Canadian-born students.

Description: Release published in The Daily – Statistics Canada’s official release bulletin

Description: This paper looks at how extreme weather claims have impacted the insurance industry in Canada from 2020 to 2023. A specific focus is given to homeowners insurance, which during this time, homeowners insurance consumer price index exceeded all items inflation. Insurer profitability and consumer impacts are analyzed given the significant uptick in catastrophic claims. All four years analyzed ranked in the top 10 most costly claims years in Canadian history, costing billions each year. In addition, other contributing factors are explored to provide a robust overview of trends in profitability of the insurance industry.

Description: While many Canadians prefer to live in low-density housing, the supply of these units is linked to urban sprawl and attendant environmental and economic implications. This article examines recent trends of new housing supply and areas of urban sprawl in select Canadian cities. It also analyzes the characteristics of homeowners who live in neighbourhoods which have recently experienced urban sprawl.

Description: This publication provides insights on housing data and analysis at Statistics Canada. Readers can access in-depth information on the latest housing data released by the Agency. The series relies on both descriptive and analytical methods to analyze administrative and survey data sets that relate to housing.

Description: This article examines the association between parents' housing wealth and the values of houses owned by their adult children. It also documents parent and child co-ownership arrangements. The article follows a previous article that examined the role that parents' property ownership played in the likelihood of homeownership for children born in the 1990s. These articles use residential property and ownership information from the Canadian Housing Statistics Program for the 2021 reference year for all provinces and territories, except Quebec and Saskatchewan.

Description: Flows and stocks of Canadian residential housing assets. Annual estimates of investment, depreciation, and net stock are available by province and territory, institutional sector, type of asset, type of dwelling, and type of housing (private and social).

Description: The economic contribution as a result of the production of residential housing assets due to investment is presented for valued added, compensation of employees and number of jobs.

Description: Average age and remaining useful service life ratio of Canadian residential housing assets. Annual estimates are available by province and territory, type of asset, and type of dwelling.

Description: The environmental perspective for the Housing Economic Account provides users detailed information on emissions related to residential construction and clean technology involved. The table breaks down greenhouse gas emissions, greenhouse gas emissions per value added, and clean technology input for residential construction for Canada and provinces.

Description:

Owner occupied and landlord and tenant occupied expenditures for Canada, the provinces and territories, annual.

Description:

New condominium apartment price index (NCAPI) by census metropolitan area. Quarterly data are available from the first quarter of 2017. The table presents data for the most recent reference period and the last four periods. The base period for the index is 2017=100.

Description:

New condominium apartment price index (NCAPI) by census metropolitan area. Quarterly data are available from the second quarter of 2017. The table presents quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year percentage changes. The base period of the index is 2017=100.

Description:

New housing price index (NHPI). Monthly data are available from January 1981. The table presents data for the most recent reference period and the last four periods. The base period for the index is (201612=100).

Description:

New housing price index (NHPI). Monthly data are available from February 1981. The table presents month-over-month and year-over-year percentage changes for various aggregation levels. The base period for the index is (201612=100).

Description:

This web application provides access to new housing prices data for Canada and 27 census metropolitan areas (CMA). The maps, charts and tables draw from information collected from respondents who provide information on Canada's new housing prices. The interactive dashboard allows users to visualize statistics on new housing prices' monthly and annual movements and on rankings by CMAs of the largest monthly price movements.

Description: The investment in residential and non-residential building construction represents the spending value of building construction by households, enterprises and governments for buildings.

Description:

This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (20 items: Canada; Atlantic provinces; Prince Edward Island; Newfoundland and Labrador ...).

Description:

This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 items: Canada ...).

Description:

This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (37 items: Census metropolitan areas; Abbotsford-Mission, British Columbia; Barrie, Ontario; Brantford, Ontario; ...);  Completed dwelling units (2 items: Absorptions; Unabsorbed inventory);  Type of dwelling unit (3 items: Total units; Single detached units; Semi-detached units).

Description:

Local government revenues are increasingly perceived as inadequate to fund the program responsibilities of municipalities. Property taxes (residential and non-residential) are by far the most important revenue source, accounting for 35% in 2003 (up from 30% in 1988). But, residential property taxes are commonly viewed as regressive in relation to income. This study uses the 2001 Census of Population to quantify the regressiveness of residential property taxes in Canadian municipalities, and to examine whether regressive taxes are generally attributable to lower-income seniors living in high-priced homes.

