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All (71)

All (71) (0 to 10 of 71 results)

1. The duration of first unions: A comparative analysis between landed immigrants and Canadian-born individuals
Articles and reports: 89-652-X2024001
Description: Based on data from the 2017 General Social Survey on family, this article examines the timing and risk of dissolution of first unions in Canada. This is a comparative analysis by sex and landed immigrant status which focuses on people who were aged 20 and over at the time of the survey and who had already been in a couple, marriage or common-law union, at least once.
Release date: 2024-03-11
2. The decline in the citizenship rate among recent immigrants to Canada: Update to 2021
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202400200002
Description: Becoming a citizen can bring benefits to both immigrants and receiving countries. For instance, obtaining citizenship grants immigrants the right to vote and allows them to have political influence. Additionally, it can enhance immigrants’ economic opportunities. This article examines the trends in citizenship rates among recent immigrants who have been in Canada for five to nine years, based on census data from 1991 to 2021. It also examines the possible impact of COVID-19 on the most recent trend in citizenship rates.
Release date: 2024-02-28
3. The Provincial Nominee Program: Its expansion in Canada
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202300700004
Description: The Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) was introduced in all provinces, excluding Quebec, and most territories in Canada between 1998 and 2009. Its primary goal was to increase the settlement of economic immigrants outside major Canadian cities and to address the workforce needs of employers, as perceived by the province or territory. This article focuses on the expansion of the PNP in Canada and is part of a series that examines the characteristics and labour market outcomes of PNP immigrants.
Release date: 2023-07-26
4. Non-permanent residents in Canada: Portrait of a growing population from the 2021 Census
Articles and reports: 75-006-X202300100006
Description: Using data from the 2021 Census, this article provides a portrait of non-permanent residents living in Canada. More specifically, this article takes a closer look at the socio-demographic picture of non-permanent residents, such as age, place of residence, place of birth, living arrangements, education and occupation. The article also examine information on the non-permanent resident type and report on those who came to Canada to work, study or seek refugee protection.
Release date: 2023-06-20
5. Perceptions of shared values in Canadian society among the immigrant population
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202201200003
Description: Immigrant integration is a multidimensional concept that spans economic, social and political contexts, and should include the psychological well-being of its subject. This study compares the perceptions held by immigrants and Canadian-born people of shared democratic values—such as human rights, gender equality, and ethnic and cultural diversity—in Canadian society.
Release date: 2022-12-22
6. Suicidal thoughts and suicide mortality among immigrants in Canada
Stats in brief: 11-627-M2022085
Description:
Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) and the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC), this infographic examines the suicidal thoughts and suicide mortality among immigrants in Canada. It also looks at the differences in suicide-related behaviours by sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

Release date: 2022-12-01
7. Immigration selection factors and the earnings of economic principal applicants
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202200600001
Description:
This article summarizes a new report, prepared by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and Statistics Canada, that updates empirical analysis intended to support the development of the selection criteria for economic immigrants in Canada. The follow-up study asks which selection factors best predict earnings of economic principal applicants. The analysis focuses on factors that are currently used in the selection of economic immigrants and that are available in the Longitudinal Immigration Database. These factors, all measured at landing, are: age, education, official language ability, pre-landing Canadian work experience, pre-landing Canadian study experience, whether the applicant has a spouse, and the sociodemographic characteristics of the spouse.

Release date: 2022-06-22
8. Are the gaps in labour market outcomes between immigrants and their Canadian-born counterparts starting to close?
Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100400004
Description:
This study examines whether the gaps in the employment rates and weekly earnings between immigrants and Canadian-born individuals increased or decreased over the last two decades. Earlier studies have well documented the expanding earnings gap between new immigrant workers and their Canadian-born counterparts during the 1980s and 1990s. However, significant policy changes in immigration selection and settlement have been introduced since the early 2000s, and the employment rate and entry earnings among new immigrants have been improving in recent years. Little research has been undertaken to examine whether the earnings gap between new immigrant and Canadian-born workers has recently started to close.

