A short note on quantile and expectile estimation in unequal probability samples
6. DiscussionA short note on quantile and expectile estimation in unequal probability samples
6. Discussion
In Section 4 we extended the
toolbox of expectiles to the estimation of distribution functions in the
framework of unequal probability sampling. We defined expectiles for unequal
probability samples. When comparing quantiles based on
with quantiles based on the expectile based
estimator
we observed that the proposed estimator
performs well in comparison to existing methods. The calculation of empirical
expectiles is implemented in the open source software R (see R Core Team 2014)
and can be found in the R-package expectreg by Sobotka, Schnabel, and Schulze
Waltrup (2013). The calculation of the expectile based distribution function
estimator
is also part of the R-package expectreg. The
calculation of
is, however, more demanding as the calculation
of
because it involves three steps: First, we
calculate the weighted expectiles as described in Section 3; second, we
estimate
and in a third step, we derive
from
(see Section 4). In the Log-Normal-Simulation
it takes about 2-3 seconds for
to calculate
whereas the computational effort of
is barely noticeable.
Acknowledgements
Both authors acknowledge financial support provided by the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (KA 1188/7-1).
References
Aigner, D.J.,
Amemiya, T. and Poirier, D.J. (1976). On the estimation of production
frontiers: Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a discontinuous
density function. International Economic
Review, 17(2), 377-396.
Chambers, R.L.,
and Dunstan, R. (1986). Estimating distribution functions from survey data. Biometrika, 73(3), 597-604.
Chen, Q.,
Elliott, M.R. and Little, R.J.A. (2010). Bayesian penalized spline model-based
inference for finite population proportion in unequal probability sampling. Survey Methodology, 36, 1, 23-34.
Chen, Q.,
Elliott, M.R. and Little, R.J.A. (2012). Bayesian inference for finite
population quantiles from unequal probability samples. Survey Methodology, 38, 2, 203-214.
De Rossi, G.,
and Harvey, A. (2009). Quantiles, expectiles and splines. Nonparametric and
robust methods in econometrics. Journal
of Econometrics, 152(2), 179-185.
Guo, M., and
Härdle, W. (2013). Simultaneous confidence bands for expectile functions. AStA - Advances in Statistical Analysis,
96(4), 517-541.
Hajek, J. (1971).
Comment on “An essay on the logical foundations of survey sampling, part one”. The Foundations of Survey Sampling, 236.
Isaki, C.T., and
Fuller, W.A. (1982). Survey design under the regression superpopulation model. Journal of the American Statistical
Association, 77, 89-96.
Jones, M.
(1992). Estimating densities, quantiles, quantile densities and density
quantiles. Annals of the Institute of
Statistical Mathematics, 44(4), 721-727.
Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Kneib, T.
(2013). Beyond mean regression (with discussion and rejoinder). Statistical Modelling, 13(4), 275-385.
Koenker, R.
(2005). Quantile Regression, Econometric
Society Monographs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuk, A.Y.C.
(1988). Estimation of distribution functions and medians under sampling with
unequal probabilities. Biometrika,
75(1), 97-103.
Lahiri, D.B.
(1951). A method of sample selection providing unbiased ratio estimates. Bulletin of the International Statistical
Institute, (33), 133-140.
Midzuno, H.
(1952). On the sampling system with probability proportional to sum of size. Annals of the Institute of Statistical
Mathematics, 3, 99-107.
Murthy, M.N.
(1967). Sampling Theory and Methods.
Calcutta: Statistical Publishing Society.
Newey, W.K., and
Powell, J.L. (1987). Asymmetric least squares estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(4), 819-847.
Pratesi, M.,
Ranalli, M. and Salvati, N. (2009). Nonparametric M-quantile regression using
penalised splines. Journal of
Nonparametric Statistics, 21(3), 287-304.
R Core Team
(2014). R: A Language and Environment for
Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical
Computing.
Rao, J., and Wu,
C. (2009). Empirical likelihood methods. Handbook
of Statistics, 29B, 189-207.
Rao, J.N.K.,
Kovar, J.G. and Mantel, H.J. (1990). On estimating distribution functions and
quantiles from survey data using auxiliary information. Biometrika, 77(2), 365-375.
Schnabel, S.K.,
and Eilers, P.H. (2009). Optimal expectile smoothing. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 53(12), 4168-4177.
Schulze Waltrup,
L., Sobotka, F., Kneib, T. and Kauermann, G. (2014). Expectile and quantile
regression - David and Goliath? Statistical
Modelling, 15, 433-456.
Sobotka, F., and
Kneib, T. (2012). Geoadditive expectile regression. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 56(4), 755-767.
Sobotka, F.,
Schnabel, S. and Schulze Waltrup, L. (2013). Expectreg: Expectile and Quantile Regression. With contributions
from P. Eilers, T. Kneib and G. Kauermann, R package version 0.38.
Yao, Q., and
Tong, H. (1996). Asymmetric least squares regression estimation: A
nonparametric approach. Journal of
Nonparametric Statistics, 6(2-3), 273-292.
Survey Methodology publishes articles dealing with various aspects of statistical development relevant to a statistical agency, such as design issues in the context of practical constraints, use of different data sources and collection techniques, total survey error, survey evaluation, research in survey methodology, time series analysis, seasonal adjustment, demographic studies, data integration, estimation and data analysis methods, and general survey systems development. The emphasis is placed on the development and evaluation of specific methodologies as applied to data collection or the data themselves. All papers will be refereed. However, the authors retain full responsibility for the contents of their papers and opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the Editorial Board or of Statistics Canada.
Submission of Manuscripts
Survey Methodology is published twice a year in electronic format. Authors are invited to submit their articles in English or French in electronic form, preferably in Word to the Editor, (statcan.smj-rte.statcan@canada.ca, Statistics Canada, 150 Tunney’s Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0T6). For formatting instructions, please see the guidelines provided in the journal and on the web site (www.statcan.gc.ca/SurveyMethodology).
Note of appreciation
Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not be produced without their continued co-operation and goodwill.
Standards of service to the public
Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, reliable and courteous manner. To this end, the Agency has developed standards of service which its employees observe in serving its clients.
Copyright
Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada.