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41. Survey Methods and Practices
Journals and periodicals: 12-587-X
Description:
This publication shows readers how to design and conduct a census or sample survey. It explains basic survey concepts and provides information on how to create efficient and high quality surveys. It is aimed at those involved in planning, conducting or managing a survey and at students of survey design courses.
This book contains the following information:
-how to plan and manage a survey;-how to formulate the survey objectives and design a questionnaire; -things to consider when determining a sample design (choosing between a sample or a census, defining the survey population, choosing a survey frame, identifying possible sources of survey error); -choosing a method of collection (self-enumeration, personal interviews or telephone interviews; computer-assisted versus paper-based questionnaires); -organizing and conducting data collection operations;-determining the sample size, allocating the sample across strata and selecting the sample; -methods of point estimation and variance estimation, and data analysis; -the use of administrative data, particularly during the design and estimation phases-how to process the data (which consists of all data handling activities between collection and estimation) and use quality control and quality assurance measures to minimize and control errors during various survey steps; and-disclosure control and data dissemination.
This publication also includes a case study that illustrates the steps in developing a household survey, using the methods and principles presented in the book. This publication was previously only available in print format and originally published in 2003.
Release date: 2010-09-27
42. Examining survey participation and response quality: The significance of topic salience and incentives Archived
Articles and reports: 12-001-X201000111252
Description:
Nonresponse bias has been a long-standing issue in survey research (Brehm 1993; Dillman, Eltinge, Groves and Little 2002), with numerous studies seeking to identify factors that affect both item and unit response. To contribute to the broader goal of minimizing survey nonresponse, this study considers several factors that can impact survey nonresponse, using a 2007 Animal Welfare Survey Conducted in Ohio, USA. In particular, the paper examines the extent to which topic salience and incentives affect survey participation and item nonresponse, drawing on the leverage-saliency theory (Groves, Singer and Corning 2000). We find that participation in a survey is affected by its subject context (as this exerts either positive or negative leverage on sampled units) and prepaid incentives, which is consistent with the leverage-saliency theory. Our expectations are also confirmed by the finding that item nonresponse, our proxy for response quality, does vary by proximity to agriculture and the environment (residential location, knowledge about how food is grown, and views about the importance of animal welfare). However, the data suggests that item nonresponse does not vary according to whether or not a respondent received incentives.
Release date: 2010-06-29
43. Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, 2006 Census Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 92-569-X
Description:
The 2006 Census Technical Report on Aboriginal Peoples deals with: (i) Aboriginal ancestry, (ii) Aboriginal identity, (iii) registered Indian status, and (iv) First Nation or Band membership. The report aims to inform users about the complexity of the data and any difficulties that could affect their use. It explains the conceptual framework and definitions used to gather the data, and it discusses factors that could affect data quality. The historical comparability of the data is also discussed.
Release date: 2010-02-09
44. Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, 2006 Census, Second Edition Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 92-569-X2006002
Description:
The 2006 Census Technical Report on Aboriginal Peoples deals with: (i) Aboriginal ancestry, (ii) Aboriginal identity, (iii) registered Indian status, and (iv) First Nation or Band membership. The report aims to inform users about the complexity of the data and any difficulties that could affect their use. It explains the conceptual framework and definitions used to gather the data, and it discusses factors that could affect data quality. The historical comparability of the data is also discussed.
The second edition includes the same content as the first, and new text has been added on data processing (Chapter 3). As well, modified content about data quality and 'on reserve' communities has been incorporated into the original sections.
Release date: 2010-02-09
45. User Guide for the Survey of Household Spending, 2008 Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 62F0026M2009002
Geography: Province or territory
Description:
This guide presents information of interest to users of data from the Survey of Household Spending, which gathers information on the spending habits, dwelling characteristics and household equipment of Canadian households. The survey covers private households in the 10 provinces. (The territories are surveyed every second year, starting in 1999.)
This guide includes definitions of survey terms and variables, as well as descriptions of survey methodology and data quality. One section describes the various statistics that can be created using expenditure data (e.g., budget share, market share, aggregates and medians).
Release date: 2009-12-18