Release date: 2021-04-28
9. Two-step Immigration Selection: Why Did Immigrant Labour Market Outcomes Vary by Admission Programs?
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020015
Description:
This article examines the role of two-step selection in explaining differences in the short-term and medium-term outcomes of economic immigrants in four major admission programs: Federal Skilled Worker program (FSWP), Provincial Nominee Program (PNP), Quebec Skill Worker (QSWP), and Canadian Experience Class (CEC). These programs are devised to meet various national, regional and sectoral economic needs. The labour market outcomes of economic immigrants in these admission programs are of policy interest because they are often used as indicators of a program’s success. More importantly, the knowledge of which factors underlie the success of one program can help inform the improvement of other programs. It is the fourth of five articles on the two-step selection process.
Release date: 2020-08-18
10. Two-step Immigration Selection: Skilled Work Experience vs. Pre-arranged Jobs
Articles and reports: 11-626-X2020016
Description:
This article asks whether pre-immigration Canadian earnings or pre-arranged job offers are the better predictor of initial labour market outcomes. The data consist of economic principal applicants admitted under Canada’s Express Entry (EE) system over the 2015 to 2016 period, derived from the Longitudinal Immigration Database. Over this two-year period, about 16% of economic principal applicants were selected under the EE system, while the majority were still selected under the pre-EE points system. Only among EE principal applicants is the information on pre-arranged job collected. It is the fifth of five articles on the two-step selection process.
Release date: 2020-08-18

Data (21)

Data (21) (0 to 10 of 21 results)

1. Admission Category and Applicant Type (47), Selected Income Characteristics (92), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (10A), Age (10B) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data
Table: 98-400-X2016367
Description:
This table presents admission category and applicant type, selected income characteristics, immigrant status and period of immigration, age and sex for the population in private households of Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas.

