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  • 1. The Neighbourhood Ties of Long-term Residents in Lower-income Neighbourhoods
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2023004
    Description: This paper examines the social ties that Canadians have in their neighbourhoods, identified in terms of their social contact with neighbours, trust in people in their neighbourhood, and sense of inclusion and belonging. Long-term residents in lower-income neighbourhoods are of particular interest. Supports and resources derived from local ties may be particularly important for this group, given generally modest economic resources and sociodemographic characteristics such as health, household composition and age.
    Release date: 2023-06-07
  • 2. Neighbourhood characteristics and life satisfaction of individuals in lower-, middle-, and higher-income families in Canadian metropolitan areas
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100500006
    Description:

    While there are many studies that examine the relationships between neighbourhood characteristics and health outcomes, and between neighbourhood characteristics and neighbourhood satisfaction, the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and subjective well-being, particularly life satisfaction, has received much less attention. The objective of this study is to fill this gap in order to help inform neighbourhood-based policy aimed at increasing well-being that is receiving increased attention.

    Release date: 2021-05-26
  • 3. Neighbourhood, Dwelling and Apartment Building Income Mixing: Measures and Experimental Estimates Across Census Metropolitan Areas
    Articles and reports: 11-633-X2020001
    Description:

    This paper reviews alternative measures of income mixing within geographic units and applies them using geographically detailed income data derived from tax records. It highlights the characteristics of these measures, particularly their ease of interpretation and their suitability to decomposition across different levels of analysis, from neighbourhoods to individual apartment buildings. The discussion focuses on three measures: the dissimilarity index, the information theory index and the divergence index (D-index). Particular emphasis is placed on the D-index because it most effectively describes how income distributions at the sub-metropolitan level (e.g., neighbourhoods) differ from distributions at the metropolitan level (i.e., how much income sorting occurs across neighbourhoods). Furthermore, the D-index can consistently measure the contributions of income sorting within neighbourhoods (e.g., across individual apartment buildings) to the degree of income mixing at the neighbourhood and metropolitan scales.

    Release date: 2020-01-21
  • 4. Life Satisfaction and Income in Canadian Urban Neighbourhoods Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2014357
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    An emerging area of subjective well-being (SWB) research is centered on the differences in the levels of SWB both across countries and among geographic regions within a country. The consideration of geographic differences would extend our knowledge about the determinants of SWB from "internal" factors of personality traits and individuals' socio-demographic characteristics to "external factors" embedded in individuals' environments. An issue with important theoretical and policy implications is whether the income of others in the same geographic area is associated with individuals' SWB. The association could be positive if people benefit from the improved resources, amenities, and social capital in high-income areas. The association could also be negative if people tend to emulate the lifestyles of their more affluent neighbours. Related empirical studies so far have not come to a consensus on this question.

    The present study attempts to contribute to this issue in two significant ways. First, this study examines whether the effect of the average income in a geographic area (locality income) on SWB is sensitive to the scale of geographic units. With a very large sample of survey respondents nested within three hierarchical levels of geographic areas, this study provides reliable estimates of the association of SWB with average incomes in immediate neighbourhoods (defined as "census dissemination areas"), local communities ("census tracts"), and municipalities ("census subdivisions"). Second, this study examines how the choice of control variables influences the estimated effect of locality income. By considering the effects of individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, self-evaluated general health, and area-level attributes in a sequential manner, it is possible to discuss the likely mechanisms through which locality income is related to individuals' SWB.

    Release date: 2014-02-20
  • 5. Persons living in low-income neighbourhoods Archived
    Stats in brief: 99-014-X201100311861
    Description:

    These two short articles provide complementary analysis to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) analytical document on the composition of income in Canada. They focus on specific topics of interest. The first NHS in Brief is entitled Education and occupations of high-income Canadians, and the second, Persons living in low-income neighbourhoods.

