Survey Methodology
Graphical finite population sampling

by Bardia PanahbehaghNote 1

  • Release date: June 29, 2026
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Abstract

This paper introduces an innovative and intuitive finite population sampling method that has been developed using a unique graphical framework. In this approach, first-order inclusion probabilities are represented as bars on a two-dimensional graph. By manipulating the positions of these bars, researchers can create a wide range of different sampling designs. This graphical visualization of sampling designs facilitates the exploration of alternative designs and may simplify certain aspects of the implementation compared to traditional mathematical algorithms. This novel approach holds significant promise for tackling complex challenges in sampling, such as achieving an optimal design. By applying a version of the greedy best-first search algorithm to this graphical approach, the potential for integrating intelligent algorithms into finite population sampling is demonstrated.

Key Words: Inclusion probabilities; Intelligent algorithm; Optimal design; Sampling design.

Table of contents

How to cite

Panahbehagh, B. (2026). Graphical finite population sampling. Survey Methodology, 52(1), 129-150. Available at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-001-x/2026001/article/00008-eng.pdf.

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ISSN : 1492-0921

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Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada.

© His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Industry, 2026

Use of this publication is governed by the Statistics Canada Open Licence Agreement.

Catalogue No. 12-001-X

Frequency: Semi-annual

Ottawa

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