Release date: 2018-07-18
2. Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal Peoples, Education and Labour, Mobility and Migration, and Income and Housing for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, National Household Survey, 2011
Profile of a community or region: 99-014-X2011015
Description:
Using 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) data, this profile provides a statistical overview of variables describing immigration and ethnocultural diversity, Aboriginal peoples, education, labour, mobility and migration, income and earnings, and housing and shelter costs.
In the National Household Survey product line, groups of related variables are referred to as 'release components of profiles.' These are made available with the major releases of variables of the NHS cycle, starting with the Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples releases. Together, they will form a complete NHS Profile of all the variables for each level of geography. Profile-component data are available at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area and census agglomeration levels, census tract level, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level.
Release date: 2013-09-11
3. Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal Peoples, Education and Labour, Mobility and Migration, and Income and Housing for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, National Household Survey, 2011
Profile of a community or region: 99-014-X2011016
Description:
Using 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) data, this profile provides a statistical overview of variables describing immigration and ethnocultural diversity, Aboriginal peoples, education, labour, mobility and migration, income and earnings, and housing and shelter costs.
In the National Household Survey product line, groups of related variables are referred to as 'release components of profiles.' These are made available with the major releases of variables of the NHS cycle, starting with the Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples releases. Together, they will form a complete NHS Profile of all the variables for each level of geography. Profile-component data are available at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area and census agglomeration levels, census tract level, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level.
Release date: 2013-09-11
4. Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal Peoples, Education and Labour, Mobility and Migration, and Income and Housing for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order), National Household Survey, 2011
Profile of a community or region: 99-014-X2011017
Description:
Using 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) data, this profile provides a statistical overview of variables describing immigration and ethnocultural diversity, Aboriginal peoples, education, labour, mobility and migration, income and earnings, and housing and shelter costs.
In the National Household Survey product line, groups of related variables are referred to as 'release components of profiles.' These are made available with the major releases of variables of the NHS cycle, starting with the Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples releases. Together, they will form a complete NHS Profile of all the variables for each level of geography. Profile-component data are available at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area and census agglomeration levels, census tract level, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level.
Release date: 2013-09-11
5. Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal Peoples, Education and Labour, Mobility and Migration, and Income and Housing for Census Metropolitan Areas, Census Agglomerations and Census Subdivisions, National Household Survey, 2011
Profile of a community or region: 99-014-X2011018
Description:
Using 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) data, this profile provides a statistical overview of variables describing immigration and ethnocultural diversity, Aboriginal peoples, education, labour, mobility and migration, income and earnings, and housing and shelter costs.
In the National Household Survey product line, groups of related variables are referred to as 'release components of profiles.' These are made available with the major releases of variables of the NHS cycle, starting with the Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples releases. Together, they will form a complete NHS Profile of all the variables for each level of geography. Profile-component data are available at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area and census agglomeration levels, census tract level, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level.
Release date: 2013-09-11
6. Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal Peoples, Education and Labour, Mobility and Migration, and Income and Housing for Census Metropolitan Areas, Tracted Census Agglomerations and Census Tracts, National Household Survey, 2011
Profile of a community or region: 99-014-X2011019
Description:
Using 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) data, this profile provides a statistical overview of variables describing immigration and ethnocultural diversity, Aboriginal peoples, education, labour, mobility and migration, income and earnings, and housing and shelter costs.
In the National Household Survey product line, groups of related variables are referred to as 'release components of profiles.' These are made available with the major releases of variables of the NHS cycle, starting with the Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples releases. Together, they will form a complete NHS Profile of all the variables for each level of geography. Profile-component data are available at the Canada, province and territory, census division and census subdivision levels, at the census metropolitan area and census agglomeration levels, census tract level, and at the federal electoral district (based on the 2003 Representation Order) level.
Release date: 2013-09-11
7. Ontario Adult Literacy Survey Archived
Public use microdata: 89M0018X
Description:
This is a CD-ROM product from the Ontario Adult Literacy Survey (OALS), conducted in the spring of 1998 with the goal of providing information on: the ability of Ontario immigrants to use either English or French in their daily activities; and on their self-perceived literacy skills, training needs and barriers to training.
