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- Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100900001Description:
This paper highlights the main findings of the Immigrant Entrepreneurs research program initiated by the Research and Evaluation Branch of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and Statistics Canada.
Release date: 2021-09-22 - Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100900003Description:
Entrepreneurship and businesses ownership are important aspects of the economic contribution of immigrants. Much is known regarding the high self-employment rates and other characteristics of immigrant entrepreneurs. However, very little is known about the based wage disparity, including gender-related biases in career advancement. Using new content developed in the 2016 General Social Survey (GSS Cycle 30): Canadians at Work and Home, this study investigates the possible existence and magnitude of gender-related biases in career advancement that may prevent women from advancing in their careers.
Release date: 2021-09-22 - 3. Immigrant Entrepreneurs as Job Creators: The Case of Canadian Private Incorporated Companies ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M2019011Description:
Using data from Statistics Canada’s Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD), this paper has three objectives: (1) determining how the number of jobs created or destroyed by immigrant-owned private incorporated companies compared with that of firms with Canadian-born owners, (2) determining whether immigrant-owned firms were more likely than firms with Canadian-born owners to be high growth firms or rapidly shrinking firms, and (3) determining which immigrant characteristics were associated with a higher likelihood of immigrant-owned firms being high growth firms or rapidly shrinking firms.
This paper addresses gross job creation (jobs created by expanding continuing firms and entering firms), gross job destruction (jobs terminated by contracting continuing firms and exiting firms), and net job change (the difference between gross job creation and gross job destruction).
Release date: 2019-04-24 - 4. The Exit and Survival Patterns of Immigrant Entrepreneurs: The Case of Private Incorporated Companies ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M2018401Description:
It is well established that, in most Western countries, rates of small-business ownership tend to be higher among immigrants than among the native-born. In Canada, the overall shares of taxfilers who owned a private incorporated business in 2010 were similar for immigrants (4.6%) and the Canadian-born (4.8%). However, the rate of business ownership was substantially higher (5.8%) among immigrants who had been in Canada for 10 to 30 years. Much less is known about exit and survival patterns of immigrant-owned businesses as there is only a small body of international literature on this topic and little Canadian evidence. This paper addresses this gap by answering two questions. First, do exit and survival patterns (durations) of firm ownership differ between immigrants and individuals born in Canada? Second, what characteristics are associated with lower (or higher) exit rates from business ownership and longer ownership spells among immigrants? The analysis is limited to ownership of private incorporated firms.
Release date: 2018-01-19 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2016057Description:
This Economic Insights article addresses the extent to which immigrants contribute to economic growth. For the first time, the business ownership and job-creation activities of immigrants are addressed. A longer, more detailed study is also available.
Release date: 2016-03-21 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2016375Description:
This paper provides, for the first time, an overview of immigrant business ownership and the associated job creation in Canada. This research is possible because a new dataset has been created in which the immigration status of business owners can be determined. The analysis focuses on two types of businesses: private incorporated businesses and the unincorporated self-employed. Results are presented for immigrants who have entered Canada since 1980 and who were in the country in 2010, hereafter simply referred to as immigrants in Canada. In addition, two entering cohorts of immigrants are tracked to determine the business ownership trajectory during the first 5 to 10 years in Canada.
Release date: 2016-03-21 - 7. Biotechnology spinoffs: Transferring knowledge from universities and government labs to the marketplace ArchivedArticles and reports: 88-003-X200800110581Geography: CanadaDescription:
When an existing firm decides not to commercially develop a discovery, enterprising entrepreneurs may establish a spinoff organization to pursue the venture. Of the 532 biotechnology firms in Canada in 2005, 179 reported that they were spinoffs from another organization.
Release date: 2008-05-22 - Articles and reports: 88F0006X2007007Description:
Results from the Survey of Innovation 2003 raised some interesting questions. First, an unexpected one-third of establishments in R&D services were not innovative. According to the guidelines of the Oslo Manual, innovative establishments are those that introduced a new or significantly improved product or process on to the market or into production, within a specified interval. Second, many of these non-innovative establishments indicated that satisfying existing customers was irrelevant to their firms success. This was very different response from all other types of firms.
