Table 3
Marginal effects from a probit model of voting¹^,²

Table 3 Marginal effects from a probit model of voting
Sex
	marginal effects
Male	-0.02^*
Age
18 to 24	-0.14^*
25 to 34	-0.15^*
35 to 44	-0.10^*
45 to 54	ref.
55 to 64	0.10^*
65 to 74	0.19^*
75 and over	0.17^*
Education
Less than high school	-0.11^*
Some high school	-0.08^*
High school diploma	ref.
Some postsecondary	0.05^*
Trades/certificates	0.05^*
University degree	0.17^*
Family type
Married/common law with children 5 years and over or no children	ref.
Married/common law with at least one child under 5	-0.02^*
Single with children 5 years and over or no children	-0.05^*
Single with at least one child under 5	-0.16^*
Divorced or separated	-0.10^*
Widowed	-0.11^*
Immigrant status
Canadian-born	ref.
Established immigrant	-0.08^*
Recent immigrant	-0.15^*
Labour force status
Employed	ref.
Unemployed	-0.02^*
Not in labour force	-0.05^*
Home ownership
Owner	ref.
Renter	-0.11^*
Response type
Proxy response	-0.01^*
Not a proxy response	ref.
Rural/urban
Urban	0.02^*
Rural	ref.
Province
Newfoundland and Labrador	-0.13^*
Prince Edward Island	0.11^*
Nova Scotia	-0.01
New Brunswick	0.03^*
Quebec	0.05^*
Ontario	ref.
Manitoba	-0.04^*
Saskatchewan	0.00
Alberta	-0.03^*
British Columbia	-0.01
Number of observations	96,127
Pseudo R2	0.09
1. Dependent variable = 1 if the individual reported voting, 0 otherwise. 2. Marginal effect is for a discrete change in dummy variable from 0 to 1 and is calculated at the means of the independent variables. * significantly different from the reference group (ref.) at the 5% level Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, May 2011.

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