In order to cover the majority of Ontario immigrants, the Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) of Toronto, Hamilton, Ottawa, Kitchener, London and St. Catharines were included in the sample. With these 6 CMAs, about 83% of Ontario immigrants were included in the sample frame. This sample of 7,107 dwellings covered the population of Ontario immigrants in general as well as specifically targetting immigrants with a mother tongue of Italian, Chinese, Portuguese, Polish, and Spanish and immigrants born in the Caribbean Islands with a mother tongue of English.
Each interview was approximately 1.5 hours in duration and consisted of a half-hour questionnaire, asking demographic and literacy-related questions as well as a one-hour literacy test. This literacy test was derived from that used in the 1994 International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) and covered the domains of document and quantitative literacy. An overall response rate to the survey of 76% was achieved, resulting in 4,648 respondents.
Release date: 1999-10-29
8. Inter-census Metropolitan Area Migrants 5 Years and Over Within the Immigrant Population by Age Groups (16), Sex (3), Place of Birth (16) and Period of Immigration (6), Showing Census Metropolitan Area of Residence 5 Years Ago (29), for Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) Archived
Table: 94F0009X1996165
Description:
Series Description - The Dimensions Series (1996 Census of Population) provides an in-depth analysis of census data. More than 150 tables represent a variety of special interest subjects linking a number of Census variables. Statistical information is presented on themes of considerable public interest with some tables examining historical trends and other tables detailing significant sub-populations. Data for geographical levels of Canada, Provinces and Territories are most widely represented with some data tables produced at the Census Metropolitan Area level. The Portrait of Official Language Communities in Canada and the Portrait of Aboriginal Population of Canada contain some information at the community level.
The data tables are grouped by common theme and are available on 7 different CD-ROMs:
94F0004XCB96000 - Ethnocultural and Social Characteristics of the Canadian Population94F0005XCB96000 - Canadian Income and Earnings for 1990 and 199594F0006XCB96000 - Labour Force and Unpaid Work of Canadians94F0007XCB96000 - Place of Work of the Canadian Population94F0008XCB96000 - Canadian Demographic Characteristics (including language and mobility)94F0010XCB96000 - Portrait of Official Language Communities in Canada94F0011XCB96000 - Portrait of Aboriginal Population in Canada
A detailed list of tables is included on each CD-ROM. Some tables show comparisons with data from earlier censuses to provide an historical perspective. It should be noted that the Dimension Series was not produced for the 1991 Census.
Release date: 1998-11-06
9. Total Population by Immigrant Status (4A), for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1911-1996 Censuses (20% Sample Data) Archived
Table: 93F0023X1996001
Description:
Series Description - The Nation Series (1996 Census of Population) is the first released series where basic data at a high level of geography are presented on variables collected by the 1996 Census.There are a total of 143 tables in the Nation Series which cover all census variables.The Complete Edition CDROM, Catalogue number 93F0020XCB96004 contains the cumulative set of all data tables from all Nation Series CDROMs.This comprehensive CDROM provides a full range of statistics on characteristics of the population which includes:Demographic information (100% data only for Age and Sex, Marital Status and Common-law Unions); Families (Number, Type and Structure); Structural Type of Dwelling and Household Size; Immigration and Citizenship; Languages; Aboriginal Origin, Ethnic Origin and Visible Minorities (Population Groups); Labour Market Activities and Household Activities (unpaid work); Place of Work and Mode of Transportation; Education; Mobility and Migration; Family, Dwellings and Household Information; as well as Individual and Family Income. Selected variables, such as occupation, are available to illustrate the analytical potential of the data based on cross-tabulations (i.e. sex by age and occupation).These data are national in coverage and provide information for Canada, provinces and territories and, in some tabulations, census metropolitan area levels. Some tables include comparisons with data from earlier censuses to provide an historical perspective.A variety of Nation Series data table extracts presenting social and economic characteristics of the Canadian population are available at the Statistics Canada Census Web site (www.statcan.gc.ca).
Release date: 1997-11-04
10. Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents (3) by Place of Birth (260) and Sex (3), for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) Archived
Table: 93F0023X1996002
Description:
Series Description - The Nation Series (1996 Census of Population) is the first released series where basic data at a high level of geography are presented on variables collected by the 1996 Census.There are a total of 143 tables in the Nation Series which cover all census variables.The Complete Edition CDROM, Catalogue number 93F0020XCB96004 contains the cumulative set of all data tables from all Nation Series CDROMs.This comprehensive CDROM provides a full range of statistics on characteristics of the population which includes:Demographic information (100% data only for Age and Sex, Marital Status and Common-law Unions); Families (Number, Type and Structure); Structural Type of Dwelling and Household Size; Immigration and Citizenship; Languages; Aboriginal Origin, Ethnic Origin and Visible Minorities (Population Groups); Labour Market Activities and Household Activities (unpaid work); Place of Work and Mode of Transportation; Education; Mobility and Migration; Family, Dwellings and Household Information; as well as Individual and Family Income. Selected variables, such as occupation, are available to illustrate the analytical potential of the data based on cross-tabulations (i.e. sex by age and occupation).These data are national in coverage and provide information for Canada, provinces and territories and, in some tabulations, census metropolitan area levels. Some tables include comparisons with data from earlier censuses to provide an historical perspective.A variety of Nation Series data table extracts presenting social and economic characteristics of the Canadian population are available at the Statistics Canada Census Web site (www.statcan.gc.ca).
Release date: 1997-11-04

