Health

Description:

Indicators based on the registration of vital events are used to determine the health status of populations. The need for these indicators at the regional and community levels has grown with the trend toward decentralization in the delivery of health services. Such indicators are important because they affect funding and the types of service that are provided. Health status indicators tend to be associated with variables such as the level of urbanization or socioeconomic status. According to four indicators - mortality ratios for all causes of death, mortality ratios for external causes of death, infant mortality ratios, and low birth weight live birth ratios - some areas of British Columbia, specifically along the border with Alberta, have relatively good health, although the characteristics of these regions suggest that this should not be the case. However, a much different picture emerges when vital event data registered in Alberta for residents of these areas of British Columbia are considered. This article shows that for adequate health planning and program implementation, some communities need data from neighbouring provinces. It illustrates the effect of incorporating Alberta data into the development of health status indicators for British Columbia. It also suggests that similar adjustments may be necessary for data compiled in other provinces.

Description:

The positive relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and longevity has long been established. Comparable evidence exists for SES and morbidity, but observations of this relationship tend to be limited to specific health indicators. In this article, a comprehensive quantitative measure of health status, the Health Utility Index (HUI), is applied to an analysis of the relationship between SES the health status of people aged 25 and over in Ontario. The HUI, based on a set of questions included in the 1990 Ontario Health Survey (OHS), provides a summary index of the health of each respondent. The OHS data show that lower levels of education, income, and occupation are associated with lower HUI values. Health status differences across SES groups are greater in late middle-age than at younger or older ages, a pattern consistent with the findings of other studies. The development of summary indicators like the HUI is part of a larger effort to construct measures for monitoring the health of Canadians.

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This article examines sex-specific variations in death rates and causes of death at different ages in 1993, and trends in cause-specific death rates since 1950.

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In 1994, Statistics Canada began data collection for the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), a household survey designed to mesure the health status of Canadians and to expand knowledge of health determinants. The survey is longitudinal, with data being collected on selected panel members every second year. This article focuses on the NPHS sample design ant its rationale. Topics include sample allocation, representativeness, and selection; modifications in Quebec and the territories; and integration of the NPHS with the National Longitudinal Survey of Children. The final section considers some methodological issues to be addresses in future waves of the survey.

Description:

Changes in Statistics Canada's annual population estimates, introduced in 1993, have an impact on a wide range of social, economic and demographic indicators. Any indicator that relies on population estimates will be affected by the new figures. This article describes the adjustment and examines its impact on health and vital statistics rates. With rare exceptions, all rates decrease as the denominators are adjusted upward. For example, accident rates, suicide rates, and age-specific fertility rates based on the adjustment population are lower than those previously calculated. The extent of the adjustment, however, depends on the geographic and demographic characteristics of the population at risk. Analysts whose work concentrates on special subgroups for whom the adjustment is particularly great (such as young adult men) may wish to pay closer attention to the new population figures. Although the new rates are lower than before, underlying trends and patterns over time or across subcategories are quite similar. The revised series incorporates estimates of net census undercoverage, and for the first time, includes non-permanent residents. In 1991, net census undercoverage and non-permanent residents together amounted to about one million persons, or 3.6% of the revised Canadian population of 28,120,100.

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This article examines national and regional trends in mortality and morbidity due to abdominal aortic aneurysms from 1969 to 1991. Annual age-adjusted mortality and hospital separation rates were calculated for men and women aged 55 and older whose underlying cause of death was abdominal aortic aneurysm, or who were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. In recent decades, abdominal aortic aneurysm mortality rates remained stable, in contrast to substantial declines in mortality rates for cerebrovascular disease and cardiovascular disease. The pattern was similar for both sexes, although rates were four to five times higher among men than among women. In 1991, age-adjusted rates were around 31.0 per 100,000 men aged 55 and over and 8.5 per 100,000 women aged 55 and over. Over the 1969 to 1991 period mortality rates in all regions tended to coverage. Although mortality rates were stable, hospital separation rates for abdominal aortic aneurysms increased sharply, particularly for unruptured aneurysms. Screening programs have been able to detect asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms, and surgical intervention can substantially reduce mortality. However, the costs and benefits of screnning programs should be assessed. If current mortality rates persist, as the baby boom ages there will be an absolute increase in the number of deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Description:

In the early 1990s, Canadians were less likely to be hospitalized than they had been a decade before. And when they did enter hospital, their stays tended to be shorter. As well, hospitalization for surgical procedures was less frequent and required less time in hospital.

