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Description:

This paper examines the growth of human capital in Canadian and U.S. cities. Using pooled Census of Population data for 242 urban centres, we evaluate the link between long run employment growth and the supply of different types of skilled labour. The paper also examines whether the scientific capabilities of cities are influenced by amenities such as the size of the local cultural sector.

The first part of the paper investigates the contribution of broad and specialized forms of human capital to long-run employment growth. We differentiate between employed degree holders (a general measure of human capital) and degree holders employed in science and cultural occupations (specific measures of human capital). Our growth models investigate long-run changes in urban employment from 1980 to 2000, and control for other factors that have been posited to influence the growth of cities. These include estimates of the amenities that proxy differences in the attractiveness of urban areas.

The second part of the paper focuses specifically on a particular type of human capital'degree holders in science and engineering occupations. Our models evaluate the factors associated with the medium- and long-run growth of these occupations. Particular attention is placed on disentangling the relationships between science and engineering growth and other forms of human capital.

Description:

Until very recently, reliable data on the literacy of Aboriginal people in Canada have been scarce. The 2003 International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (IALSS) collected data from large enough samples of Aboriginal people living in urban areas in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, as well as Aboriginal people living in selected communities in the territories, to answer key questions about the literacy proficiency of these populations. The off-reserve Aboriginal population in Manitoba and Saskatchewan is comprised of significant proportions of individuals who self-identify as First Nations and Métis. The IALSS background questionnaire allows researchers to make distinctions on the basis of self-reported Aboriginal identity group.

This report uses data from the 2003 International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey to provide a profile of the level and distribution of adult literacy among the off-reserve First Nations and Métis populations residing in urban areas in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Literacy profiles are provided for males and females, for different age groups and by educational attainment. Finally, the article examines the literacy profiles of the employed and unemployed sub-groups within these populations.

Description:

Using 2006 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the marital status, common-law status, families, dwellings and households variables for urban areas.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as release components of profiles. These are made available with the major releases of variables of the census cycle, starting with age and sex. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Starting with the age and sex major day of release, and on major days of release thereafter, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area, census agglomeration and census tract levels, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including dissemination areas, urban areas, designated places and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the major days of release.

Description:

This study uses administrative tax data and the Survey of Financial Security to explore trends in the number and characteristics of high-income Canadians, as well as their wealth and effective income tax rates, from 1982 to 2004. The paper uses a range of thresholds to delineate high income and emphasizes statistics on the top 5%, 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% of tax filers.

The study found that an individual income of $89,000 was needed to be counted among the top 5% if income recipients in 2004. A family income of $154,000 would place one in the top 5% of families. The growth in incomes at the high end has been quite rapid while incomes of the majority of the population remained stable. Compared with the U.S., Canada had significantly fewer high-income recipients in 2004, and their incomes were considerably less. Higher-income individuals tend to be middle aged married males that live in the larger urban centres. While women have made up a larger portion on the top 5% of tax filers since 1982, they have not made gains in the very highest income groups. High income Canadians have roughly the same share of total wealth as they do of total income.

High income Canadians, in line with an increasing share of total income, have been paying an increasing share of total personal income taxes. Their share of total income increased from 21% to 25% between 1992 and 2004 while their share of income taxes paid increased from 30% to 36%. At the same time their effective tax rate dropped from 29% to 27%. Thus despite lower tax rates the increase in incomes was large enough, when combined with the progressive tax system, to result in an increased share of total taxes paid by high income Canadians. There is considerable heterogeneity in effective tax rates at the individual level with some high income individuals facing an effective tax rate of over 45%, while some pay as little as 10%. The proportion of tax filers, across the income distribution, who pay zero taxes decreased between 1992 and 2004.

Description:

This paper examines the extent of the culture workforce in cities and rural areas across Canada.

Description:

This paper quantifies and assesses the role of culture employment in urban settings in Canada and the United States over the past two decades.

