Health Reports
A Canadian peer-reviewed journal of population health and health services research
August 2025
Estimating municipal life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy in Canada, 2019 and 2020
Life expectancy (LE) measures the average number of remaining years of life, and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) measures the average number of remaining years of life in good health. LE and HALE are indicators of population health monitored by many international, national, and subnational public health agencies. In Canada, data measuring LE and HALE are most commonly available for large geographic areas. Statistics Canada publishes national-, provincial-, territorial-, and health region-level estimates of LE, as well as national-level estimates of HALE. Similarly, past research has estimated LE, HALE, or related measures (e.g., disability-free LE) for provinces and health regions, as well as for aggregations of cities and regions that have similar social, economic, and built environment characteristics.
Full article PDF versionRelated articles
Estimating municipal life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy in Canada, 2019 and 2020
- Bushnik T, Tjepkema M and Martel L. Socioeconomic disparities in life and health expectancy among the household population in Canada. Health Reports. 2020; 31(1) DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202000100001-eng
- Bushnik T, Tjepkema M and Martel L. Health-adjusted life expectancy in Canada. Health Reports. 2018; 29(4).
Characteristics of cost-related avoidance of oral health services among people in Canada eligible for the Canadian Dental Care Plan
Many people living in Canada face cost barriers that make it difficult to access or receive oral health services. In Canada, dental care expenses are covered through out-of-pocket payments or a combination of private and public insurance plans, leaving many individuals to pay for their dental care. In 2021, Canadian households collectively spent an estimated $7.43 billion on out-of-pocket oral health care costs, an average of $460.50 per household. These out-of-pocket expenses represented 43.8% of all oral health care spending in Canada. One result of these high out-of-pocket costs is that many people in Canada avoid visiting an oral health professional, or decline recommended dental care because of the cost, which is known as cost-related avoidance. Cost-related avoidance of oral health services is associated with a higher risk of oral health diseases and disparities in health outcomes that extend beyond oral health.
Full article PDF versionRelated articles
Characteristics of cost-related avoidance of oral health services among people in Canada eligible for the Canadian Dental Care Plan
- Gondro JV, Murphy K, Clarke J, Fortin Y. Factors associated with the use of oral health care services among seniors in Canada. Health Reports. 2024; 35(6) DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202400600002-eng
- Moharrami M, Sano Y, Murphy K, et al. Assessing the role of dental insurance in oral health care disparities in Canadian adults. Health Reports. 2024; 35(4) DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202400400001-eng
- Murphy K, Gondro JV, Moharrami M. Factors associated with the use of oral health care services among Canadian children and youth. Health Reports. 2024; 35(4) DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202400400002-eng
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