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Description:

The Market Basket Measure includes a dimension that defines a family's disposable income. This discussion paper describes considerations for updating the disposable income component and changes to the methodology used for its determination.

Description: The manner in which Canadians conduct their daily activities can have a profound impact on their surroundings thereby compelling them to adapt their practices to be less harmful to the environment. This is even more of a reality for Canadian businesses as their operations are significant contributors to the amount of pollution and environmental pressures generated each year in Canada. For this reason, it is important to monitor the amount and the type of environmental protection that Canadian industry has undertaken over the years. The article highlights expenditures made by Canadian industry to protect the environment from industrial activities between 2006 and 2016. The main data source for this paper is the Environmental Protection Expenditures Survey (EPES), which is conducted every two years. Several graphs and a summary of findings are included.

Description:

In Canada, estimating the life expectancy of Indigenous populations is methodologically challenging since death registrations do not usually collect information on whether the deceased was Indigenous. For the first time in Canada, a series of census-mortality linked datasets has been created that can be used to estimate trends in life expectancies among Indigenous household populations enumerated by a census. The objectives of this article are to 1) estimate life expectancy for First Nations people, Métis and Inuit at various ages and by sex for 2011, and compare it with that of the non-Indigenous population 2) examine trends in longevity since 1996 for First Nations people, Métis and Inuit and the non-Indigenous population, and estimate whether the disparity between Indigenous populations and the non-Indigenous population has changed over time. In doing so, this study aims to fill an important information gap by providing a national picture of the life expectancy of First Nations people, Métis and Inuit.

Description:

The routine measurement of population health status indicators like mortality is important to assess progress in the reduction of inequalities. Previous studies of mortality inequalities have relied on area-based measures of socioeconomic indicators. A new series of census-mortality linked datasets has been created in Canada to quantify mortality inequalities based on individual-level data and examine whether these inequalities have changed over time. This study used the 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs) with five years of mortality follow-up. It estimated age-standardized mortality rates by sex according to income quintile and highest level of educational attainment categories for the household population aged 25 or older.

Description:

This article provides a description of the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs), a population-based linked datasets of the household population at the time of census collection. The CanCHEC datasets are rich national data resources that can be used to measure and examine health inequalities across socioeconomic and ethnocultural dimensions for different periods and locations. These datasets can also be used to examine the effects of exposure to environmental factors on human health.

Description:

Standard linearization estimators of the variance of the general regression estimator are often too small, leading to confidence intervals that do not cover at the desired rate. Hat matrix adjustments can be used in two-stage sampling that help remedy this problem. We present theory for several new variance estimators and compare them to standard estimators in a series of simulations. The proposed estimators correct negative biases and improve confidence interval coverage rates in a variety of situations that mirror ones that are met in practice.

Description:

Paradata is often collected during the survey process to monitor the quality of the survey response. One such paradata is a respondent behavior, which can be used to construct response models. The propensity score weight using the respondent behavior information can be applied to the final analysis to reduce the nonresponse bias. However, including the surrogate variable in the propensity score weighting does not always guarantee the efficiency gain. We show that the surrogate variable is useful only when it is correlated with the study variable. Results from a limited simulation study confirm the finding. A real data application using the Korean Workplace Panel Survey data is also presented.

Description:

The widely used formulas for the variance of the ratio estimator may lead to serious underestimates when the sample size is small; see Sukhatme (1954), Koop (1968), Rao (1969), and Cochran (1977, pages 163-164). In order to solve this classical problem, we propose in this paper new estimators for the variance and the mean square error of the ratio estimator that do not suffer from such a large negative bias. Similar estimation formulas can be derived for alternative ratio estimators as discussed in Tin (1965). We compare three mean square error estimators for the ratio estimator in a simulation study.