Description:

Using 2006 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the age and sex variables for urban areas.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as release components of profiles. These are made available with the major releases of variables of the census cycle, starting with age and sex. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Starting with the age and sex major day of release, and on major days of release thereafter, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area, census agglomeration and census tract levels, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including dissemination areas, urban areas, designated places and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the major days of release.

Description:

This bulletin extends the analysis to present selected socioeconomic characteristics of the population by type of watershed. This analysis is based on Statistics Canada's 2001 Census of Population data tabulated according to drainage sub-basins.

Description:

This Juristat presents a comparative analysis of police-reported crime statistics in large urban, small urban and rural areas. It examines overall crime rates as well as the specific offences of homicide, robbery, break-ins and motor vehicle theft in these three geographic areas. Data on the most serious weapon present in violent crimes and victim-offender relationships are likewise analyzed. The report also features the perception of the residents of large urban, small urban and rural areas regarding their safety from crime and the job being done by the police, as well as precautionary measures taken. The 2005 Uniform Crime Reporting Survey and the 2004 General Social Survey on victimization are used as data sources.

Description:

If low fertility, aging, demographic growth and ethnocultural diversity are phenomena that accurately describe Canada overall, the same patterns may not necessarily hold true for urban and rural areas. The rhythm and sources of demographic growth have often been significantly different from one area to the next, which would suggest that the situation across Canada stems from the aggregation of different demographies, which are variable between types of regions.

The objective of this study is to examine demographic differences between urban and rural areas in Canada by analyzing communities along a gradient ranging from the largest metropolitan regions to the most rural areas. Applying a geographic structure to Census data from 1971 to 2001 that maintains constant borders over time, the authors analyze population growth across eight types of urban and rural regions; as well as the contribution of immigration, fertility and internal migration to growth differentials; and the consequences of these observed demographic differences in terms of aging and ethnocultural diversity.

The study finds that growth is concentrated in the most metropolitan areas in the country and in the rural areas on which they have a strong influence, and diminished as the degree of rurality increases. Internal migration between the different types of areas has largely contributed to this differential growth: the most urbanized areas-with the exception of Montréal, Toronto and Vancouver-underwent significant migratory gains as well as strong growth. This was also the case with the rural regions that had a strong metropolitan influence. The most rural regions experienced a weak demographic growth, in some cases a decline, despite having higher fertility than other regions. The strong growth in the three largest urban areas in Canada-Montréal, Toronto and Vancouver-is largely attributed to the high numbers of international immigrants who decided to settle there. The concentration of newcomers in these regions helped increase the gap between these three areas and the rest of the country in terms of ethnocultural diversity.

Description:

Crime statistics for 2003 were first released in July 2004. Canadian crime statistics, 2003, released today, presents additional detailed information. Standard crime tables are presented for Canada, the provinces and territories, and all census metropolitan areas. Also included in the publication is a set of 20 tables from the Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, based on data collected from 122 police departments in nine provinces that dealt with 61% of the national volume of police-reported crime. These tables examine the characteristics of the victims and the accused (their age and sex, the relationship of the accused to the victim, level of injury and weapon causing injury), as well as the criminal incident itself (location of the incident, target of violation, presence of weapons and type of property stolen).

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of religion, income of individuals, families and households, social and economic characteristics of individuals, families and households and shelter costs for urban areas.

On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the school attendance, education, field of study, highest level of schooling and earnings variables for urban areas.

On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.

In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the labour force activity, class of worker, occupation, industry, place of work, mode of transportation, language of work and unpaid work variables for urban areas. On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the citizenship, immigration, birthplace, generation status, ethnic origin, visible minorities and Aboriginal peoples variables for urban areas. On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

The Family food expenditure in Canada publication provides detailed and summary information on food expenditure by household. Food items purchased from stores and meals bought from restaurants are presented separately. Summary food items purchased from stores include: fresh and frozen meat and poultry; fish; dairy products - milk, cheese; eggs; bakery and cereal products - bread, cookies, cakes; pasta products; breakfast cereal; fresh fruit; other prepared fruit; fresh vegetables; other prepared vegetables; condiments; sugar; coffee and tea; fats and oils; other prepared foods - soups, potato chips; and non-alcoholic beverages. Also, total food purchased from stores is shown by type of store - supermarkets, food specialty stores, convenience stores and other stores. Meals purchased from restaurants are presented as follows: breakfasts, lunches, dinners and between-meals food. Food expenditures are profiled by size and type of household and other household characteristics. Discussions of food purchasing patterns over the years, who goes grocery shopping, who eats out and who buys diary products are included. Information about household income is presented by income group and income quintile.

