Police resources in Canada, 2013

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By Hope Hutchins

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• Introduction
• Continued decline in rate of police strength
• Trend in rate of police strength has not always followed the crime rate
• Manitoba had highest rate of police strength among provinces for second year
• Several provinces and territories with higher rates of police strength had higher Crime Severity Index and Violent Crime Severity Index values
• Thunder Bay and Winnipeg were CMAs with highest rates of police strength
• Long-term decrease in police officer to civilian ratio
• Clerical support largest group of civilians employed by police services
• Most police officer hires are recruit graduates
• Most departures were due to retirement
• Women in police services more likely to occupy civilian positions
• Growth in number of female officers continues
• Relative to similar countries, Canada has a notable proportion of female police officers
• More women in the higher ranks of policing
• Aboriginal persons and visible minorities
• Expenditures reached $13.5 billion in 2012
• Summary
• Survey descriptions
• Detailed data tables
• References
• Notes

Text begins

Introduction

In a period of fiscal pressures coupled with growing policing responsibilities, discussions regarding the economics of policing are taking place. Contributing to these discussions are police services, the public sector, academics, the private sector, as well as the general public. The discussions seek to identify the nature of and reasons for police expenditures, as well as ways to reduce costs while continuing to meet police responsibilities regarding public safety (Public Safety Canada 2013).

Using data from the Police Administration Survey (see the “Survey descriptions” section for details), this Juristat article will focus on the most recent findings regarding the rate of police strength and police expenditures. The Police Administration Survey captures police-reported data on the number of police officers in Canada by rank and sex, as well as civilian employees, based on a snapshot date (which is May 15, 2013 for the most recent data). Data on hiring, departures, and eligibility to retire in this report are based on either the 2012 calendar year or the 2012/2013 fiscal year, depending on the police service.

Information from this survey is provided for Canada, the provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas (CMAs). In addition, this article provides information on workplace mobility within police services, including the hiring of and departures by police, and eligibility to retire. Finally, it summarizes data on the characteristics of police officers, including gender, age group, and Aboriginal and visible minority status¹. To provide a more complete picture of the state of policing in Canada, the following contextual information are included: policing responsibilities and strategies within the economics of policing discussions; international data on police personnel and gender from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC); and wage information from Statistics Canada’s Labour Force Survey (LFS).

Continued decline in rate of police strength

There were 69,272 police officers in Canada on May 15, 2013, 233 fewer officers than in 2012. This represented a rate of police strength of 197 police officers per 100,000 population, a decrease of -1.5% from the previous year. This was the third annual consecutive decrease (Table 1).

Trend in rate of police strength has not always followed the crime rate

Long-term trends in the rate of police strength and the crime rate² show that the two trends do not necessarily follow one another (Chart 1). Between the 1960s and the mid-1970s, both the rate of police strength and the crime rate increased. However, since the mid-1970s, the rate of police strength in Canada has remained relatively stable in comparison to the crime rate, which peaked in 1991 and then began falling. In 2012, the latest year for which data are available, the police-reported crime rate decreased by 3% from the previous year, marking the lowest rate since 1972 (Perreault 2013). Further research is required to determine if there is a relationship between the rate of police strength and the crime rate.

Description for chart 1

Manitoba had highest rate of police strength among provinces for second year

The rate of police strength across the provinces in 2013 ranged from 160 police officers per 100,000 population in Prince Edward Island to 213 in Manitoba (Chart 2). This was the second year in a row that Manitoba had the highest rate of police strength among the provinces. Once again, Prince Edward Island had the lowest rate. Rates of police strength were much higher in the territories, with both the Yukon and Nunavut having a rate of 360 officers per 100,000 population and Northwest Territories having the highest rate of 441.

Description for chart 2

In comparison to the previous year, the rate of police strength declined in all provinces and territories, with the exception of Yukon and Nunavut³ (Table 2). More specifically, provinces had decreases ranging from less than -1% to less than -2%, with the exception of Prince Edward Island (-6.1%). The Northwest Territories reported a larger decrease (-3.3%) than most provinces.

Compared to 2003, rates of police strength were higher in most of the provinces and territories. These increases ranged from less than 1% in Prince Edward Island to 17.5% in Newfoundland and Labrador. In contrast, Nunavut (-12.9%) and the Yukon (-10.2%) had decreases.

Several provinces and territories with higher rates of police strength had higher Crime Severity Index and Violent Crime Severity Index values

Several of the provinces and territories with higher rates of police strength also had higher Crime Severity Index (CSI)⁴ and Violent CSI⁵ values (Table 3). More specifically, Manitoba, the province with the highest rate of police strength in 2013, had the second highest CSI and highest Violent CSI among the provinces. Saskatchewan, the province with the second highest rate of police strength in 2013, had the highest CSI and second highest Violent CSI among the provinces. In addition, the territories, which had the highest rates of police strength overall, also had the highest CSI and Violent CSI values.

Thunder Bay and Winnipeg were CMAs with highest rates of police strength

When comparing the rate of police strength and police-reported crime statistics from one CMA or police service to another, it should be noted that several factors may contribute to differences.⁶ These include differences in police services’ priorities, policies, procedures and enforcement practices, and availability of resources. For example, some police services may make greater use of municipal bylaws or provincial statutes for minor offences such as mischief and disturbing the peace. These infractions are not included in national police-reported crime statistics. Police-reported crime statistics can also be influenced by social and economic factors such as residents’ willingness to report incidents and their attitudes toward crime and risky behaviour, age demographics, economic conditions, neighbourhood characteristics, and the emergence of new technologies (Perreault 2013).

Looking at police strength at a more local level, rates in CMAs ranged from a low of 111 officers per 100,000 population in Moncton to a high of 189 in both Thunder Bay and Winnipeg (Chart 3, Table 4). Between 2012 and 2013, the rate of police strength decreased in approximately half of the CMAs, remained stable⁷ in approximately a third, and increased in the remainder. Decreases in rates were generally small and varied little, ranging from less than -1% in Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo, Sherbrooke, St. John's and Greater Sudbury, to approximately -3% in Winnipeg, Regina, Kingston, and Trois-Rivières. However, increases in rates varied more, ranging from less than 1% in Brantford to 11% in Kelowna.

Description for chart 3

Thunder Bay and Winnipeg, the census metropolitan areas with the highest rates of police strength, also had some of the highest CSI and Violent CSI values. The same was true for other CMAs, including Regina and Saskatoon. However, Kelowna, which had high CSI and Violent CSI values also had one of the lowest rates of police strength (125 officers per 100,000 population).

Long-term decrease in police officer to civilian ratio

Police services function with the assistance of civilian personnel. Civilians on police service payrolls are employed in such positions as clerks, dispatchers, managers, cadets, special constables⁸, security officers, school crossing guards, and by-law enforcement officers (see Text Box 4).

On May 15, 2013 there were 27,872 civilians employed by police services across Canada (Table 1)⁹, representing 29% of total personnel. Said differently, police services employed 2.5 police officers for every one civilian worker, a ratio that has remained steady since 2007. However, the police officer to civilian ratio has decreased since the 1960s, where ratios ranged between 4.6 and 4.1 officers for every civilian employee. In more recent years, the ratio was 2.9 in 1993 and 2.8 in 2003.

Clerical support largest group of civilians employed by police services

In 2013, most often civilian employees occupied clerical support (36%) or management/professional positions (33%), with the smallest group of civilians being Native Special Constables¹⁰ (less than 1%).

Most new police officer hires are recruit graduates

Information on hirings and departures of police officers, as well as on police officer characteristics, can assist in human resources planning for the policing community.

In 2012¹¹, over two-thirds (69%) of police officers hired in Canada were recruit graduates¹², while the remainder were experienced officers¹³ (Table 5). For most provinces, the majority of those hired were recruit graduates, with the exception of New Brunswick and Quebec, where the opposite was true. In Manitoba, hires of recruit graduates and experienced officers were about evenly distributed.

Of those for whom information on years of service was available¹⁴, most police officers hired had relatively few years of service (Table 6). Of hired police officers, 86% had less than 5 years experience, 5% had 5 to less than 10 years, 4% had 10 to less than 15 years, and the remaining officers had 15 or more years of experience.

The most recent Police Administration Survey data show that the largest group among police officers eligible to retire were those who had 25 to less than 30 years of service (45%). The largest group among those who departed due to retirement were officers with 30 to less than 35 years of experience (46%) (Table 6).

Most departures were due to retirement

In 2012, there was a net loss of 72 police officers in Canada. While the provinces and territories gained 20 officers, 92 officers left the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Headquarters and Training Academy (Table 5).

That year, 69% of departures from police services were due to retirements and the remaining 31% left for other reasons, including being hired by another police service (Table 5). This was true for most provinces and territories, with the exception of the Northwest Territories, where reasons for departure were evenly distributed across the two categories.

In Canada, 11% of police officers, or 7,551, were eligible to retire in 2012 (Table 5). Of the provinces and territories, the highest proportion of officers who could have retired was found in Newfoundland and Labrador (23%). In contrast, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Headquarters and Training Academy reported that 47% of their officers were eligible to retire.

In 2013, the majority of police officers were aged 30 to 50 years (Chart 4).

Description for chart 4

Women in police services more likely to occupy civilian positions

While women comprised about one-third (34%) of total personnel employed by police services in 2013, they were found most often civilian positions (57%) and less often in police officer positions (43%).

Among civilian workers, almost nine in ten (87%) clerical support workers were women, as were over three-quarters of communications/dispatch employees (77%). Women represented almost six in ten of those employed as managers (57%) and as school crossing guards (57%). However, they were much less likely to be employed as by-law enforcement/parking control officers (30%) and cadets (21%).

Growth in number of female officers continues

With just over 14,000 female police officers in 2013, the number of female officers in Canada continued to increase (+172) while the number of male officers continued to decline (-405) in comparison to the previous year. The proportion of women serving as police officers in Canada has been rising in recent years. For example, in 1993, 8% of police officers were women, in comparison to 16% in 2003 and 20% in 2013 (Table 7). Across the provinces and territories, the proportion of female officers ranged from a low of 13% in the Yukon to a high of 24% in Quebec and 22% in British Columbia (Table 8).

Relative to similar countries, Canada has a notable proportion of female police officers

Of the 12 peer countries for which national data on the gender of police was available from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Canada reported the fifth largest percentage of female police officers in 2011¹⁵ (UNODC 2012a, Table 9). This is relatively consistent with the pattern for other years for which data were available. With the exception of 2009 and 2010, the United Kingdom has reported the largest proportion of officers who were female.

In those peer countries, except for Sweden and the United States, the proportion of police who are female has been rising for the years for which data were available.

More women in the higher ranks of policing

Women are accounting for more and more positions among the higher ranks (Table 10). The proportion of women serving as senior officers and non-commissioned officers has increased since comparable data became available in the mid-1980s, reaching 10% and 17% respectively in 2013. Representation of women for each of these ranks has more than doubled since 2003. While the proportion of female officers as constables¹⁶ increased from the mid-1980s to 2005, it has remained relatively stable since. In 2013, 22% of constables were female, compared to 5% in 1986 (Chart 5, Table 10).

Description for chart 5

Aboriginal persons and visible minorities

Over the years, Canada has become more diverse as Aboriginal and visible minority populations have grown in this country. According to Statistics Canada’s National Household Survey (NHS), 1,400,685 people identified as an Aboriginal person in 2011, which represented 4.3% of the Canadian population¹⁷. This population has increased faster than the non-Aboriginal population between 2006 and 2011 (+20.1% versus +5.2%)¹⁸ (National Household Survey 2011a).

In addition, the 2011 NHS found that almost 6,264,800 people identified themselves a member of a visible minority group, which represented 19.1% of Canada’s population, as compared to 16.2% in 2006. This growth is largely due to the number of immigrants arriving from non-European countries including those from Asia (including the Middle East), the Caribbean and Central and South America, Africa, and Oceania and other regions. Almost eight in ten (78.0%) of immigrants who arrived between 2006 and 2011 identified themselves as visible minorities compared to three quarters of those who arrived in the 1990s (74.8%) (National Household Survey 2011b).

Individuals who identify themselves as an Aboriginal person¹⁹ or a member of a visible minority group²⁰ comprise two of four groups designated under the Employment Equity Act, with the other two being women and persons with disabilities. In 2013, information was available on Aboriginal and visible minority identity for 48,710 officers (69% of all officers).²¹ Of these, 5% reported being an Aboriginal person and 9% reported being a member of a non-Aboriginal visible minority group, while the remainder identified as Caucasian in race or white in colour.

Expenditures reached $13.5 billion in 2012

Operating expenditures for all police services in Canada reached $13.5 billion in 2012, up 2.8% from the previous year when controlling for inflation²² (Table 11). With the exception of 2011, constant dollar spending on policing services has been increasing since the late 1990s.

After controlling for inflation, all provinces reported an annual increase in total spending in 2012, with the exception of Nova Scotia where expenditures remained stable²³. Spending increased the most in Nunavut (+12.8%) and the Northwest Territories (+9.5%). The province with the largest increase in spending from the previous year was Manitoba (+8.2%) (Table 12).

Since 2002, police expenditures in constant dollars Canada have increased by 42%. While large increases were found in the territories (including Nunavut at +63%), some of the largest were found in the provinces, including Alberta (+73%) and British Columbia (+60%). In contrast, expenditures increased the least in Prince Edward Island (+21%) (Table 13).

Compared to expenditures presented on their own, the per capita cost, which takes the size of the population into account, demonstrates more moderate changes in Canada since the late 1990s. In the last three years, the per capita cost was stable²⁴ in 2010, decreased in 2011, and then again increased moderately in 2012 (Table 11).

Summary

The rate of police strength in Canada continued to decline in 2013. Following growth in the 2000s, this was the third consecutive annual decrease.

In 2012, most hirings in police services were recruit graduates and the most common reason for departures was retirement. In 2012, 11% of police officers in Canada could have left due to retirement, but only 2% of police officers did.

The trend towards more women in policing continued in 2013. Once again, the number of female officers increased, while the number of male officers declined. Females now account for 20% of all police officers and 68% of civilian employees, and representation of women in the higher ranks of policing continued to increase.

Expenditures on policing totalled $13.5 billion in 2012. Controlling for inflation, this was an increase of 2.8% from the previous year. With the exception of 2011, constant dollar spending on policing has been increasing since the late 1990s.

Survey descriptions

The Police Administration Survey collects data on police personnel and expenditures from each municipal, provincial and federal (RCMP) police service in Canada. First Nations police personnel and expenditures falling under the jurisdiction of the RCMP are reported under RCMP federal policing.

The following federal policing and security agencies are excluded from the survey: the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, railway and military police. Federal and provincial government departments deploying personnel to enforce specific statutes in the areas of income tax, customs and excise, immigration, fisheries and wildlife are also excluded. As well, private security guards and private investigators are not included in this survey.

Data presented in this report represent police personnel as of May 15, 2013 and final expenditures for the year 2012 (or 2012/2013 for those services operating on a fiscal year). Most municipal police services operate on a calendar year while the provincial services and the RCMP operate on a fiscal year.

Personnel counts are based on permanent, full-time equivalents; part-time employees are converted to full-time equivalents (e.g., 4 employees working 10 hours per week would equal 1 full-time employee working a 40-hour week). Police officers include the actual number of sworn police officers available for active duty as of May 15, 2013. Other employees include all civilian personnel, including clerks, dispatchers, managers, cadets, special constables, security officers, school crossing guards, and by-law enforcement officers.

Counts for temporary officers are not included in any of the police officer counts, as only permanent, full-time officers (and full-time equivalents) are included. Temporary police officers are hired to fill in, as needed, for permanent police officers. The province of Quebec employs more temporary police officers than any other jurisdiction. Of the 923 temporary officers reported in 2013, 816 or 88% were employed in Quebec.

Police expenditures are actual operating expenditures and include: salaries and wages, benefits, and other operating expenses such as accommodation costs, fuel, maintenance, etc. Capital expenditures, funding from external sources, revenues and recoveries are not included.

In 2013, the Police Administration Survey Program included the Supplemental questionnaire for the second time, which captured detailed information on hirings, departures, eligibility to retire, years of service, age, education, visible minority status and language. The majority of the information collected through this questionnaire is based on the familiar May 15 survey snapshot day. Other data, including those on annual hirings, departures and eligibility to retire, is collected based on the previous calendar year or fiscal year.

Some police services are unable to provide one or more of the data elements asked for on the Supplemental Police Administration Survey questionnaire. In these cases, the police services are excluded from related percent calculations and a note explaining coverage for the data element is included in the text or table.

Data from the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey are also included in this report to provide appropriate caseload context for the police in terms of the volume of criminal incidents coming to their attention. The UCR Survey collects police-reported crime and traffic offences reported by all police services in Canada, dating back to 1962, and is the basis for crime rate, Crime Severity Index and Violent Crime Severity Index information.

Detailed data tables

Table 1 Trends in police strength and expenditures, Canada, 1962 to 2013

Table 2 Police officers by level of policing, by province and territory, 2013

Table 3 Rates of police strength and selected crime statistics, by province and territory, 2012-2013

Table 4 Police officers and selected crime statistics, by census metropolitan area, 2013

Table 5 Hirings and departures of police officers, by province and territory, Canada, 2012/2013

Table 6 Hirings and departures of police officers, by overall years of service, Canada, 2012/2013

Table 7 Police officers by sex, Canada, 1986 to 2013

Table 8 Police officers by sex, by province and territory, 2013

Table 9 Female police officers as a percentage of total police officers, by peer country, 2004 to 2011

Table 10 Male and female police officers by rank, Canada, 1986 to 2013

Table 11 Current and constant dollar expenditures on policing, Canada, 1986 to 2012

Table 12 Total expenditures on policing, current dollars, by province and territory, 2012

Table 13 Total expenditures on policing, constant dollars, by province or territory, 2002-2012

References

Burbidge, Scott. 2005. “The Governance Deficit: Reflections on the Future of Public and Private Policing in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice: 63-86.

Burczycka, Marta. 2013. Police Resources in Canada, 2012. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-225-X.

Burczycka, Marta. 2011. Police Resources in Canada, 2011. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-225-X.

Conference Board of Canada. 2013. “Methodology.” http://conferenceboard.ca/hcp/methodology.aspx (accessed October 10, 2013).

Federation of Canadian Municipalities. 2008. Towards Equity and Efficiency in Policing: A Report on Policing Roles, Responsibilities and Resources in Canada. http://www.fcm.ca/Documents/reports/Towards_Equity_and_Efficiency_in_Policing_EN.pdf (accessed October 9, 2013).

Griffiths, Curt Taylor, Sgt Adam Palmer, Sgt Larry Weeks, and Brian Polydore. 2006. Civilianization in the Vancouver Police Department. http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/studies/vpd-study-civilianization.pdf (accessed October 9, 2013).

Labour Force Survey. 2013. “Wages of employees by occupation (current dollars), Canada, from 1997/1998 to 2011/2012, 2 years moving average.” (Custom request)

Murphy, Christopher. 2007. “‘Securitizing’ Canadian Policing: A New Policing Paradigm for the Post 9/11 Security State?” Canadian Journal of Sociology 32(4): 449-475.

National Household Survey, 2011a. 2013. Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis and Inuit. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-011-X2011001.

National Household Survey, 2011b. 2013. Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011001.

Perreault, Samuel. 2013. “Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2012.” Juristat. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Public Safety Canada. 2013. 2013 Summit on the Economics of Policing: Summit Report. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/smmt-cnmcs-plcng-2013/index-eng.aspx (accessed October 9, 2013).

Statistics Canada. 2013a. “Guide to the Labour Force Survey.” http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/71-543-g/71-543-g2013001-eng.htm (accessed January 7, 2014). Statistics Canada Catalogue no.71-542-G.

Statistics Canada. 2013b. “Introduction.” National Occupational Classification (NOC-S) 2006.  http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/standard-norme/soc-cnp/2006/noc2006-cnp2006-introduction-eng.htm (accessed January 7, 2014).

Trottier, Daniel. 2012. “Policing Social Media.” Canadian Review of Sociology 49(4): 411-425.

UNODC. 2012a. “Total, male and female police personnel as at 31 December.” Criminal justice system resources. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html (accessed October 9, 2013).

UNODC. 2012b. “Total Police Personnel at the National Level.” Criminal justice system resources. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html (accessed October 9, 2013).

Notes

1. Although the Police Administration Survey has collected data on highest level of education completed at time of hiring and languages spoken, the data are not presented due to issues related to data quality.
2. The crime rate represents data from the Aggregate Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR1) Survey, and permits historical comparisons back to 1962. The crime rate is the number of police-reported Criminal Code offences (excluding traffic) per 100,000 population.
3. Percent change of -0.2% rounds to 0%, so Nunavut’s percent change is considered stable.
4. The Crime Severity Index (CSI) takes into account both the volume and the seriousness of crime. In the calculation of the CSI, each offence is assigned a weight, derived from average sentences handed down by criminal courts. The more serious the average sentence, the higher the weight for that offence. As a result, more serious offences have a greater impact on changes in the index. All police-reported Criminal Code offences, including traffic offences and other federal statute offences, are included in the Crime Severity Index.
5. The Violent Crime Severity Index (Violent CSI) takes into account both the volume and the seriousness of violent crime. In the calculation of the Violent CSI, each violent offence is assigned a weight, derived from average sentences handed down by criminal courts. The more serious the average sentence, the higher the weight for that offence. As a result, more serious offences have a greater impact on changes in the index. All police-reported violent Criminal Code offences are included in the Violent CSI.
6. Police Administration Survey data on police personnel and expenditures are publicly available for each municipal police service in Canada. See CANSIM tables 254-0004 and 254-0006 at www.statcan.gc.ca or contact the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics at ccjsccsj@statcan.gc.ca or by calling 1-800-387-2231.
7. Percent change rounds to 0%.
8. Special constables, such as Native Special Constables, are civilians employed by police services. They are not included within the definition of police officer.
9. The Police Administration Survey only collects data on civilian employees paid for by the police service. Therefore, if civilian employees of a police service are paid for by the municipality, such as in the case of RCMP detachments, they are not captured by the survey.
10. Native Special Constables are personnel that provide a restrictive policing role within Aboriginal communities and act as liaison between fully-sworn police officers and Aboriginal members of the community. They have limited law enforcement authority. Many of the Native Special Constables were part of the Native Special Constable Program that was sponsored by the RCMP.
11. While most Police Administration Survey data on police strength pertains to the snapshot date of May 15, 2013, data on hiring, departures, and eligibility to retire refers to either the 2012 calendar year or the 2012/2013 fiscal year, depending on the police service.
12. Includes paid police officers who achieved the status of fully-sworn police officer during the calendar or fiscal year prior to the year for which data are shown.
13. Includes senior officers, non-commissioned officers and constables who achieved the status of fully-sworn officer prior to the calendar or fiscal year for which data are shown.
14. Some police services are unable to report on the overall years of service of their police officers and have instead been reporting the years of service at their respective police service.
15. The most recent year for which data for these countries is available.
16. Includes all classes of constables, except Special Constables, who are civilians employed by police services and are not sworn police officers.
17. Some Indian reserves and settlements did not participate in the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) as enumeration was either not permitted, it was interrupted before completion, or because of natural events (e.g., forest fires). These are called "incompletely enumerated reserves" (See National Household Survey 2011a).
18. According to the NHS, several factors should be taken into account when comparing data on Aboriginal persons over time, including measuring the growth rate. These include differences in questions pertaining to Aboriginal identity, differences in the methodology, legislative changes, changes to the definition of reserves, differences in the list of incompletely enumerated reserves, as well as individuals reporting their identity and/or ancestry differently from one data collection period to another (See National Household Survey 2011a).
19. According to the NHS, “Aboriginal identity” refers to self-identifying as First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or being a Registered or Treaty Indian and/or being a member of a First Nation or Indian band (See National Household Survey 2011a).
20. The Employment Equity Act defines as visible minorities as “persons, other than Aboriginal persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.” The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese (see National Household Survey 2011b).
21. Information was not available on Aboriginal or visible minority status for 31% of police officers since the police service or the individual officer did not choose to report this information. In 2013, information about Aboriginal or visible minority status was more likely to be available for recruit graduates (76%) than experienced officers (69%).
22. Data from the Consumer Price Index (CPI) used to calculate constant dollars are the most recent data available at the time this article was produced.
23. Percent change is considered stable if it rounds to 0%.
24. Percent change is considered stable if it rounds to 0%..