This working paper provides a potential explanation of these unexpected results, as well as an overview of available information on establishments in R&D services (NAICS 5417) in the context of professional services generally. The paper assembles descriptive data to show that non-innovative establishments in R&D services differ significantly from other non-innovative establishments and, while not innovative, they are nevertheless highly inventive. It presents some evidence to suggest that they are venture firms (firms relying on infusions of investment capital rather than revenues from sales to sustain their operations) and proposes a specific set of indicators that would facilitate resolution of the nature of firms in this industry group.
Release date: 2007-12-20 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2005036Geography: CanadaDescription:
Burkart and Ellingsen (2004) develop a model of trade credit and bank credit rationing which predicts that trade credit will be used by medium-wealth and low-wealth firms to help ease bank credit rationing. This paper tests this and other predictions of the Burkart and Ellingsen model using a large sample of more than 28,000 Canadian firms. The author uses an endogenous method to divide the firms into the appropriate wealth categories rather than arbitrarily selecting firms likely to be credit-rationed. The data support the main predictions of the model quite well. The author finds that medium-wealth firms substitute trade credit for bank credit consistent with using it to alleviate bank credit rationing. The low-wealth firms use trade credit but it is positively linked to bank credit, suggesting those firms are constrained in both bank credit and trade credit markets, and so cannot use trade credit to adjust as much to negative shocks. The findings also suggest that there are very few unconstrained, high-wealth Canadian firms. The author also finds low-wealth, declining and distressed firms supply proportionally more trade credit than firms with healthier balance sheets.
Release date: 2005-11-04 - 10. Self-employment activity of rural Canadians ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X20040047777Geography: CanadaDescription:
Self-employment is more common in rural than urban Canada. In 2001, about one in four workers in rural areas, villages and small towns earned at least some of their income from self-employment, compared with only one in six in Canada as a whole. Of course, farming is a key element explaining high self-employment rates in rural and small town Canada. But although farm self-employment remains a key source of income and employment for many, its importance has declined and self-employment activity on the non-farm side has been increasing rapidly.
The forces driving self-employment in smaller labour markets may be complex, but there is no doubt that entrepreneurship is thriving in rural Canada, despite the waning importance of farm self-employment. This article uses data from the Census of Population to describe non-farm self-employment among workers aged 20 to 64 living in Canada's rural areas and small towns.
Release date: 2005-03-08
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Analysis (23)
Analysis (23) (0 to 10 of 23 results)
- Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100900001Description:
This paper highlights the main findings of the Immigrant Entrepreneurs research program initiated by the Research and Evaluation Branch of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and Statistics Canada.
Release date: 2021-09-22 - Articles and reports: 36-28-0001202100900003Description:
Entrepreneurship and businesses ownership are important aspects of the economic contribution of immigrants. Much is known regarding the high self-employment rates and other characteristics of immigrant entrepreneurs. However, very little is known about the based wage disparity, including gender-related biases in career advancement. Using new content developed in the 2016 General Social Survey (GSS Cycle 30): Canadians at Work and Home, this study investigates the possible existence and magnitude of gender-related biases in career advancement that may prevent women from advancing in their careers.
Release date: 2021-09-22 - 3. Immigrant Entrepreneurs as Job Creators: The Case of Canadian Private Incorporated Companies ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M2019011Description:
Using data from Statistics Canada’s Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD), this paper has three objectives: (1) determining how the number of jobs created or destroyed by immigrant-owned private incorporated companies compared with that of firms with Canadian-born owners, (2) determining whether immigrant-owned firms were more likely than firms with Canadian-born owners to be high growth firms or rapidly shrinking firms, and (3) determining which immigrant characteristics were associated with a higher likelihood of immigrant-owned firms being high growth firms or rapidly shrinking firms.
This paper addresses gross job creation (jobs created by expanding continuing firms and entering firms), gross job destruction (jobs terminated by contracting continuing firms and exiting firms), and net job change (the difference between gross job creation and gross job destruction).
Release date: 2019-04-24 - 4. The Exit and Survival Patterns of Immigrant Entrepreneurs: The Case of Private Incorporated Companies ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0019M2018401Description:
It is well established that, in most Western countries, rates of small-business ownership tend to be higher among immigrants than among the native-born. In Canada, the overall shares of taxfilers who owned a private incorporated business in 2010 were similar for immigrants (4.6%) and the Canadian-born (4.8%). However, the rate of business ownership was substantially higher (5.8%) among immigrants who had been in Canada for 10 to 30 years. Much less is known about exit and survival patterns of immigrant-owned businesses as there is only a small body of international literature on this topic and little Canadian evidence. This paper addresses this gap by answering two questions. First, do exit and survival patterns (durations) of firm ownership differ between immigrants and individuals born in Canada? Second, what characteristics are associated with lower (or higher) exit rates from business ownership and longer ownership spells among immigrants? The analysis is limited to ownership of private incorporated firms.