Description:

Social or economic studies often need to have a global view of society. For example, in agricultural studies, the characteristics of farms can be linked to the social activities of individuals. Hence, studies of a given phenomenon should be done by considering variables of interest referring to different target populations that are related to each other. In order to get an insight into an underlying phenomenon, the observations must be carried out in an integrated way, in which the units of a given population have to be observed jointly with related units of the other population. In the agricultural example, this means that a sample of rural households should be selected that have some relationship with the farm sample to be used for the study. There are several ways to select integrated samples. This paper studies the problem of defining an optimal sampling strategy for this situation: the solution proposed minimizes the sampling cost, ensuring a predefined estimation precision for the variables of interest (of either one or both populations) describing the phenomenon. Indirect sampling provides a natural framework for this setting since the units belonging to a population can become carriers of information on another population that is the object of a given survey. The problem is studied for different contexts which characterize the information concerning the links available in the sampling design phase, ranging from situations in which the links among the different units are known in the design phase to a situation in which the available information on links is very poor. An empirical study of agricultural data for a developing country is presented. It shows how controlling the inclusion probabilities at the design phase using the available information (namely the links) is effective, can significantly reduce the errors of the estimates for the indirectly observed population. The need for good models for predicting the unknown variables or the links is also demonstrated.

Description:

Monthly estimates of provincial unemployment based on the Dutch Labour Force Survey (LFS) are obtained using time series models. The models account for rotation group bias and serial correlation due to the rotating panel design of the LFS. This paper compares two approaches of estimating structural time series models (STM). In the first approach STMs are expressed as state space models, fitted using a Kalman filter and smoother in a frequentist framework. As an alternative, these STMs are expressed as time series multilevel models in an hierarchical Bayesian framework, and estimated using a Gibbs sampler. Monthly unemployment estimates and standard errors based on these models are compared for the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. Pros and cons of the multilevel approach and state space approach are discussed. Multivariate STMs are appropriate to borrow strength over time and space. Modeling the full correlation matrix between time series components rapidly increases the numbers of hyperparameters to be estimated. Modeling common factors is one possibility to obtain more parsimonious models that still account for cross-sectional correlation. In this paper an even more parsimonious approach is proposed, where domains share one overall trend, and have their own independent trends for the domain-specific deviations from this overall trend. The time series modeling approach is particularly appropriate to estimate month-to-month change of unemployment.

Description:

This data visualization tool highlights disability rates by age and sex for provinces and territories based on data from the 2017 Canadian Survey on Disability. The survey provides data on the demographic, employment, and income characteristics of Canadians with disabilities aged 15 years and over.

Description:

This web application provides access to data from the 2018 Canadian Internet Use Survey. This dynamic application allows users to obtain data on the use of Internet services and technologies by Canadians in 2018. The data is supplemented by household characteristics such as age, gender, household income quartile, highest level of education completed and some geographical detail (e.g. province). Among the indicators used in this interactive application to describe the use of Internet-related services and technologies are Internet use and intensity of use, percentage of online shoppers and their average expenditure by type of good and services purchased and percentage of Internet users who have taken measures to protect themselves from Internet security and privacy related incidents.

Description:

This interactive tool allows for custom manipulation and visualization of data sourced from the Statistic Canada Survey of Uniform Financial Systems - School Boards (SUFSB). By clicking within the tool you will be able to filter, highlight and select various provincial/territorial aggregations of public elementary and secondary school board/district revenue and expenditure data. The revenues are categorized by source and geography; expenditures are categorized by function, economic classification and geography.

Description:

This web application provides access to transportation data for Canada, provinces and territories. The maps, charts and tables draw from a variety of data sources to provide information on Canada's transportation system. The interactive dashboard allow users to visualize statistics on a number of transportation-related topics covering road, rail and air transportation.

Description:

This product gathers information from various statistical programs and illustrates the nature and the extent of Canada's economic and financial relationship with the United States using interactive graphics and tables. The statistical information is presented according to four main topics: trade, investment, employment and travel. Key indicators are available for each of the topics, including merchandise trade by Canadian provinces and US states. Users can link to more detailed data as well as information regarding definitions, concepts and methods.

