Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series
Reference guide on social inclusion indicators for Canada's ethnocultural groups
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This document presents a list of the social inclusion indicators for ethnocultural groups in Canada that are available on the homepage of the Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics Hub.
The information provided for each indicator includes a short description of the corresponding derivation, available data sources and reference years, and accessible levels of geography and disaggregation. Each indicator has various corresponding products (data tables, visualization tools and analytical documents).
The social inclusion indicators in this document are linked to Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy. They are organized according to a conceptual framework and their corresponding information are accessible under the following themes.
Themes and social inclusion indicators
Participation in the labour market
Participation rate
Refers to people aged 15 years and over were employed or unemployed during the reference week.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Employment rate
Refers to people aged 15 years and over were employed during the reference week.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Unemployment rate
Refers to people aged 15 years and over were unemployed during the reference week.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Population in full-time employment
Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full-time weeks (30 hours or more per week) during the previous year.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Population in self-employment (unincorporated)
Includes persons whose job consisted mainly of operating a business, farm or professional practice, alone or in partnership. For more information, please consult the section of "Class of worker" in the Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Population in overqualification situation
Refers to people with a bachelor’s degree or above (at bachelor's level or above) who, during the current year or the year prior the census, held a position usually requiring a high school diploma or equivalency certificate or less.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree, location of study.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Youth not in employment, education or training
Refers to the proportion of youth aged 15 to 29 who were not in employment during the census reference week (in 2016, the reference week is May 1 to May 7) and who had not attended any accredited educational institution or program in the eight months preceding the census day (for example, in 2016 this period is between September 2015 and 10 May 2016).
The Labor Force Survey (LFS) is the main data source for calculating national estimates of the youth not in employment, education, or training indicator, commonly known as "NEET." This indicator is calculated using data from the first quarter or the average of the first three months of the calendar year, which excludes summer employment. This LFS-based indicator is published on an annual basis and is used for international comparisons. The NEET indicator has regularly published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) since the late 1990s.
However, the census and other data sources such as social surveys like the Canadian Community Health Survey serve a different purpose. These data sources provide more specialized data that allowed deeper analysis of specific sociodemographic characteristics and conditions for a given population group, which is a rich complement to understand the context and the factors behind the NEET estimates provided by the LFS.
Although the Census of the Canadian population and the LFS measure similar concepts linked to labour market activities, there are several fundamental differences between the two concepts’ characteristics. The most important of these differences is that in the LFS, the reference period for school attendance and the reference period for employment are the same, whereas in the Census they are different. Other differences between the census and the LFS include the length of the reference period, the number of questions and their content, the sample size, the enumeration method and the coverage. For more information about the comparability of labour force status data from the Census of Population versus that of the LFS, please consult the Appendix 2.11 from the Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, sex, first official language spoken, generation status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Representation in decision-making positions
Workers in all management occupations
Includes people who held managerial or executive occupations (executives) according to the National Occupational Classification in the current year or the year preceding the census. This category includes legislators, senior management occupations and specialized middle management occupations.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Workers in senior management occupations
This senior management category is from the four-digit National Occupational Classification and includes six subcategories: legislators; senior government managers and officials; senior managers – financial, communications and other business services; senior managers – health; senior managers – education, social and community services and membership organizations; senior managers – trade, broadcasting and other services; senior managers – construction, transportation, production and utilities. The senior management position in any of these categories is the one that is held the longest in the census year or the year preceding it.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Workers in specialized middle management occupations
This major group comprises specialized middle management occupations. It includes administrative services managers and managers in financial and business services, communication (except broadcasting), engineering, architecture, science and information systems, health care, public administration, education, social and community services, public protection services, art, culture, recreation, and sport.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, sex, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Civic engagement and political participation
Member or participant of at least one group, organization or association
Refers to the respondent’s participation, over the 12 months preceding the survey, in at least one of the 12 types of groups, associations or organizations identified in the General social survey on Social Identity. The groups, organizations or associations could be formally organized or informal groups (where people get together regularly to do an activity or talk about things); they include groups in which the respondent was active through the Internet.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0065-01 - Civic engagement and engagement in political activities, by groups designated as visible minorities and selected sociodemographic characteristics, 2020
Member or participant by type of groups, organizations or associations (11)
This series of indicators includes the population who participate over the 12 months preceding the survey for each of the following 11 different types of groups, organizations or associations: sports organizations; cultural, educational or hobby organizations; unions or professional associations; political parties or organizations; religious-affiliated groups; school groups, neighborhood associations, civic or community associations; humanitarian organizations, charities or service clubs; seniors clubs; youth organizations; immigrant or ethnic associations; environmental groups. The results for the category "other types of groups, organizations or associations" are not displayed.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0065-01 - Civic engagement and engagement in political activities, by groups designated as visible minorities and selected sociodemographic characteristics, 2020
Engaged in political activities
Includes the participation, in the last 12 months preceding the survey, in one or more of the following political activities: searching for information on a political issue; volunteering for a political party; expressing views on an issue by contacting a newspaper or a politician or through an Internet forum or news website; signing a petition on paper or on the Internet; boycotting or choosing a product for ethical reasons; attending a public meeting; speaking out in a public meeting; participating in a demonstration or march; wearing a badge, T-shirt; or displaying a lawn sign in support of or opposition to a political or social cause.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0065-01 - Civic engagement and engagement in political activities, by groups designated as visible minorities and selected sociodemographic characteristics, 2020
