Self-employment

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  • 1. Experiences of self-employed workers in Canada, 2023
    Articles and reports: 71-222-X2024001
    Description: This article sheds light on the diverse experiences of self-employed workers in Canada by analysing additional indicators such as the prevalence of gig work, plans for the future, and the ability to find clients.
    Release date: 2024-06-03
  • 2. Class of worker by visible minority, selected sociodemographic characteristics and the census year: Canada, geographical regions of Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts
    Table: 98-10-0645-01
    Geography: Canada, Geographical region of Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census metropolitan area part
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Persons in private households in occupied private dwellings, 2021 and 2016 censuses — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Class of worker (5B), Gender (3a), Age and first official language spoken (10), Immigrant and generation status (9), Visible minority (15), Highest certificate, diploma or degree (6A), Percent, Census year (2)
    Description: Class of worker – variant on self-employed by visible minority and selected characteristics (age group, gender, first official language spoken, immigrant status, period of immigration, generation status and highest certificate, diploma or degree), for the population aged 15 years and over in private households in Canada, geographical regions of Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts.
    Release date: 2024-03-26
  • 3. Defining and measuring the gig economy using survey data
    Articles and reports: 75-004-M2024001
    Description: This article aims to improve the statistical measurement of the gig economy by defining the three core concepts of gig work, digital platform employment and dependent self-employment and provides estimates of the three phenomena using data from supplements to the Labour Force Survey (LFS).
    Release date: 2024-03-04
  • 4. The rise in self-employment among women in Canada
    Stats in brief: 11-627-M2023069
    Description: This infographic looks at trends in women's self-employment in Canada, as well as the occupational and demographic characteristics of self-employment among women.
    Release date: 2023-12-19
  • 5. Self-employment among women in Canada
    Articles and reports: 75-006-X202300100014
    Description: This study uses historical data from the Labour Force Survey, from 1976 to 2022, to provide a profile of self-employment among women in Canada; looking at changes in the self-employment rate, type of self-employment and the top occupations among the self-employed. It also uses data from the 2001 and 2021 Censuses of Population to profile self-employment among various population groups.
    Release date: 2023-12-04
  • 6. Class of worker including job permanency by occupation minor group, labour force status, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions
    Table: 98-10-0591-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census division
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Occupation - Minor group - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 (309A), Labour force status (3), Age (5A), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Class of worker including job permanency (16A)
    Description: Data on class of worker including job permanency by occupation minor group (4-digit code) from the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021, labour force status, age and gender, for the labour force aged 15 years and over in private households in Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 7. Class of worker by industry groups, labour force status, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions
    Table: 98-10-0592-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census division
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Industry - Groups - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 (428A), Statistics (3), Labour force status (3), Age (15A), Gender (3), Class of worker (7A)
    Description: Data on class of worker by industry (4-digit code) from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017, labour force status, age and gender, for the labour force aged 15 years and over, in private households in Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 8. Class of worker by occupation unit group, labour force status, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts
    Table: 98-10-0593-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration part
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Occupation - Unit group - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 (821A), Statistics (3), Labour force status (3), Age (15A), Gender (3), Class of worker (7A)
    Description: Data on class of worker by occupation unit groups (5-digit code) from the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021, labour force status, age and gender, for the labour force aged 15 years and over, in private households in Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 9. Employment income statistics by industry subsectors, class of worker including job permanency, work activity during the reference year, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts
    Table: 98-10-0598-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration part
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Population aged 15 years and over with weeks worked in 2020 and employment income in 2020, in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Industry - Subsectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 (122), Class of worker including job permanency (14), Work activity during the reference year (4), Age (5A), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Employment income statistics (7A)
    Description: Data on employment income statistics by industry subsectors (3-digit code) from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017, class of worker including job permanency, work activity during the reference year, age and gender, for the population aged 15 years and over who reported weeks worked and employment income in 2020 in private households in Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 10. Class of worker including job permanency by industry groups, immigrant status and period of immigration, admission category and applicant type, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories
    Table: 98-10-0600-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Industry - Groups - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 (426), Admission category and applicant type (8), Immigrant status and period of immigration (11), Age (5A), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Class of worker including job permanency (14)
    Description: Data on class of worker including job permanency by industry (4-digit code) from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017, immigrant status and period of immigration, admission category and applicant type, age and gender, for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households in Canada, provinces and territories.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
Data (10)

Data (10) ((10 results))