Nonetheless, a few patterns persisted throughout the decade. Females were more likely than males to be admitted to hospital - largely a reflection of obstetrical procedures - but females' average length of stay was slightly less than that of male patients. However, with advancing age, the likelihood of hospitalization and the duration of stays increased for both sexes.

Description:

Between 1992 and 1993, the life expectancy at birth of Canadians fell slightly, from 78.06 to 77.95 years. This decline reflected an unusually sharp upturn in the number of deaths in 1993, which was attributable, to some extent, to an influenza outbreak in early spring that year, and to substantial increases in tobaccorelated deaths among women. The overall decline in life expectancy occurred in every province except Nova Scotia, and affected both sexes, although it was more pronounced among females.

Description:

The survey, begun in February 1994, monitors the smoking patterns of Canadians over a 12 month period and to measure any changes in smoking resulting from the decrease in taxes in cigarettes which took place in February 1994 in some provinces. It is related to MDF 82M0006. Updates are included in the microdata file price. A guide for this microdata file is available.

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Lack of sleep is not the only cause of daytime sleepiness; many other things can induce it, including excessive warmth, boredom, or performing a demanding but uninteresting task. This study measures tiredness based on respondent assessment of drowsiness during working hours.

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Number of live births and fetal deaths (stillbirths), by type of birth (single or multiple), 1991 to most recent year.

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Number and percentage of live births and fetal deaths (stillbirths), by place of birth (hospital or non-hospital), 1991 to most recent year.

Description: Estimated annual number of deaths by 5-year age groups and gender for Canada, provinces and territories.

Description: Estimated annual number of births by gender for Canada, provinces and territories.

Description: Components of natural increase, quarterly: births and deaths.

Description: This interactive dashboard permits the visualization of various fertility indicators and how they have changed over time for Canada, provinces and territories. The dashboard shows the total fertility rate, the average age of childbearing, the fertility rate by age group of mother, the number of births and the associated annual change. Data can be visualized for Canada or for a selected province or territory by single year as well as historically.

Description: Number and percentage of children and youth with changes or no change in their functional difficulties between 2019 and 2023 by gender and age group, Canada (excluding territories) and provinces.

Description: Number and percentage of youth who report changes or no change in their health characteristics between 2019 and 2023 by gender and age group, Canada (excluding territories) and provinces.

Description: Drug metabolites in wastewater, presented as load per capita, in select Canadian cities, by type of drug. The 95% confidence interval, standard error, and imputation rate of the load per capita of the drug metabolites in wastewater are included.

Description: This dashboard presents provisional monthly estimates of the levels of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine (benzoylecgonine), codeine, fentanyl (norfentanyl), ecstasy, methadone, methamphetamine, morphine, and oxycodone in the wastewater of Halifax, Montréal, Toronto, Saskatoon, Prince Albert, Edmonton, and Metro Vancouver. The data that are relevant for monitoring the use of these substances in Canadian cities.

Description:

This paper describes the methodology for fertility projections used in the 1993-based population projections by age and sex for Canada, provinces and territories, 1993-2016. A new version of the parametric model known as the Pearsonian Type III curve was applied for projecting fertility age pattern. The Pearsonian Type III model is considered as an improvement over the Type I used in the past projections. This is because the Type III curve better portrays both the distribution of the age-specific fertility rates and the estimates of births. Since the 1993-based population projections are the first official projections to incorporate the net census undercoverage in the population base, it has been necessary to recalculate fertility rates based on the adjusted population estimates. This recalculation resulted in lowering the historical series of age-specific and total fertility rates, 1971-1993. The three sets of fertility assumptions and projections were developed with these adjusted annual fertility rates.

It is hoped that this paper will provide valuable information about the technical and analytical aspects of the current fertility projection model. Discussions on the current and future levels and age pattern of fertility in Canada, provinces and territories are also presented in the paper.

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Live births, induced abortions, and miscarriages/ stillbirths are usually examined seperately. This article comines the three outcomes to focus on pregnancy in Canada from 1974 to 1992.

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This article traves trends in cesarean section and VBAC rates in Canada and the provinces from 1979 to 1993. The data are based on individual patient admission/separation records of general and allied hospitals, that are submitted to Statistics Canada.