Description:

This article summarizes findings from the research paper entitled Are immigrants buying to get in? The role of ethnic clustering on the homeownership propensities of 12 Toronto immigrant groups, 1996-2001. Spatial assimilation theory is a model of status attainment that links the spatial and social positions of minority group members (Massey and Denton 1985). If applied to immigrants, the model would suggest that immigrants would first cluster in typically poor neighbourhoods with high concentrations of co-ethnics, but that ethnic concentration should be temporary and of declining utility. Once an immigrant family's socioeconomic status improves, they should merge into the residential 'mainstream' by moving to a better, and typically less segregated, neighbourhood (Massey and Denton 1985). Further, although housing tenure is not an explicit dimension of spatial assimilation theory, given the well-established relationship between income, human capital and homeownership (Balakrishnan and Wu 1992; Laryea 1999), and the importance of homeownership as an indicator of well-being and residential assimilation (Myers and Lee 1998), part of an immigrant family's socioeconomic ascent should be a shift from tenant to homeowner (Alba and Logan 1992). Spatial assimilation theory would further predict that same-group concentration should be inversely related to homeownership since ethnic enclaves are typically conceived of as poor rental zones (Fong and Gulia 1999; Myles and Hou 2004).

Recent research (Alba and Nee 2003; Logan, Alba, and Zhang 2002), however, finds that some immigrant groups may be choosing against spatial assimilation to form more durable 'ethnic communities' (Logan, Alba, and Zhang 2002), giving rise to a positive and growing 'enclave effect' on homeownership (Borjas 2002). In this paper, an enclave effect is evaluated as an explanation for the 1996-2001 homeownership patterns of Toronto's 12 largest recent immigrant groups. Using longitudinally-consistent and temporally-antecedent 1996 neighbourhood ethnic composition data this paper aims to determine if immigrants buy homes outside their enclaves or prefer an owner-occupied neighbourhood of same-group members. To this end, the paper discusses the potential benefits of living and buying in an enclave; it develops a predictive framework for determining which groups might benefit from owner-occupied ethnic communities; it also examines the issue of 'neighbourhood disequilibrium' and evaluates the enclave effect on homeownership using a sample of recent (1996-2001) movers, their 1996 neighbourhood ethnic characteristics, and bivariate probit models with sample selection corrections (Van de Ven and Van Praag 1981).

Description:

In the past, working-age immigrant families in Canada's large urban centres had higher homeownership rates than the Canadian-born. Over the past twenty years however, this advantage has reversed, due jointly to a drop in immigrant rates and a rise in the popularity of homeownership among the Canadian-born. This paper assesses the efficacy of standard consumer choice models, which include indicators for age, income, education, family type, plus several immigrant characteristics, to explain these changes. The main findings are that the standard model almost completely explains the immigrant homeownership advantage in 1981, as well as the rise over time among the Canadian-born, but even after accounting for the well-known decline in immigrant economic fortunes, only about one-third of the 1981-2001 immigrant change in homeownership rates is explained. The implications of this inability are discussed and several suggestions for further research are made.

Description:

The report examines housing market trends and housing adequacy, suitability, affordability, and core housing need in Canada's census metropolitan areas (CMAs) from 1991 to 2001.

It begins with a review of demographic and housing market trends, including changes in house prices, rents, and incomes during the 1990s and of factors underlying increasing housing demand late in the decade. Against this backdrop, subsequent chapters examine how well households living in CMAs were housed in 1991, 1996, and 2001. Households that do not live in acceptable housing and do not have sufficient income to afford such housing are deemed to be in core housing need. The last chapter of the report explores the spatial distribution of core housing need in CMAs in 2001 and the characteristics of neighbourhoods in which core housing need was most prevalent.

This publication is not available. For more information, contact Andrew Heisz at 613-951-3748 or Sébastien Larochelle-Côté at 613-951-0803.

Description:

This article examines housing costs within the context of income and assets, focusing on elderly homeowners but including younger families and renters for comparison. The low-income dimension is also explored.

Description:

This product includes a data quality note and two data tables on collective dwellings in the 2001 Census.

This series includes a number of comprehensive articles that supplement the day-of-release information launched through The Daily. These catalogued articles provide an analytical perspective on the 2001 Census release topics. The number and length of these articles vary for each census release and are based on the 21 census release topics disseminated over 8 major release dates.

More focused articles were disseminated as major releases in The Dailyin the weeks following the official release of the data. Other more specialized articles were also announced in The Daily. The articles in the 2001 Census Analysis Series are available free of charge via the Internet.

Description:

This article examines how Canadians were housed in 2000. What percentage lived in owner-occupied homes? Were their homes in good condition? Was the size suitable for their needs? And, what proportion of their income was spent on housing?