  • 1. Class of worker by visible minority, selected sociodemographic characteristics and the census year: Canada, geographical regions of Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts
    Table: 98-10-0645-01
    Geography: Canada, Geographical region of Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census metropolitan area part
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Persons in private households in occupied private dwellings, 2021 and 2016 censuses — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Class of worker (5B), Gender (3a), Age and first official language spoken (10), Immigrant and generation status (9), Visible minority (15), Highest certificate, diploma or degree (6A), Percent, Census year (2)
    Description: Class of worker – variant on self-employed by visible minority and selected characteristics (age group, gender, first official language spoken, immigrant status, period of immigration, generation status and highest certificate, diploma or degree), for the population aged 15 years and over in private households in Canada, geographical regions of Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts.
    Release date: 2024-03-26
  • 2. Class of worker including job permanency by occupation minor group, labour force status, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions
    Table: 98-10-0591-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census division
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Occupation - Minor group - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 (309A), Labour force status (3), Age (5A), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Class of worker including job permanency (16A)
    Description: Data on class of worker including job permanency by occupation minor group (4-digit code) from the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021, labour force status, age and gender, for the labour force aged 15 years and over in private households in Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 3. Class of worker by industry groups, labour force status, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions
    Table: 98-10-0592-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census division
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Industry - Groups - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 (428A), Statistics (3), Labour force status (3), Age (15A), Gender (3), Class of worker (7A)
    Description: Data on class of worker by industry (4-digit code) from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017, labour force status, age and gender, for the labour force aged 15 years and over, in private households in Canada, provinces and territories and census divisions.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 4. Class of worker by occupation unit group, labour force status, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts
    Table: 98-10-0593-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration part
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Occupation - Unit group - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 (821A), Statistics (3), Labour force status (3), Age (15A), Gender (3), Class of worker (7A)
    Description: Data on class of worker by occupation unit groups (5-digit code) from the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021, labour force status, age and gender, for the labour force aged 15 years and over, in private households in Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 5. Employment income statistics by industry subsectors, class of worker including job permanency, work activity during the reference year, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts
    Table: 98-10-0598-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration part
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Population aged 15 years and over with weeks worked in 2020 and employment income in 2020, in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Industry - Subsectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 (122), Class of worker including job permanency (14), Work activity during the reference year (4), Age (5A), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Employment income statistics (7A)
    Description: Data on employment income statistics by industry subsectors (3-digit code) from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017, class of worker including job permanency, work activity during the reference year, age and gender, for the population aged 15 years and over who reported weeks worked and employment income in 2020 in private households in Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 6. Class of worker including job permanency by industry groups, immigrant status and period of immigration, admission category and applicant type, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories
    Table: 98-10-0600-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Industry - Groups - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 (426), Admission category and applicant type (8), Immigrant status and period of immigration (11), Age (5A), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Class of worker including job permanency (14)
    Description: Data on class of worker including job permanency by industry (4-digit code) from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017, immigrant status and period of immigration, admission category and applicant type, age and gender, for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households in Canada, provinces and territories.
    Release date: 2023-11-15
  • 7. Industry groups by class of worker including job permanency, labour force status, age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts
    Table: 98-10-0448-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration part
    Frequency: Occasional
    Universe: Labour force aged 15 years and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data
    Variable list: Industry - Groups - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 (428A), Labour force status (3), Age (15A), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Class of worker including job permanency (16A)
    Description: Data on industry groups (4-digit code) from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2017 version 3.0 by class of worker including job permanency, labour force status, age and gender.
    Release date: 2022-11-30
  • 8. Farm population and self-employed labour force population classified by educational attainment, sex and age, Agriculture–Population Linkage, 2016
    Table: 32-10-0011-01
    Geography: Canada, Province or territory
    Frequency: Every 5 years
    Description: Agriculture–Population Linkage, 2016. Farm operators, farm population and self-employed persons in the labour force classified by highest level of educational attainment, sex and age.
    Release date: 2018-11-27
  • 9. The Survey of Self-employment Archived
    Public use microdata: 71M0017X
    Description:

    This microdata file contains survey data from the Survey of Self-employment. The survey was conducted in April 2000 by Statistics Canada on behalf of Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC). It collected data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the self-employed, as well as the hours they work, previous work experience, participation in dental, health and disability plans, income security, and their attitudes towards self-employment.

    Nearly one worker out of six was self-employed in 2000, and most of these individuals became and remained self-employed by choice, according to the first results from the Survey of Self-employment. Strong growth in the number of self-employed Canadians that was observed in the 1990s stimulated interest in self-employment. Among the existing sources of information on this topic, the most extensive is Statistics Canada article The Self-employed in the publication Labour force update (71-005-XPB, Autumn 1997, Vol. 1 no.3.) which portrayed the self-employed using data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), the annual Survey of Consumer Finances, and the 1995 Survey of Work Arrangements. It provided a thorough picture of the basic socio-demographic characteristics of this population, but due to the lack of data it did not cover several specific aspects of self-employment. Human Resources Development undertook to enrich the data sources on self-employment by funding a survey devoted entirely to this topic.