46. Organisation of data collection methodology services in the Australian Bureau of Statistics Archived
Articles and reports: 11-522-X200800010940
Description:
Data Collection Methodology (DCM) enable the collection of good quality data by providing expert advice and assistance on questionnaire design, methods of evaluation and respondent engagement. DCM assist in the development of client skills, undertake research and lead innovation in data collection methods. This is done in a challenging environment of organisational change and limited resources. This paper will cover 'how DCM do business' with clients and the wider methodological community to achieve our goals.
Release date: 2009-12-03
47. Statistics Canada's computer-assisted personal interview monitoring program Archived
Articles and reports: 11-522-X200800010954
Description:
Over the past year, Statistics Canada has been developing and testing a new way to monitor the performance of interviewers conducting computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI). A formal process already exists for monitoring centralized telephone interviews. Monitors listen to telephone interviews as they take place to assess the interviewer's performance using pre-defined criteria and provide feedback to the interviewer on what was well done and what needs improvement. For the CAPI program, we have developed and are testing a pilot approach whereby interviews are digitally recorded and later a monitor listens to these recordings to assess the field interviewer's performance and provide feedback in order to help improve the quality of the data. In this paper, we will present an overview of the CAPI monitoring project at Statistics Canada by describing the CAPI monitoring methodology and the plans for implementation.
Release date: 2009-12-03
48. CARI: A tool for improving data quality now and the next time Archived
Articles and reports: 11-522-X200800010956
Description:
The use of Computer Audio-Recorded Interviewing (CARI) as a tool to identify interview falsification is quickly growing in survey research (Biemer, 2000, 2003; Thissen, 2007). Similarly, survey researchers are starting to expand the usefulness of CARI by combining recordings with coding to address data quality (Herget, 2001; Hansen, 2005; McGee, 2007). This paper presents results from a study included as part of the establishment-based National Center for Health Statistics' National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS) which used CARI behavior coding and CARI-specific paradata to: 1) identify and correct problematic interviewer behavior or question issues early in the data collection period before either negatively impact data quality, and; 2) identify ways to diminish measurement error in future implementations of the NHHCS. During the first 9 weeks of the 30-week field period, CARI recorded a subset of questions from the NHHCS application for all interviewers. Recordings were linked with the interview application and output and then coded in one of two modes: Code by Interviewer or Code by Question. The Code by Interviewer method provided visibility into problems specific to an interviewer as well as more generalized problems potentially applicable to all interviewers. The Code by Question method yielded data that spoke to understandability of the questions and other response problems. In this mode, coders coded multiple implementations of the same question across multiple interviewers. Using the Code by Question approach, researchers identified issues with three key survey questions in the first few weeks of data collection and provided guidance to interviewers in how to handle those questions as data collection continued. Results from coding the audio recordings (which were linked with the survey application and output) will inform question wording and interviewer training in the next implementation of the NHHCS, and guide future enhancement of CARI and the coding system.
Release date: 2009-12-03
49. Telephone data entry as the primary mode of response to short term surveys at the Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom Archived
Articles and reports: 11-522-X200800010958
Description:
Telephone Data Entry (TDE) is a system by which survey respondents can return their data to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) using the keypad on their telephone and currently accounts for approximately 12% of total responses to ONS business surveys. ONS is currently increasing the number of surveys which use TDE as the primary mode of response and this paper gives an overview of the redevelopment project covering; the redevelopment of the paper questionnaire, enhancements made to the TDE system and the results from piloting these changes. Improvements to the quality of the data received and increased response via TDE as a result of these developments suggest that data quality improvements and cost savings are possible as a result of promoting TDE as the primary mode of response to short term surveys.
Release date: 2009-12-03
50. New usage of Blaise: Biometrics inputs Archived
Articles and reports: 11-522-X200800010966
Description:
Blaise has been in development in Statistics Canada since 1997. Over the years, the complexity of applications that have been deployed using this software is constantly increasing. Last year a very interesting approach has been developed to read bio-metrics directly from medical instruments, and input them into the Blaise software. This presentation will elaborate on this new usage of the software that just opens the door to an infinity of different applications and the added data quality of performing collection in this manner.
Release date: 2009-12-03