Release date: 2018-01-19 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2016057Description:
This Economic Insights article addresses the extent to which immigrants contribute to economic growth. For the first time, the business ownership and job-creation activities of immigrants are addressed. A longer, more detailed study is also available.
Release date: 2016-03-21 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2016375Description:
This paper provides, for the first time, an overview of immigrant business ownership and the associated job creation in Canada. This research is possible because a new dataset has been created in which the immigration status of business owners can be determined. The analysis focuses on two types of businesses: private incorporated businesses and the unincorporated self-employed. Results are presented for immigrants who have entered Canada since 1980 and who were in the country in 2010, hereafter simply referred to as immigrants in Canada. In addition, two entering cohorts of immigrants are tracked to determine the business ownership trajectory during the first 5 to 10 years in Canada.
Release date: 2016-03-21 - 7. Biotechnology spinoffs: Transferring knowledge from universities and government labs to the marketplace ArchivedArticles and reports: 88-003-X200800110581Geography: CanadaDescription:
When an existing firm decides not to commercially develop a discovery, enterprising entrepreneurs may establish a spinoff organization to pursue the venture. Of the 532 biotechnology firms in Canada in 2005, 179 reported that they were spinoffs from another organization.
Release date: 2008-05-22 - Articles and reports: 88F0006X2007007Description:
Results from the Survey of Innovation 2003 raised some interesting questions. First, an unexpected one-third of establishments in R&D services were not innovative. According to the guidelines of the Oslo Manual, innovative establishments are those that introduced a new or significantly improved product or process on to the market or into production, within a specified interval. Second, many of these non-innovative establishments indicated that satisfying existing customers was irrelevant to their firms success. This was very different response from all other types of firms.
This working paper provides a potential explanation of these unexpected results, as well as an overview of available information on establishments in R&D services (NAICS 5417) in the context of professional services generally. The paper assembles descriptive data to show that non-innovative establishments in R&D services differ significantly from other non-innovative establishments and, while not innovative, they are nevertheless highly inventive. It presents some evidence to suggest that they are venture firms (firms relying on infusions of investment capital rather than revenues from sales to sustain their operations) and proposes a specific set of indicators that would facilitate resolution of the nature of firms in this industry group.
Release date: 2007-12-20 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2005036Geography: CanadaDescription:
Burkart and Ellingsen (2004) develop a model of trade credit and bank credit rationing which predicts that trade credit will be used by medium-wealth and low-wealth firms to help ease bank credit rationing. This paper tests this and other predictions of the Burkart and Ellingsen model using a large sample of more than 28,000 Canadian firms. The author uses an endogenous method to divide the firms into the appropriate wealth categories rather than arbitrarily selecting firms likely to be credit-rationed. The data support the main predictions of the model quite well. The author finds that medium-wealth firms substitute trade credit for bank credit consistent with using it to alleviate bank credit rationing. The low-wealth firms use trade credit but it is positively linked to bank credit, suggesting those firms are constrained in both bank credit and trade credit markets, and so cannot use trade credit to adjust as much to negative shocks. The findings also suggest that there are very few unconstrained, high-wealth Canadian firms. The author also finds low-wealth, declining and distressed firms supply proportionally more trade credit than firms with healthier balance sheets.
Release date: 2005-11-04 - 10. Self-employment activity of rural Canadians ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-008-X20040047777Geography: CanadaDescription:
Self-employment is more common in rural than urban Canada. In 2001, about one in four workers in rural areas, villages and small towns earned at least some of their income from self-employment, compared with only one in six in Canada as a whole. Of course, farming is a key element explaining high self-employment rates in rural and small town Canada. But although farm self-employment remains a key source of income and employment for many, its importance has declined and self-employment activity on the non-farm side has been increasing rapidly.
The forces driving self-employment in smaller labour markets may be complex, but there is no doubt that entrepreneurship is thriving in rural Canada, despite the waning importance of farm self-employment. This article uses data from the Census of Population to describe non-farm self-employment among workers aged 20 to 64 living in Canada's rural areas and small towns.
Release date: 2005-03-08
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