Summary and detailed information for the provinces (excluding the North West Territories and the Yukon Territory), selected metropolitan areas (including Whitehorse and Yellowknife) and size of area of residence is presented. Detailed expenditure information and cross-classified tables for all levels of geography are available upon request.

Description:

This topic presents data on the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and their demographic characteristics. These data show the growth of the Aboriginal population, the age characteristics, Aboriginal languages, the living arrangements of Aboriginal children, the geographic mobility of Aboriginal people and where they live. Data are also provided on the North American Indians, Métis and Inuit.

This series includes a number of comprehensive articles that supplement the day-of-release information launched through The Daily. These catalogued articles provide an analytical perspective on the 2001 Census release topics. The number and length of these articles vary for each census release and are based on the 21 census release topics disseminated over 8 major release dates.

More focused articles were disseminated as major releases in The Dailyin the weeks following the official release of the data. Other more specialized articles were also announced in The Daily. The articles in the 2001 Census Analysis Series are available free of charge via the Internet.

Description:

This analytic document presents new information from the 2001 Census on the ethnocultural portrait of Canada. The analysis is divided into three themes: historical and recent immigration trends; growth and composition of the visible minority population; and ethnic origins of the population. The immigration theme also focusses on the characteristics and settlement patterns of immigrants who came to Canada in the past 10 years, that is, the 1990 immigrants. These three themes are examined at the national and provincial/territorial geographical levels and for census metropolitan areas.

This series includes a number of comprehensive articles that supplement the day-of-release information launched through The Daily. These catalogued articles provide an analytical perspective on the 2001 Census release topics. The number and length of these articles vary for each census release and are based on the 21 census release topics disseminated over 8 major release dates.

More focused articles were disseminated as major releases in The Dailyin the weeks following the official release of the data. Other more specialized articles were also announced in The Daily. The articles in the 2001 Census Analysis Series are available free of charge via the Internet.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the languages, mobility and migration variables for urban areas. On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description:

Using 2001 Census data, this profile provides a statistical overview of the marital status and common-law status variables for urban areas.On each of the days of release, profile component data will be available for particular topics at the Canada, province/territory, census division and census subdivision levels. Profile component data for all other standard areas, including census metropolitan areas, census agglomerations, census tracts, federal electoral districts (based on the 1996 Representation Order), dissemination areas and forward sortation areas, will be available approximately four weeks after the initial release.In the census product line, groups of variables, such as this one, are referred to as electronic components of profiles. These are made available in each of the eight major releases of variables of the census cycle. Together, they will form a complete cumulative profile of all the variables for each level of geography, plus one cumulative profile for the dissolved census subdivisions.

Description: Individuals who are nearing death report a preference to be cared for and to die outside of hospital. The reasons for this preference are complex and multifactorial. This study examined differences in the use of end-of-life acute care and the location of death among residents with dementia in rural long-term care homes, compared with those in urban long-term care homes, in Ontario, Canada.

Description: Extreme heat has significant impacts on mortality. In Canada, past research has analyzed the degree to which non-accidental mortality increases during single extreme heat events; however, few studies have considered multiple causes of death and the impacts of extreme heat events on mortality over longer time periods. This study analyzes the impacts of extreme heat events on nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory deaths from 2000 to 2020 in 12 of the largest cities in Canada.

Description: While many Canadians prefer to live in low-density housing, the supply of these units is linked to urban sprawl and attendant environmental and economic implications. This article examines recent trends of new housing supply and areas of urban sprawl in select Canadian cities. It also analyzes the characteristics of homeowners who live in neighbourhoods which have recently experienced urban sprawl.