    Release date: 2002-01-29
  • 10. The Cost of Independence: Socio-economic Profiles of Independent Truck Drivers Archived
    Table: 53F0002X
    Description:

    Nearly 50,000 or one in five (22%) Canadian truck drivers on the road in 1998 were independent truckers or "owner-operators". However, similar to other forms of self-employment, the net-earnings and socio-economic characteristics of owner-operators have often been ignored by researchers for reasons of analytical convenience or data limitations. New data products recently released by Statistics Canada such as the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) have the potential to fill much of this gap. The 1997 SLID cross-sectional micro-data files offer a limited but meaningful insight into the work patterns of the owner-operator population, complementing and validating well-established business surveys such as the annual Small for-hire carrier and Owner-operator Survey (SFO). The purpose of this study, through a multivariate analysis of the 1997 SLID and the 1997 SFO survey, was to compare the work patterns and backgrounds of owner-operators to company drivers (paid truck drivers employed by carriers). The study found that while drivers may choose to be self-employed to gain independence, owner-operators tend to work longer hours to meet fixed and variable costs, in return for lower after-tax earnings and a greater likelihood of high work-life stress. The analysis also found that the odds of self-employment among truckers were highest among drivers over 40 years of age with no post-secondary training.

    Release date: 2000-06-07
Analysis (34)

Analysis (34) (20 to 30 of 34 results)

  • 21. Bosses of Their Own: Are Children of Immigrants More Likely than Their Parents to Be Self-Employed? Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2012341
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Self-employment has been regarded as an important pathway for many immigrants to engage in the labour market. However, little is known about self-employment among the children of immigrants. Using the 1981 and 2006 Canadian censuses of population and a generational cohort method of analysis, this paper compares the self-employment rates of immigrant parents and the children of immigrant parents when both were 25 to 44 years of age. The focus is on three questions: (1) Are children of immigrants likelier or less likely than immigrant parents to be self-employed?; (2) Are children of immigrants likelier or less likely than children of Canadian-born parents to be self-employed?; (3) Is the generational change in the self-employment rate from immigrant parents to the children of immigrants different from the generational change from Canadian-born parents to their children?

    Release date: 2012-04-16
  • 22. The Dynamics of Male Self-employment in Canada: Comparing the 1990s to the 2000s Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0027M2011073
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper examines how the nature of self-employment may have changed, by comparing the labour market transition rates for males (between non-employment, paid employment, own-account self-employment, and self-employment with paid help) in two panels of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID): the 1993-1998 panel and the 2002-2007 panel. An econometric model is then estimated for the purpose of characterizing the change further.

    Release date: 2011-10-20
  • 23. Trends in GDP and self-employment of unincorporated enterprises, 1987 to 2005 Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-010-X200900910924
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The growth of unincorporated GDP fell below corporate GDP in recent years, after similar increases in the two sectors through most of the 1990s. The slowdown was more pronounced for self-employment, after much faster growth in the 1990s.

    Release date: 2009-09-10
  • 24. Duration of non-standard employment Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X20041127746
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article looks at the characteristics of three distinct groups of non-standard workers: the self-employed, employees with permanent part-time jobs, and temporary employees. The economic consequences of non-standard work depend greatly on whether the situation is short-term or long-term.

    Release date: 2005-03-23
  • 25. Do the Falling Earnings of Immigrants Apply to Self-employed Immigrants? Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002195
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Many studies have examined the relative success of immigrant men in the (primarily paid) workforce. Despite the fact that they represent approximately one-sixth of the immigrant workforce, self-employed immigrants are a relatively understudied group. This study uses the 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996 Census files to assess the success of self-employed immigrant men (compared with self-employed native-born men), using the relative success of paid immigrant men as the benchmark.

    After controlling for various other factors, recent immigrants (those arriving within the last five years) are as likely to be self-employed as the native-born and, over time spent in the country, are more likely to become self-employed. Recent immigrants in the 1990s were far more likely to be self-employed than the native-born. Successive cohorts of recent immigrants have fared progressively worse in the paid labour market compared with paid native-born workers. This is not the case in the self-employed workforce. Although self-employed recent immigrants typically report lower net self-employment income upon entry than the self-employed native-born, the gap has not grown. Instead, it has followed a cyclical movement: narrowing at the peak, and widening in times of weaker economic activity.