Description:

This product gathers information from various statistical programs and illustrates the nature and the extent of Canada's economic and financial relationship with the United Kingdom using interactive graphics and tables. The statistical information is presented according to four main topics: trade, investment, employment and travel. Key indicators are available for each of the topics. Users can link to more detailed data as well as information regarding definitions, concepts and methods.

Description:

This product gathers information from various statistical programs and illustrates the nature and the extent of Canada's economic and financial relationship with Japan using interactive graphics and tables. The statistical information is presented according to four main topics: trade, investment, employment and travel. Key indicators are available for each of the topics. Users can link to more detailed data as well as information regarding definitions, concepts and methods.

Description:

This product gathers information from various statistical programs and illustrates the nature and the extent of Canada's economic and financial relationship with Mexico using interactive graphics and tables. The statistical information is presented according to four main topics: trade, investment, employment and travel. Key indicators are available for each of the topics. Users can link to more detailed data as well as information regarding definitions, concepts and methods.

Description:

This product gathers information from various statistical programs and illustrates the nature and the extent of Canada's economic and financial relationship with China using interactive graphics and tables. The statistical information is presented according to four main topics: trade, investment, employment and travel. Key indicators are available for each of the topics. Users can link to more detailed data as well as information regarding definitions, concepts and methods.

Description:

This product gathers information from various statistical programs and illustrates the nature and the extent of Canada's economic and financial relationship with France using interactive graphics and tables. The statistical information is presented according to four main topics: trade, investment, employment and travel. Key indicators are available for each of the topics. Users can link to more detailed data as well as information regarding definitions, concepts and methods.

Description:

The Market Basket Measure includes a dimension that defines a family's disposable income. This discussion paper describes considerations for updating the disposable income component and changes to the methodology used for its determination.

Description: The manner in which Canadians conduct their daily activities can have a profound impact on their surroundings thereby compelling them to adapt their practices to be less harmful to the environment. This is even more of a reality for Canadian businesses as their operations are significant contributors to the amount of pollution and environmental pressures generated each year in Canada. For this reason, it is important to monitor the amount and the type of environmental protection that Canadian industry has undertaken over the years. The article highlights expenditures made by Canadian industry to protect the environment from industrial activities between 2006 and 2016. The main data source for this paper is the Environmental Protection Expenditures Survey (EPES), which is conducted every two years. Several graphs and a summary of findings are included.

Description:

In Canada, estimating the life expectancy of Indigenous populations is methodologically challenging since death registrations do not usually collect information on whether the deceased was Indigenous. For the first time in Canada, a series of census-mortality linked datasets has been created that can be used to estimate trends in life expectancies among Indigenous household populations enumerated by a census. The objectives of this article are to 1) estimate life expectancy for First Nations people, Métis and Inuit at various ages and by sex for 2011, and compare it with that of the non-Indigenous population 2) examine trends in longevity since 1996 for First Nations people, Métis and Inuit and the non-Indigenous population, and estimate whether the disparity between Indigenous populations and the non-Indigenous population has changed over time. In doing so, this study aims to fill an important information gap by providing a national picture of the life expectancy of First Nations people, Métis and Inuit.

Description:

The routine measurement of population health status indicators like mortality is important to assess progress in the reduction of inequalities. Previous studies of mortality inequalities have relied on area-based measures of socioeconomic indicators. A new series of census-mortality linked datasets has been created in Canada to quantify mortality inequalities based on individual-level data and examine whether these inequalities have changed over time. This study used the 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs) with five years of mortality follow-up. It estimated age-standardized mortality rates by sex according to income quintile and highest level of educational attainment categories for the household population aged 25 or older.

Description:

This article provides a description of the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs), a population-based linked datasets of the household population at the time of census collection. The CanCHEC datasets are rich national data resources that can be used to measure and examine health inequalities across socioeconomic and ethnocultural dimensions for different periods and locations. These datasets can also be used to examine the effects of exposure to environmental factors on human health.