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Statistics Canada's 1991 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS) was used to examine the prevalence and severity of disability and the degree of dependence in the Aboriginal population. Where possible, these results are compared with data for the total Canadian household population from the 1991 Health and Activity Limitation Survey (HALS).

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In 1994, a total of 2,074 people in Canada were diagnosed with tuberculosis, a rate of 7.1 cases per 100,000 population. The same year, tuberculosis and its late effects caused 150 deaths - just over one in every 1,400 deaths.

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In 1991, the National Task Force on Health Information recommended that in order to assess the health of Canadians, the health information system should include an aggregate index of population health. This article presents such an index - Health-Ajusted Life Expectancy (HALE) - as one possibility in a range of indicators.

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This paper looks at causes, counts and rates of work-related deaths by selected demographic and job characteristics. It also touches briefly on the financial cost of such fatalities.

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According to the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey, close to 6% of Canadians aged 18 and over had experienced a major depressive episode in the previous 12 months. Univariate analysis shows that the prevalence of depression was higher among women than among men, but tended to decline at older ages for both sexes. The prevalence of depression was also related to a number of socioeconomic characteristics such as marital status, education, and household income, and to several measures of stress, psychological resources and social support. However, multivariate analysis shows that not all of these variables were significantly associated with the odds of experiencing depression. In some instances, factors that increased the risk differed for men and women. For both sexes, chronic strain, recent negative events, lack of closeness, and low self-esteem increased the odds of depression. Traumatic events in childhood or young adulthood and a low sense of mastery were associated with a higher risk of depression for women, but not men. For men, being single and having moderate self-esteem heightened the risk of depression. A substantial proportion of both men and women who had suffered depression reported using drugs. As well, a notable share of people who had been depressed sought professional health care for emotional or mental problems.

Description:

The sense of coherence a healthy outlook can be thought of as a mesure of positive health, that is, a factor promoting resilience which enables and individual to remain healthy. Based on National Population Health Survey (NPHS) data, three health measures were analyzed in relation to sense of coherence. The sense of coherence accounted for a substancial proportion of the total variance for two of the three measures. Theoretically, people with a healthy outlook are more able to cope successfully with trauma and stress. According to NPHS data, on average, those who reported at least one traumatic event had a lower sense of coherence than those who did not. For people who experienced trauma during childhood and young adulthood, yet had strong sense of coherence, the impact of that trauma on their health was diminished.

Description:

The healthy immigrant effect observed in other countries also prevails in Canada. Immigrants, especially recent immigrants, are less likely than the Canadian-born population to have chronic conditions or disabilities. The effect is most evident among those from non-European countries, who constitute the majority of recent immigrants to Canada. This article compares the health status, health care utilization, and health-related behaviour of immigrants with the Canadian-born population, and is based on self-reported data from the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey. Health status is examined in terms of chronic conditions, disability and health-related dependency. The indicators of health care utilization are hospitalization, contact with physicians and dentists, unmet needs for health services. The health- related and behaviours analysed are smoking and leisure time physical activity.

Description: This survey collects the financial and operating data needed to develop national and regional economic policies and programs.

Description: The main objective of the Survey on Maternal Health is to collect information from biological mothers about their pregnancy and postpartum experiences.

Description: The data contain detailed confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Canada, which is compiled by the Public Health Agency of Canada, with the contribution from provincial and territorial Health ministries.

Description: The purpose of this crowdsource questionnaire is to understand the impacts of COVID-19 on Canadian health care workers, with particular focus on access to personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in the workplace.

Description: The Simcoe Muskoka Opioid Overdose Cohort (SMOOC) is an expansion of a pilot project that had previously been conducted with the province of British Columbia to better understand the characteristics of people who experienced an opioid overdose. The objective of the SMOOC was to create a cohort of individuals who experienced a fatal or non-fatal overdose in the Simcoe Muskoka area between January 2018 and December 2019.

Description: The purpose of this survey is to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Canada.

Description: This survey covers topics such as the use of and access to primary health care and specialist care, care coordination, barriers to care, prescription medications, and out-of-pocket expenses. The results may be used by Health Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and provincial ministries of health to help inform the delivery of health care services and develop and improve programs and policies to better serve all Canadians.