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Analysis (94)

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1. Statistics Canada International Symposium Series: Proceedings
Journals and periodicals: 11-522-X
Description: Since 1984, an annual international symposium on methodological issues has been sponsored by Statistics Canada. Proceedings have been available since 1987.
Release date: 2025-09-08
2. Bridging BigData and sampling methodology: What is big and where is the bridge?
Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500100009
Description: BigData users and the BigData research community are expanding rapidly, while statisticians at large are seemingly becoming divided between those who are enthusiastic and those who are concerned, if not downright hostile. Is BigData also a big step ahead, truly advancing our ability to extract meaningful information and actual knowledge from data? Is BigData underplaying traditional statistical inference as we know it, supplanting survey methodology as a low-cost futuristic option? In this paper I will attempt to unravel the multifaceted relationship bridging BigData to sampling methodology. Starting by reasoning why it should be interesting to look at BigData from a sampling statistician’s perspective, I will delve deeper into the somewhat ambiguous definition of BigData and share some very personal considerations and views on the matter. In the process, several open questions will arise while discussing a personal selection of insights that are traceable through the vast body of statistical literature around BigData and sampling methodology. The discussion will take various angles explored across nine key points, and it will conclude with a forward-looking perspective on a main challenge for future research: addressing the strong assumptions needed to manage deviations from purely randomized data collection.
Release date: 2025-06-30
3. Comments by Risto Lehtonen on “Progress in survey science and practice: Yesterday-today-tomorrow”
Articles and reports: 12-001-X202500100018
Description: In his article, Professor Carl-Erik Särndal presents for sample-based statistics a new conceptual framework with only a few key assumptions. Selected aspects of the research tradition in Survey Science are briefly discussed in my comments.
Release date: 2025-06-30
4. Comments by Aditi Sen on “Exploring the assumption that commercial online nonprobability survey respondents are answering in good faith”
Articles and reports: 12-001-X202400100010
Description: This discussion summarizes the interesting new findings around measurement errors in opt-in surveys by Kennedy, Mercer and Lau (KML). While KML enlighten readers about “bogus responding” and possible patterns in them, this discussion suggests combining these new-found results with other avenues of research in nonprobability sampling, such as improvement of representativeness.
Release date: 2024-06-25
5. Improvements to the Canadian Income Survey Methodology for the 2022 Reference Year
Articles and reports: 75F0002M2024005
Description: The Canadian Income Survey (CIS) has introduced improvements to the methods and data sources used to produce income and poverty estimates with the release of its 2022 reference year estimates. Foremost among these improvements is a significant increase in the sample size for a large subset of the CIS content. The weighting methodology was also improved and the target population of the CIS was changed from persons aged 16 years and over to persons aged 15 years and over. This paper describes the changes made and presents the approximate net result of these changes on the income estimates and data quality of the CIS using 2021 data. The changes described in this paper highlight the ways in which data quality has been improved while having little impact on key CIS estimates and trends.
Release date: 2024-04-26
6. ABS DataLab output checking tools Archived
Articles and reports: 11-522-X202200100006
Description: The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is committed to improving access to more microdata, while ensuring privacy and confidentiality is maintained, through its virtual DataLab which supports researchers to undertake complex research more efficiently. Currently, the DataLab research outputs need to follow strict rules to minimise disclosure risks for clearance. However, the clerical-review process is not cost effective and has potential to introduce errors. The increasing number of statistical outputs from different projects can potentially introduce differencing risks even though these outputs from different projects have met the strict output rules. The ABS has been exploring the possibility of providing automatic output checking using the ABS cellkey methodology to ensure that all outputs across different projects are protected consistently to minimise differencing risks and reduce costs associated with output checking.
Release date: 2024-03-25
7. Mapping Production Activity in Yukon: Experimental Indexes of Grid Square-based Gross Domestic Product
Articles and reports: 11-633-X2023003
Description: This paper spans the academic work and estimation strategies used in national statistics offices. It addresses the issue of producing fine, grid-level geography estimates for Canada by exploring the measurement of subprovincial and subterritorial gross domestic product using Yukon as a test case.
Release date: 2023-12-15
8. Improvements to the Canadian Income Survey Methodology for the 2021 Reference Year
Articles and reports: 75F0002M2023005
Description: The Canadian Income Survey (CIS) has introduced improvements to the methods and systems used to produce income estimates with the release of its 2021 reference year estimates. This paper describes the changes and presents the approximate net result of these changes on income estimates using data for 2019 and 2020. The changes described in this paper highlight the ways in which data quality has been improved while producing minimal impact on key CIS estimates and trends.
Release date: 2023-08-29
9. Data Quality as Fitness for Use Archived
Stats in brief: 89-20-00062023001
Description: This course is intended for Government of Canada employees who would like to learn about evaluating the quality of data for a particular use. Whether you are a new employee interested in learning the basics, or an experienced subject matter expert looking to refresh your skills, this course is here to help.
Release date: 2023-07-17
10. Understanding Confidence Intervals for the 2021 Census
Articles and reports: 98-20-00012021003
Description:
This fact sheet provides a concise description of the context to the understanding of confidence intervals. Confidence intervals are a useful data quality indicator. Confidence intervals will usually be available in data tables accessible through the Statistics Canada website.