    Release date: 2002-12-09
  • 26. Setting up shop: self-employment among college and university graduates Archived
    Articles and reports: 81-003-X20010036215
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This research paper documents patterns of self-employment among postsecondary graduates categorized by level of study in the five years immediately following their graduation.

    Release date: 2002-06-26
  • 27. Setting up Shop: Self-employment Amongst Canadian College and University Graduates Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2002183
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Changes in the labour market such as an increase in the incidence of part-time, part-year work, multiple job holding and self-employment have often been conjectured as demand-driven shifts - that is, that they have resulted from a lack of more traditional job opportunities rather than in response to workers' changing preferences. Yet while the issue of non-standard work is an interesting and important one, there is relatively little existing empirical evidence on the topic.

    The general purpose of this paper is to report the results of an empirical analysis that exploits the self-employment status indicator available in the National Graduates Survey (and Follow-Up) databases. It documents and analyses the patterns of self-employment amongst several cohorts of Canadian post-secondary graduates in the first five years following graduation. More specifically, it provides solid empirical documentation of the incidence of self-employment (levels, patterns, trends) amongst recent college and university graduates, overall, and broken down by degree level, sex and year of graduation. This paper also addresses the issue of whether self-employment tends to be the preferred employment option (for those who enter it), or the result of a lack of suitable "conventional" employment opportunities, or some combination of the two.

    There are two over-arching conclusions to be drawn from the analysis. First, the incidence of self-employment was relatively stable for the first three cohorts of graduates covered in the analysis. The overall rates ranged from 6.5 to 11.1 percent amongst male graduates and from 3.2 to 6.7 percent for females. The rates tended to be higher for some (but not all) graduates of the most recent cohort (graduates of 1995). Second, the evidence generally points to self-employment representing a relatively attractive job status on average: For every cohort the rates of self-employment rise from the first interview following graduation (after two years) to the second (after five years), an interval over which job opportunities generally improve significantly for graduates; Simple point-in-time (cross-sectional) comparisons of earnings, the job-education skill match, and job satisfaction levels suggest that although the results are somewhat mixed, there is little evidence that the self-employment status is generally characterized by less favourable outcomes, and is perhaps particularly marked by generally higher (not lower) overall levels of job satisfaction;Finally, both the conventional cross-sectional earnings model and the difference equations which control for various fixed effects with which job status might be correlated, further point to self-employment being a higher-paying (and therefore more attractive) job status than the conventional paid worker status.

    Release date: 2002-03-21
  • 28. Working together - self-employed couples Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X19990044753
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article notes the growing incidence of self-employment among dual-earner couples and compares their characteristics with those of couples who have paid jobs. It also looks at the occupations and businesses of self-employed couples who co-own a business.

    Release date: 1999-12-01
  • 29. Self-employment in Canada and the United States Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X19990034685
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to self-employment in Canada, especially to workers' reasons for choosing this option. Have they been "pushed" by lack of full-time paid jobs or "pulled" by the positive benefits of self-employment? This article looks at the characteristics of the self-employed and the growth of self-employment in Canada and the United States.

    Release date: 1999-09-01
  • 30. Rising Self-employment in the Midst of High Unemployment: An Empirical Analysis of Recent Developments in Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M1999133
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper highlights recent developments in self-employment in Canada and explores its relationship to unemployment/full-time paid-employment. There are now two and a half million Canadians working at their own businesses, amounting to 16.2% of the total labour force or accounting for 17.8% of total employment. In the first eight years of the 1990s, self-employment on average expanded by 4.1% per year, contributing to over three out of four new jobs the economy has created. Entry and exit data demonstrate that there are substantial flows into and out of this sector of the economy. Gross flows into and out of self-employment as the main labour market activity averaged nearly half a million per year between 1982 and 1994, amounting to 42% of the total self-employed population.

    The fixed-effects modelling results show a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). This conclusion holds true across different data sources, for different time periods, for different measures and definitions, for different empirical samples, and across various estimating techniques. There is also a statistically significant but empirically small negative (positive) relationship between exits out of self-employment and unemployment (full-time paid- employment). It appears that a host of non-cyclical factors are behind the recent surge in self-employment.

    Release date: 1999-04-27
Reference (2)

Reference (2) ((2 results))

  • 1. Survey of Self-employment
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 3850
    Description: The survey was conducted by Statistics Canada on behalf of Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC). It collected data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the self-employed, as well as the hours they work, previous work experience, participation in dental, health and disability plans, income security, and their attitudes towards self-employment.
  • 2. Aboriginal Entrepreneurs Survey
    Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 5048
    Description: The objective of the Aboriginal Entrepreneurs Survey (AES) was to provide updated information on self-employed Aboriginal people and their businesses.
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