Extensions of indicators on base erosion and profit shifting in Canada

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have been drivers of globalization. These enterprises have taken advantage of innovations in logistics and communications technology over the past four decades to diversify their supply chains and expand into new markets. Operating internationally, however, also allows MNEs to take advantage of tax systems which were designed for a less integrated era. For example, MNEs can arrange for profits to be 'shifted' by charging affiliates in high tax locations prices above market rates in transactions with affiliates in lower tax regions. These behaviours are referred to as base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS), and, although not illegal, they impact government revenues worldwide.