    Release date: 2013-09-11
  • 6. Maintenance enforcement by neighbourhood income in seven reporting census metropolitan areas Archived
    Articles and reports: 85-002-X201000111116
    Geography: Census metropolitan area
    Description:

    This study looks at child and spousal support, and government enforcement of that support, in different neighbourhoods (Census Tracts, CTs) in the census metropolitan areas from reporting jurisdictions (Halifax, Saint John, Moncton, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary and Edmonton). CTs are grouped into income quintiles; comparisons are made between lower and higher income CTs on a variety of indicators.

    Release date: 2010-03-25
  • 7. Household Income and Victimization in Canada, 2004 Archived
    Articles and reports: 85F0033M2009020
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The risk of becoming the victim of violent crime or household property crime can vary according to the mix of social, economic and demographic factors that characterize an individual's circumstances. Income is one such factor. Using data primarily from the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS), this report profiles violent and household victimization among Canadians from low-income households (i.e., under $15,000). The report also provides information on who victims turn to for help, perceptions of neighbourhood safety as well as fear of crime among Canadians from low-income households.

    Release date: 2009-04-16
  • 8. Neighbourhood Insights - Your Guide to the Statistical Information Packages Available From Small Area and Administrative Data Division, Statistics Canada Archived
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 17-507-X
    Description:

    "Neighbourhood insights" is your guide to the statistical information packages available from the Small Area and Administrative Data Division. The guide provides descriptions of the various databanks, the geographic availability and the pricing structure. The guide also contains sample statistical tables showing data for Canada.

    Release date: 2006-05-04
  • 9. Trends and conditions in census metropolitan areas (III-C) Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0024M20040007452
    Description:

    The report examines income and low income in census metropolitan areas between 1980 and 2000. It examines the situation of families and the neighbourhoods they live in. It also examines the situation of recent immigrants, Aboriginal people and lone-parent family members.

    Median pre-tax income rose in virtually all Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs) over the 1980 to 2000 period. Incomes increased at both the top and bottom of the income distribution, but tended to rise faster at the top. In nearly all cities, income increased faster in the higher income neighbourhoods - measured at the census tract (CT) level - than it did in lower income neighbourhoods. The incidence of low income was at similar levels in 1980 and 2000, but the demographic composition of low income changed, reflecting rising low-income rates among some 'at-risk' groups, as well as demographic changes in the CMA. By 2000, recent immigrants comprised more of the low-income population, and a greater share of the residents in low-income neighbourhoods than they did in 1980. Recent immigrants had much higher low-income rates in 2000 than in 1980. In 2000, Aboriginal people and people in single-parent families had much higher low-income rates than others and were over-represented in low-income neighbourhoods. The share of income that low-income families received from government transfers rose over the period. The location of low-income neighbourhoods changed in some CMAs, reflecting a decline in low-income neighbourhoods in the city centre and a rise in low-income neighbourhoods in more suburban areas.

    The report examines before-tax income in CMAs using the 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 censuses of Canada.

    Release date: 2004-11-25
  • 10. Neighbourhood Inequality, Relative Deprivation and Self-perceived Health Status Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2004228
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This study examines the relationship between individuals' health status and the socio-economic composition of the neighbourhoods in which they live. It combines individual microdata from Statistics Canada's 1996-97 National Population Health Survey (NPHS) with neighbourhood-level characteristics estimated from the 1996 Census of Canada.

    Release date: 2004-09-27
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Analysis (13)

Analysis (13) (0 to 10 of 13 results)

  • 1. The Neighbourhood Ties of Long-term Residents in Lower-income Neighbourhoods
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2023004
    Description: This paper examines the social ties that Canadians have in their neighbourhoods, identified in terms of their social contact with neighbours, trust in people in their neighbourhood, and sense of inclusion and belonging. Long-term residents in lower-income neighbourhoods are of particular interest. Supports and resources derived from local ties may be particularly important for this group, given generally modest economic resources and sociodemographic characteristics such as health, household composition and age.
    Release date: 2023-06-07
  • 2. Neighbourhood characteristics and life satisfaction of individuals in lower-, middle-, and higher-income families in Canadian metropolitan areas
    Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100500006
    Description:

    While there are many studies that examine the relationships between neighbourhood characteristics and health outcomes, and between neighbourhood characteristics and neighbourhood satisfaction, the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and subjective well-being, particularly life satisfaction, has received much less attention. The objective of this study is to fill this gap in order to help inform neighbourhood-based policy aimed at increasing well-being that is receiving increased attention.