Description:

Standard linearization estimators of the variance of the general regression estimator are often too small, leading to confidence intervals that do not cover at the desired rate. Hat matrix adjustments can be used in two-stage sampling that help remedy this problem. We present theory for several new variance estimators and compare them to standard estimators in a series of simulations. The proposed estimators correct negative biases and improve confidence interval coverage rates in a variety of situations that mirror ones that are met in practice.

Description:

Paradata is often collected during the survey process to monitor the quality of the survey response. One such paradata is a respondent behavior, which can be used to construct response models. The propensity score weight using the respondent behavior information can be applied to the final analysis to reduce the nonresponse bias. However, including the surrogate variable in the propensity score weighting does not always guarantee the efficiency gain. We show that the surrogate variable is useful only when it is correlated with the study variable. Results from a limited simulation study confirm the finding. A real data application using the Korean Workplace Panel Survey data is also presented.

Description:

The widely used formulas for the variance of the ratio estimator may lead to serious underestimates when the sample size is small; see Sukhatme (1954), Koop (1968), Rao (1969), and Cochran (1977, pages 163-164). In order to solve this classical problem, we propose in this paper new estimators for the variance and the mean square error of the ratio estimator that do not suffer from such a large negative bias. Similar estimation formulas can be derived for alternative ratio estimators as discussed in Tin (1965). We compare three mean square error estimators for the ratio estimator in a simulation study.

Description:

Social or economic studies often need to have a global view of society. For example, in agricultural studies, the characteristics of farms can be linked to the social activities of individuals. Hence, studies of a given phenomenon should be done by considering variables of interest referring to different target populations that are related to each other. In order to get an insight into an underlying phenomenon, the observations must be carried out in an integrated way, in which the units of a given population have to be observed jointly with related units of the other population. In the agricultural example, this means that a sample of rural households should be selected that have some relationship with the farm sample to be used for the study. There are several ways to select integrated samples. This paper studies the problem of defining an optimal sampling strategy for this situation: the solution proposed minimizes the sampling cost, ensuring a predefined estimation precision for the variables of interest (of either one or both populations) describing the phenomenon. Indirect sampling provides a natural framework for this setting since the units belonging to a population can become carriers of information on another population that is the object of a given survey. The problem is studied for different contexts which characterize the information concerning the links available in the sampling design phase, ranging from situations in which the links among the different units are known in the design phase to a situation in which the available information on links is very poor. An empirical study of agricultural data for a developing country is presented. It shows how controlling the inclusion probabilities at the design phase using the available information (namely the links) is effective, can significantly reduce the errors of the estimates for the indirectly observed population. The need for good models for predicting the unknown variables or the links is also demonstrated.

Description:

Monthly estimates of provincial unemployment based on the Dutch Labour Force Survey (LFS) are obtained using time series models. The models account for rotation group bias and serial correlation due to the rotating panel design of the LFS. This paper compares two approaches of estimating structural time series models (STM). In the first approach STMs are expressed as state space models, fitted using a Kalman filter and smoother in a frequentist framework. As an alternative, these STMs are expressed as time series multilevel models in an hierarchical Bayesian framework, and estimated using a Gibbs sampler. Monthly unemployment estimates and standard errors based on these models are compared for the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. Pros and cons of the multilevel approach and state space approach are discussed. Multivariate STMs are appropriate to borrow strength over time and space. Modeling the full correlation matrix between time series components rapidly increases the numbers of hyperparameters to be estimated. Modeling common factors is one possibility to obtain more parsimonious models that still account for cross-sectional correlation. In this paper an even more parsimonious approach is proposed, where domains share one overall trend, and have their own independent trends for the domain-specific deviations from this overall trend. The time series modeling approach is particularly appropriate to estimate month-to-month change of unemployment.