Analysis (50)

Analysis (50) (40 to 50 of 50 results)

41. Self-reported delinquency of immigrant youth, Toronto 2006 Archived
Articles and reports: 81-004-X200800510799
Description:
This article explores the prevalence of, and factors related to, delinquency as reported by a sample of youth in grades 7, 8 and 9 living in Toronto in 2006. Previous work has found that demographic characteristics, school commitment, experiences of victimization and relationships with peers and families are all related to delinquent behaviour among youth. This article investigates these factors in order to determine the extent to which they can help explain the delinquency experiences of immigrant and non-immigrant youth. The analysis is based on data from The International Youth Survey which was conducted by Statistics Canada in 2006 as part of the 2006 International Self-Reported Delinquency Study in which over 30 countries participated.
Release date: 2009-03-04
42. Immigrants in Canada who work in a language other than English or French Archived
Articles and reports: 11-008-X200900110770
Geography: Canada
Description:
This article uses data from the 2001 and 2006 Census of Canada to look at the use of non-official languages at work among immigrants. Owing to the growing contribution that immigrants are making to Canada's labour force, languages other than English and French are being used more often in Canadian work places. The article examines which languages are used most often. It also looks at the impact of age, gender, year of immigration, education, official language ability and the presence of others who speak the mother tongue in the community where they work, on the likelihood that immigrants will use a non-official language on the job.
Release date: 2009-01-20
43. The impact of working in a non-official language on the occupations and earnings of immigrants in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11-008-X200900110771
Geography: Canada
Description:
This article explores the implications of working in a language other than English or French for immigrants in Canada. It looks at the occupations and industries in which immigrants who use non-official languages on the job are found. Holding other factors constant, it also looks at the impact on employment earnings and the financial returns to education for immigrants who work in languages other than English or French.
Release date: 2009-01-20
44. Immigrant Economic and Social Outcomes in Canada: Research and Data Development at Statistics Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008319
Geography: Canada
Description:
The past 25 years has seen a more or less continuous deterioration in the economic outcomes for immigrants entering Canada. However, economic outcomes for second-generation Canadians (children of immigrants) are more positive, and in spite of the economic difficulties, after four years in Canada most immigrants entering in 2000 remained positive regarding their immigration decision, citing the freedom, safety, rights, security and prospects for the future as the aspects they appreciate most in Canada. This paper reviews what we know about the economic deterioration, and the possible reasons behind it, in particular based on the research conducted at Statistics Canada. It also outlines the data development undertaken by Statistics Canada and its policy department partners to support increased research of this topic. From 2002 to 2008, Statistics Canada released 64 research articles on the above topics, and others related to immigration. The research suggests that through the 1980s and 1990s three factors were associated with the deterioration in economic outcomes: (1) the changing mix of source regions and related issues such as language and school quality, (2) declining returns to foreign experience, and (3) the deterioration in economic outcomes for all new labour market entrants, of which immigrants are a special case. After 2000, the reasons appear to be different, and are associated more with the dramatic increase in the number of engineers and information technology (IT) workers entering Canada, and the IT economic downturn. Data also suggest that, by and large, Canadians continue to see immigration as an important part of the development of Canada and that they continue to support it. The paper reviews Statistics Canada research that indicates that economic outcomes for most second-generation Canadians remain very positive. Finally, there is a discussion of the interaction between immigration and social cohesion in Canada, and possible reasons as to why we have not seen the discontent with immigration policy in Canada that has been observed in some European countries.
Release date: 2008-12-16
45. Remittances by recent immigrants Archived
Articles and reports: 75-001-X200810713213
Geography: Canada
Description:
During their initial years in Canada, a significant minority of new immigrants send money to family members in their country of origin. The incidence of remitting among immigrants from different countries ranges from less than 10% to over 60%, and the annual amounts from about $500 to almost $3,000. While financial and family characteristics are consistently significant with the remittance activities of immigrants from all world regions, factors such as sex and education are significant only for immigrants from some regions but not others.