    Release date: 2021-05-26
  • 3. Neighbourhood, Dwelling and Apartment Building Income Mixing: Measures and Experimental Estimates Across Census Metropolitan Areas
    Articles and reports: 11-633-X2020001
    Description:

    This paper reviews alternative measures of income mixing within geographic units and applies them using geographically detailed income data derived from tax records. It highlights the characteristics of these measures, particularly their ease of interpretation and their suitability to decomposition across different levels of analysis, from neighbourhoods to individual apartment buildings. The discussion focuses on three measures: the dissimilarity index, the information theory index and the divergence index (D-index). Particular emphasis is placed on the D-index because it most effectively describes how income distributions at the sub-metropolitan level (e.g., neighbourhoods) differ from distributions at the metropolitan level (i.e., how much income sorting occurs across neighbourhoods). Furthermore, the D-index can consistently measure the contributions of income sorting within neighbourhoods (e.g., across individual apartment buildings) to the degree of income mixing at the neighbourhood and metropolitan scales.

    Release date: 2020-01-21
  • 4. Life Satisfaction and Income in Canadian Urban Neighbourhoods Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2014357
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    An emerging area of subjective well-being (SWB) research is centered on the differences in the levels of SWB both across countries and among geographic regions within a country. The consideration of geographic differences would extend our knowledge about the determinants of SWB from "internal" factors of personality traits and individuals' socio-demographic characteristics to "external factors" embedded in individuals' environments. An issue with important theoretical and policy implications is whether the income of others in the same geographic area is associated with individuals' SWB. The association could be positive if people benefit from the improved resources, amenities, and social capital in high-income areas. The association could also be negative if people tend to emulate the lifestyles of their more affluent neighbours. Related empirical studies so far have not come to a consensus on this question.

    The present study attempts to contribute to this issue in two significant ways. First, this study examines whether the effect of the average income in a geographic area (locality income) on SWB is sensitive to the scale of geographic units. With a very large sample of survey respondents nested within three hierarchical levels of geographic areas, this study provides reliable estimates of the association of SWB with average incomes in immediate neighbourhoods (defined as "census dissemination areas"), local communities ("census tracts"), and municipalities ("census subdivisions"). Second, this study examines how the choice of control variables influences the estimated effect of locality income. By considering the effects of individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, self-evaluated general health, and area-level attributes in a sequential manner, it is possible to discuss the likely mechanisms through which locality income is related to individuals' SWB.

    Release date: 2014-02-20
  • 5. Persons living in low-income neighbourhoods Archived
    Stats in brief: 99-014-X201100311861
    Description:

    These two short articles provide complementary analysis to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) analytical document on the composition of income in Canada. They focus on specific topics of interest. The first NHS in Brief is entitled Education and occupations of high-income Canadians, and the second, Persons living in low-income neighbourhoods.

    Release date: 2013-09-11
  • 6. Maintenance enforcement by neighbourhood income in seven reporting census metropolitan areas Archived
    Articles and reports: 85-002-X201000111116
    Geography: Census metropolitan area
    Description:

    This study looks at child and spousal support, and government enforcement of that support, in different neighbourhoods (Census Tracts, CTs) in the census metropolitan areas from reporting jurisdictions (Halifax, Saint John, Moncton, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary and Edmonton). CTs are grouped into income quintiles; comparisons are made between lower and higher income CTs on a variety of indicators.