Description:

This document brings together guidelines and checklists on many issues that need to be considered in the pursuit of quality objectives in the execution of statistical activities. Its focus is on how to assure quality through effective and appropriate design or redesign of a statistical project or program from inception through to data evaluation, dissemination and documentation. These guidelines draw on the collective knowledge and experience of many Statistics Canada employees. It is expected that Quality Guidelines will be useful to staff engaged in the planning and design of surveys and other statistical projects, as well as to those who evaluate and analyze the outputs of these projects.

Description:

This document describes the structure of the Dissemination Geography Unique Identifier (DGUID) used within Statistics Canada to facilitate the linkage of every geographic area maintained by Statistics Canada with data tables that use geographic names in the Common Output Database Repository (CODR).

Description:

This topic presents data on the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and their demographic characteristics. Depending on the application, estimates using any of the following concepts may be appropriate for the Aboriginal population: (1) Aboriginal identity, (2) Aboriginal ancestry, (3) Registered or Treaty Indian status and (4) Membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Data from the 2011 National Household Survey are available for the geographical locations where these populations reside, including 'on reserve' census subdivisions and Inuit communities of Inuit Nunangat as well as other geographic areas such as the national (Canada), provincial and territorial levels.

Analytical products

The analytical document provides analysis on the key findings and trends in the data, and is complimented with the short articles found in NHS in Brief and the NHS Focus on Geography Series.

Data products

The NHS Profile is one data product that provides a statistical overview of user selected geographic areas based on several detailed variables and/or groups of variables. Other data products include data tables which represent a series of cross tabulations ranging in complexity and are available for various levels of geography.

Description: To stay relevant, preparing for a new Census of Agriculture requires a thorough evaluation of data requirements. Before each census, Statistics Canada conducts consultations to solicit input and feedback on the Census of Agriculture's content. This report describes those consultations and the process that was followed to test and determine which topics could be potentially retained for the next census.

Description:

From September 2018 through April 2019, Statistics Canada conducted a broad consultation on the Market Basket Measure (MBM). This paper will describe the consultations that took place, give highlights of what Statistics Canada heard, and describe next steps.

Description:

This article describes the upcoming revisions (November 2019) in the Canadian Macroeconomic Accounts resulting from the inclusion of illegal cannabis production, consumption and distribution as well as statistical revisions of the international travel services. The paper highlights the impact of these revisions on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the balance of international payments (BOP).

Description:

In 2018, Statistics Canada released two new data tables with estimates of effective tax and transfer rates for individual tax filers and census families. These estimates are derived from the Longitudinal Administrative Databank. This publication provides a detailed description of the methods used to derive the estimates of effective tax and transfer rates.

Description: From September 2017 to February 2018 Statistics Canada undertook a series of discussions across the country. The purpose of these discussions was to obtain feedback on the questions that are used on the census and on other Statistics Canada surveys to identify First Nations people, Métis and Inuit. This report will summarize the feedback received in during these discussions.

Description:

The input-output (IO) models are generally used to simulate the economic impacts of an expenditure on a given basket of goods and services or the output of one or several industries. The simulation results from a "shock" to an IO model will show the direct, indirect and induced impacts on GDP, which industries benefit the most, the number of jobs created, estimates of indirect taxes and subsidies generated, etc. For more details, ask us for the Guide to using the input-output simulation model, available free of charge upon request.

At various times, clients have requested the use of IO price, energy, tax and market models. Given their availability, arrangements can be made to use these models on request.

The national IO model was not released in 2015 or 2016.

Description:

The input-output (IO) models are generally used to simulate the economic impacts of an expenditure on a given basket of goods and services or the output of one or several industries. The simulation results from a "shock" to an IO model will show the direct, indirect and induced impacts on GDP, which industries benefit the most, the number of jobs created, estimates of indirect taxes and subsidies generated, etc. For more details, ask us for the Guide to using the input-output simulation model, available free of charge upon request.

At various times, clients have requested the use of IO price, energy, tax and market models. Given their availability, arrangements can be made to use these models on request.

The interprovincial IO model was not released in 2015 or 2016.