Release date: 2022-09-21

Reference (42)

Reference (42) (30 to 40 of 42 results)

31. User Guide for the Survey of Household Spending, 2001 Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 62F0026M2002002
Geography: Province or territory
Description:
This guide presents information of interest to users of data from the Survey of Household Spending. Data are collected via paper questionnaires and personal interviews conducted in January, February and March after the reference year. Information is gathered about the spending habits, dwelling characteristics and household equipment of Canadian households during the reference year. The survey covers private households in the 10 provinces and the 3 territories. (The territories are surveyed every second year, starting in 2001.) This guide includes definitions of survey terms and variables, as well as descriptions of survey methodology and data quality. There is also a section describing the various statistics that can be created using expenditure data (e.g., budget share, market share and aggregates).
Release date: 2002-12-11
32. Data collection methods for the 2001 Census of Agriculture Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X20010016234
Description:
This paper discusses in detail issues dealing with the technical aspects of designing and conducting surveys. It is intended for an audience of survey methodologists.
With the goal of obtaining a complete enumeration of the Canadian agricultural sector, the 2001 Census of Agriculture has been conducted using several collection methods. Challenges to the traditional drop-off and mail-back of paper questionnaires in a household-based enumeration have led to the adoption of supplemental methods using newer technologies to maintain the coverage and content of the census. Overall, this mixed-mode data collection process responds to the critical needs of the census programme at various points. This paper examines these data collection methods, several quality assessments, and the future challenges of obtaining a co-ordinated view of the methods' individual approaches to achieving data quality.
Release date: 2002-09-12
33. Nonresponse bias analyses at the National Center for Education Statistics Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X20010016269
Description:
This paper discusses in detail issues dealing with the technical aspects of designing and conducting surveys. It is intended for an audience of survey methodologists.
In surveys with low response rates, non-response bias can be a major concern. While it is not always possible to measure the actual bias due to non-response, there are different approaches that help identify potential sources of non-response bias. In the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), surveys with a response rate lower than 70% must conduct a non-response bias analysis. This paper discusses the different approaches to non-response bias analyses using examples from NCES.
Release date: 2002-09-12
34. User Guide - Survey of Household Spending, 2000 Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 62F0026M2001004
Geography: Province or territory
Description:
This guide presents information of interest to users of data from the Survey of Household Spending. Data are collected via personal interview conducted in January, February and March after the reference year using a paper questionnaire. Information is gathered about the spending habits, dwelling characteristics and household equipment of Canadian households during the reference year. The survey covers private households in the ten provinces. (The three territories are surveyed every second year starting in 2001.)
This guide includes definitions of survey terms and variables, as well as descriptions of survey methodology and data quality. There is also a section describing the various statistics that can be created using expenditure data (e.g., budget share, market share, and aggregates).
Release date: 2001-12-12
35. An Overview of the Issues Related to the Use of Personal Identifiers Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 85-602-X
Description:
The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of existing methods and techniques making use of personal identifiers to support record linkage. Record linkage can be loosely defined as a methodology for manipulating and / or transforming personal identifiers from individual data records from one or more operational databases and subsequently attempting to match these personal identifiers to create a composite record about an individual. Record linkage is not intended to uniquely identify individuals for operational purposes; however, it does provide probabilistic matches of varying degrees of reliability for use in statistical reporting. Techniques employed in record linkage may also be of use for investigative purposes to help narrow the field of search against existing databases when some form of personal identification information exists.
Release date: 2000-12-05
36. Integration of Administrative Data with Survey and Census Data Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 21-601-M1999042
Description:
This paper reconstructs the development and evolution of the Canadian agricultural statistical system. It describes the expanding and increasingly important role of administrative data, which is integrated into survey and census information in order to complement, supplement or replace survey information or to assist with frame maintenance.
Release date: 2000-01-14
37. Utilization of Document Imaging Technology by the 1996 Canadian Census of Agriculture Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 21-601-M1998034
Description:
This paper describes the experiences, the issues and the expectations of the many different players involved in the implementation of document imaging for the Canadian Census of Agriculture.
Release date: 2000-01-13
38. Qualitative Aspects of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) Test 3A Data Collection Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M1993007
Description:
This report presents a summary evaluation of the quality of the data collected during the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) field test of labour market activity data, held in January and February 1993.
Release date: 1995-12-30
39. The Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) Content Evaluation, the Authority Series: Supervision and Management Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M1993009
Description:
This paper presents an analysis of the questions in the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) relating to supervision and management. It uses data collected in January 1993.
Release date: 1995-12-30
40. Qualitative Aspects of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) Test 3B Data Collection Archived
Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 75F0002M1993011
Description:
This report presents a summary evaluation of the quality of the data collected during the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) field test of income and wealth, held in April and May 1993.
Release date: 1995-12-30

Date modified:: 2026-08-14