    Release date: 2010-03-25
  • 7. Household Income and Victimization in Canada, 2004 Archived
    Articles and reports: 85F0033M2009020
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The risk of becoming the victim of violent crime or household property crime can vary according to the mix of social, economic and demographic factors that characterize an individual's circumstances. Income is one such factor. Using data primarily from the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS), this report profiles violent and household victimization among Canadians from low-income households (i.e., under $15,000). The report also provides information on who victims turn to for help, perceptions of neighbourhood safety as well as fear of crime among Canadians from low-income households.

    Release date: 2009-04-16
  • 8. Trends and conditions in census metropolitan areas (III-C) Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0024M20040007452
    Description:

    The report examines income and low income in census metropolitan areas between 1980 and 2000. It examines the situation of families and the neighbourhoods they live in. It also examines the situation of recent immigrants, Aboriginal people and lone-parent family members.

    Median pre-tax income rose in virtually all Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs) over the 1980 to 2000 period. Incomes increased at both the top and bottom of the income distribution, but tended to rise faster at the top. In nearly all cities, income increased faster in the higher income neighbourhoods - measured at the census tract (CT) level - than it did in lower income neighbourhoods. The incidence of low income was at similar levels in 1980 and 2000, but the demographic composition of low income changed, reflecting rising low-income rates among some 'at-risk' groups, as well as demographic changes in the CMA. By 2000, recent immigrants comprised more of the low-income population, and a greater share of the residents in low-income neighbourhoods than they did in 1980. Recent immigrants had much higher low-income rates in 2000 than in 1980. In 2000, Aboriginal people and people in single-parent families had much higher low-income rates than others and were over-represented in low-income neighbourhoods. The share of income that low-income families received from government transfers rose over the period. The location of low-income neighbourhoods changed in some CMAs, reflecting a decline in low-income neighbourhoods in the city centre and a rise in low-income neighbourhoods in more suburban areas.

    The report examines before-tax income in CMAs using the 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 censuses of Canada.

    Release date: 2004-11-25
  • 9. Neighbourhood Inequality, Relative Deprivation and Self-perceived Health Status Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2004228
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This study examines the relationship between individuals' health status and the socio-economic composition of the neighbourhoods in which they live. It combines individual microdata from Statistics Canada's 1996-97 National Population Health Survey (NPHS) with neighbourhood-level characteristics estimated from the 1996 Census of Canada.

    Release date: 2004-09-27
  • 10. Low-income in Census Metropolitan Areas, 1980-2000 Archived
    Articles and reports: 89-613-M2004001
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The report examines income and low income in census metropolitan areas between 1980 and 2000. It examines the situation of families and the neighbourhoods they live in. It also examines the situation of recent immigrants, Aboriginal people and lone-parent family members.

    Median pre-tax income rose in virtually all Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs) over the 1980 to 2000 period. Incomes increased at both the top and bottom of the income distribution, but tended to rise faster at the top. In nearly all cities, income increased faster in the higher income neighbourhoods - measured at the census tract (CT) level - than it did in lower income neighbourhoods. The incidence of low income was at similar levels in 1980 and 2000, but the demographic composition of low income changed, reflecting rising low-income rates among some 'at-risk' groups, as well as demographic changes in the CMA. By 2000, recent immigrants comprised more of the low-income population, and a greater share of the residents in low-income neighbourhoods than they did in 1980. Recent immigrants had much higher low-income rates in 2000 than in 1980. In 2000, Aboriginal people and people in single-parent families had much higher low-income rates than others and were over-represented in low-income neighbourhoods. The share of income that low-income families received from government transfers rose over the period. The location of low-income neighbourhoods changed in some CMAs, reflecting a decline in low-income neighbourhoods in the city centre and a rise in low-income neighbourhoods in more suburban areas.

    The report examines before-tax income in CMAs using the 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 censuses of Canada.

    Release date: 2004-04-07
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