Release date: 2008-09-24
46. Remittance Behaviours Among Recent Immigrants in Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M2008312
Geography: Canada
Description:
Remittances "the money immigrants send to family members in their country of origin" are now centre stage in development and immigrant research. Yet, in spite of this interest, research on the characteristics of remittance senders in Canada remains quite limited, in large part because of the absence of household survey data. More broadly, studies of remittance senders in Canada and elsewhere often focus on immigrants from only one or two source countries and, consequently, do not provide a broad cross-national perspective on the issue. This study addresses these gaps by using the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to document the incidence of remitting and the amounts remitted by immigrants from a wide range of countries. Using a common set of concepts and methods, we find that the incidence of remitting by the 2000 to 2001 landing cohort ranges from less than 10% to 60% across immigrants from different countries, while the average annual amounts remitted range from about $500 to almost $3,000. Turning to the factors associated with remitting, the financial and family characteristics are consistently significant among immigrants from all world regions. In contrast, other factors, such as gender and education, are associated with remitting among immigrants from some regions but not from others.
Release date: 2008-07-23
47. Immigrants' perspectives on their first four years in Canada: Highlights from three waves of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada Archived
Articles and reports: 11-008-X20070009627
Geography: Canada
Description:
This report examines immigrant settlement in terms of the subjective assessments and perceptions of immigrants themselves. Overall, it provides a broad overview of new immigrants' perceptions, with emphasis on their responses to a broad range of questions rather than a single issue. Differences are examined across a limited set of characteristics, with particular focus on admission categories.
Release date: 2007-04-30
48. Becoming Canadian: Intent, process and outcome Archived
Articles and reports: 11-008-X20040047775
Geography: Canada
Description:
Canada has a large and varied immigrant population, a diverse culture and vast distances. But whether individuals are Canadian citizens by birth or by naturalization, they are granted the same rights and responsibilities. Canadian citizenship may thus be viewed as something that creates a shared sense of belonging or an indication of allegiance to Canada. For the foreign-born, acquiring citizenship may be symbolic of the final stage of the migration process, their inclusion into the electoral process and a declaration of their commitment to Canada, their adopted homeland.
This study explores the characteristics associated with becoming a Canadian citizen among immigrants who have resided in Canada for various periods of time.
Release date: 2005-03-08
49. Effects of Business Cycles on the Labour Market Assimilation of Immigrants Archived
Articles and reports: 11F0019M2003203
Geography: Canada
Description:
This study addresses the effects of macroeconomic conditions on the labour market outcomes of immigrants. It simultaneously identifies both the effects of macroeconomic conditions at the time of entry into the labour market and at the time of the survey was taken, while allowing for cohort effects. Also, for the first time in the literature, the impacts on labour force participation along with employment outcomes are explored. The study uses 19 annual cross-sections of the Survey of Consumer Finances, covering the period from 1979 to 1997. The results suggest that the deterioration in the assimilation of recent immigrants is partly due to the adverse economic conditions they face in the year they enter the labour market and the subsequent years following. Macroeconomic conditions at the time of labour market entry have adverse impacts on both labour force participation (LFP) and employment. With the inclusion of controls for macroeconomic conditions, the significance and magnitude of the assimilation-measuring co-efficient increases. Therefore, not only are the estimated cohort effects sensitive to the inclusion of controls for business cycles, but so too are the assimilation profiles.
Release date: 2003-07-31
50. Businesses in the food chain survive the turmoil of the 1990s Archived
Articles and reports: 21-004-X20010095953
Geography: Canada
Description:
Food manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers have managed to sustain reasonable returns during the 1990s despite the challenges posed by the advent of free trade agreements and the changing eating habits of the population. This article looks at the returns on investment for businesses operating in the domestic food sector during the 1990s.
Release date: 2001-10-12

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Date modified:: 2024-06-18