Description: This analysis compares the investment efforts of official language minority (OLM) owned businesses depending on whether they are located in a rural or urban area. The study is based on a model that uses a seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) system estimator to simultaneously assess the impact of determinants that explain the investment of businesses in rural and urban areas and to statistically test the differences between the two areas.

Description: A key component of Canada’s immigration program is to promote the balanced geographic distribution of immigrants and refugees across Canada. This study asks whether there were significant differences in the economic outcomes of government assisted refugees (GARs), based on the size of the city to which they were designated. The analysis was conducted for both those remaining in the designated cities (stayers) and those moving to other locations (movers).

Description: This publication features short and accessible analytical articles that delve further into key findings and emerging trends identified in Census of Agriculture and other data sources related to agriculture. Subjects of analysis include matters related to farm land, crops, livestock, farm finances, technology, the environment and the farm population, as well as other economic and social aspects of Canada’s agriculture industry. Analytical articles are written in plain language and are intended to be a valuable source of information for a broad audience, including policy analysts, students, researchers, agricultural operators, the media and the public at large.

Description: This research paper examines shelter and transportation costs within census metropolitan areas (CMAs). The paper begins by describing a proposed methodology for delineating urban and suburban sub-regions within CMA Market Basket Measure (MBM) regions. It then presents new shelter and transportation costs based on the new delineations and assesses the extent to which differences in costs between urban and suburban sub-regions differ. The analysis concludes by examining how the new delineations would impact the estimation of poverty rates had they been implemented. This paper also provides an opportunity for the public and stakeholders to provide feedback and comments.

Description: This infographic looks at the distribution of the Canadian farm population by province, area (rural vs urban), median household income and farm type. The main data source for this product is the 2021 Agriculture–Population Linkage (linkage between the Census of Agriculture and the Census of Population).

Description: Infographic with main findings from the "Police-reported crime in rural and urban areas in the Canadian provinces, 2021" Juristat article.

Description:

As the eleventh goal outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Canada and other UN member states have committed to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by 2030. This 2022 infographic provides an overview of indicators underlying the eleventh Sustainable Development Goal in support of sustainable cities and communities, and the statistics and data sources used to monitor and report on this goal in Canada.

Description:

Series description

This series includes five general reference products - the Preview of Products and Services; the Catalogue; the Dictionary; the Handbook and the Technical Reports - as well as geography reference products - GeoSuite and Reference Maps.

Product description

Technical Reports examine the quality of data from the 1996 Census, a large and complex undertaking. While considerable effort was taken to ensure high quality standards throughout each step, the results are subject to a certain degree of error. Each report looks at the collection and processing operations and presents results from data evaluation, as well as notes on historical comparability.

Technical Reports are aimed at moderate and sophisticated users but are written in a manner which could make them useful to all census data users. Most of the technical reports have been cancelled, with the exception of Age, Sex, Marital Status and Common-law Status, Coverage and Sampling and Weighting. These reports will be available as bilingual publications as well as being available in both official languages on the Internet as free products.

This report deals with coverage errors, which occured when persons, households, dwellings or families were missed by the 1996 Census or enumerated in error. Coverage errors are one of the most important types of error since they affect not only the accuracy of the counts of the various census universes but also the accuracy of all of the census data describing the characteristics of these universes. With this information, users can determine the risks involved in basing conclusions or decisions on census data.

Description:

This report highlights the results of the geography portion of the 2001 Census consultation process. At the June 1998 federal-provincial conference session on the 2001 Census, geography was described as the "cornerstone" of the census. Based on the submissions received in the past year, many users feel the same way. It is the standard geographic areas that determine the framework in which the data will be released. It is the users, through the consultation process, who influence the changes to the standard geographic areas that are recommended for each census.

Description:

This Geography Supplement augments the Geography section of the 2001 Census Consultation Guide, Catalogue No. 92-125-GPE. It provides additional information to help users contribute ideas and suggestions to Statistics Canada regarding the geographic content of the 2001 Census.