Description:

This paper examines whether long-run labour market outcomes depend on residential environment among adults who grew up in subsidized housing in Toronto. The housing program in Toronto provides a full spectrum of neighbourhood quality types to measure outcome differences, and offers a real-life example of large scale neighbourhood quality reform. A primary advantage with this approach is that, conditional on participation in public housing, residential choice is substantially limited. Families that applied for public housing could not specify which project they wished to be housed in and were constrained to what was offered based on availability at the time they applied and by family size. Unlike previous housing mobility experiments, the availability of administrative tax records are used to measure both short and long run outcomes. The results indicate almost no difference in educational attainment, adult earnings, income, and social assistance participation between children from different public housing types. Average outcomes, estimated wage distributions, and outcome correlations among unrelated project neighbours show no significant neighbourhood impact. In contrast, family differences seem to matter a great deal.

Description:

The Canadian Consumer Price Index (CPI) applies a version of the user cost approach to measure the cost of home ownership. Because this approach specifically estimates the costs of using owned accommodation and not those faced by tenants, the measure includes a "replacement cost" (or depreciation) component. Depreciation is the only component in the CPI that is not an out-of-pocket expense. Consequently, economists face a unique set of methodological challenges when measuring depreciation.

Between 1949 and 1997, the annual housing depreciation rate used in the CPI was 2%. Statistics Canada adopted the rate from a study that analysed U.S. Federal Housing Administration field appraisal data from 1939.

This study argues that there is evidence that the 2% depreciation rate is too high to continue to use in the future. Consider that: 1) other Canadian studies show an upper bound of 1.7%, with a median estimate of 1.5%; 2) other statistical agencies use lower rates; and 3) every academic study over the past 40 years has arrived at a lower rate. As a consequence of this study and the existing supporting evidence, the depreciation rate in the Canadian CPI was lowered to 1.5% effective January 1998.

Description:

This article examines the characteristics of people living in mobile homes, with special emphasis on the differences between rural and urban households.

Description: Data collected by the Census of Population are used to create different household indicators to help governments and organizations assess housing needs in Canada. This video focuses on six key household indicators that help governments and organizations manage the state of housing in Canada, namely, shelter costs, shelter-cost-to-income ratio, housing adequacy, housing suitability, housing affordability and core housing need.

Description: This reference guide provides information to help users effectively use and interpret housing characteristics data from the 2021 Census. This guide contains definitions and explanations of concepts, questions, classifications, data quality and comparability with other sources for this topic.

Description: The objective of this video is to offer insights into housing variables and key household indicators like housing adequacy, suitability and affordability. It explains where housing questions are found on the Census of Population questionnaire, the importance of housing data and how housing data are used by governments, businesses and social service agencies.

Description: This video introduces household and dwelling characteristics and their use in dissemination and analysis. It also presents the housing variables that are commonly used in analyses such as household maintainer, tenure, total income of household, household size and household type. In addition, the video shows the dwelling characteristics that describe the physical attributes of the living quarters occupied by the household, such as number of rooms, number of bedrooms, period of construction, dwelling condition, condominium status and value (owner estimated).

Description:

This reference guide provides information to help users effectively use and interpret type of dwelling data from the 2021 Census. This guide contains definitions and explanations of concepts, questions, classifications, data quality and comparability with other sources for this topic.

Description:

The Geographic Attribute File contains information at the dissemination block level, based Census standard geographic areas. The data available include population counts, dwelling counts, and land area. In addition, the Geographic Attribute File contains higher level standard geographic codes, names and, where applicable, types and classes. Data for higher level standard geographic areas can be derived by aggregating dissemination block level data. The dissemination area representative point coordinates are also included in the Geographic Attribute File.

Description:

This fact sheet offers a concise overview of updated—new or modified—content for the 2021 Census of Population that is specific to the theme of income and expenditures, and housing, which includes the following topics: income and expenditures, and housing. The changes considered for these topics are explained, along with the resulting approach for 2021.

Description:

This note provides the definition of a first-time homebuyer concept used in the 2018 Canadian Housing Survey (CHS). It also includes the methodology used to identify first-time homebuyers and provides sensitivity analysis under alternative methodologies.

Description:

This product presents 2016 Census highlights on core housing need. Tables and a figure feature distributions, rates and multiple dimensions of core housing need from current and previous censuses for various levels of geography. A short explanation of the indicator and references to other resources as well as downloadable materials are also provided.

Description:

This guide focuses on the following topic: housing.This reference guide provides information that enables users to effectively use, apply and interpret data from the 2016 Census. This guide contains definitions and explanations of concepts, classifications, data quality and comparability to other sources. Additional information is included for specific variables to help general users better understand the concepts and questions used in the Census.