Voting in federal, provincial and municipal elections
Includes Canadians citizens aged 18 years and over who reported being eligible to vote and who reported voting in the last specified elections.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0066-01 - Vote in the last federal, provincial and municipal elections, by groups designated as visible minorities and selected sociodemographic characteristics, 2020
Basic needs and housing
Household food security and insecurity (5)
This series of five indicators is based on a set of 18 questions and indicates whether households both with and without children were able to afford the food they needed in the previous 12 months of the survey. The levels of food security are defined as: 1- Food secure: No indication of difficulty with income-related food access; 2- Marginally food insecure: Exactly one indication of difficulty with income-related food access; 3- Moderately or severely food secure; 4- Moderately food insecure: Indication of compromise in quality and/or quantity of food consumed; 5- Severely food insecure: Indication of reduced food intake and disrupted eating patterns. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada and geographical region of Canada.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Population living in a dwelling owned by one or some members of the household
Refers to a person who lives in a dwelling owned by one or some members of the household.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006, 2016 and 2021; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Population living in core housing need
Refers to whether a private household's housing falls below at least one of the indicator thresholds for housing adequacy, affordability or suitability, and would have to spend 30% or more of its total before-tax income to pay the median rent of alternative local housing that is acceptable (attains all three housing indicator thresholds). For more information on the measure of each indicator, please consult the definition of "Core housing need" from the Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2016 and 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Population living in suitable housing
"Housing suitability" refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS. For more information on the measure of each indicator, please consult the definition of "Core housing need" from the Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2016 and 2021; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Population living in affordable housing
Refers to the proportion of the population living in a household that dedicates less than 30% of its budget to housing costs.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2016 and 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0073-01 - Selected economic housing characteristics, by visible minority and other sociodemographic characteristics for the population in private households
Health and well-being
Perceived health (very good or excellent; fair or poor) (2)
These two indicators measure the proportion of the population aged 12 and over who reported perceiving their own health status as being either excellent or very good or fair or poor, depending on the indicator. Perceived health refers to the perception of a person's health in general, either by the person himself or herself, or, in the case of proxy response, by the person responding. Health means not only the absence of disease or injury but also physical, mental and social well-being. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada and geographical region of Canada.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Perceived mental health (very good or excellent; fair or poor) (2)
Includes the population aged 12 and over who reported perceiving their own health status as being either excellent or very good, or fair or poor, depending on the indicator. Perceived health refers to the perception of a person's health in general, either by the person himself or herself, or, in the case of proxy response, by the person responding. Health means not only the absence of disease or injury but also physical, mental and social well-being. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada and geographical region of Canada.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Life satisfaction (satisfied or very satisfied)
This indicator measures the proportion of the population aged 12 and over who were satisfied with their life a whole by rating their satisfaction as 6 or more when asked how they felt about their life as a whole at the moment. Life satisfaction was measured on a scale of 0 "very dissatisfied" to 10 "very satisfied." The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada and geographical region of Canada.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Perceived life stress (most days quite a bit or extremely stressful)
Includes the population aged 12 and over who reported that most days in their life were quite a bit or extremely stressful. Perceived life stress refers to the amount of stress in the person's life, on most days, as perceived by the person or, in the case of proxy response, by the person responding. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada and geographical region of Canada.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Income and wealth
Average employment income
This indicator represents the population that reported employment income in the calendar year preceding before the census. Employment income includes income from a salary, wages, tips and/or commissions, as well as income from self-employment.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Average weekly earnings of full-time employees
This is the average weekly income from a salary, wages, tips and/or commissions of employed persons who worked mainly full-time weeks (30 hours or more per week) in the year preceding the census (between 48 and 52 weeks worked).
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Difficulty and ease in meeting household financial needs (2)
These two indicators refer to the population living in housing where the reference person reported that it was, in the 12 past months, "Very difficult" or "Difficult" or; "Very easy" or "Easy" for their household to meet its financial needs in terms of transportation, housing, food, clothing and necessary expenses. The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Housing Survey, 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, gender, age group and immigrant status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0058-01 - Feeling part of the community and neighbourhood satisfaction, safety feeling and economic hardship, by visible minority and selected characteristics
Poverty rate (MBM)
The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified poverty line. The Market Basket Measure (MBM) refers to Canada's official measure of poverty based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living developed by Employment and Social Development Canada. For more information on the measure of the MBM, please consult the definition of "Market Basket Measure (MBM)" from the Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2016 and 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Prevalence of low income (LIM-AT)
The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line. Refers to the income situation of a person in relation to the Low-income measure, after-tax (LIM-AT). Persons with income that is below this low-income line are considered to be in low income.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006, 2016 and 2021; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Prevalence of low income (LIM-BT)
The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line. Refers to the income situation of a person in relation to the Low-income measure, before-tax (LIM-BT). Persons with income that is below this low-income line are considered to be in low income.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006, 2016 and 2021; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Average total household income, adjusted for the number of persons
"Adjusted total income" refers to total income of the household that is adjusted for the number of persons in the household. The average income is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of the household members by the number of persons in that group.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006, 2016 and 2021; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0073-01 - Selected economic housing characteristics, by visible minority and other sociodemographic characteristics for the population in private households
Social connections and personal networks
Trusting most people in general
Includes respondent who described their general trust in people as "most people can be trusted." The other possible answer was "You cannot be too careful in dealing with people." The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Strong sense of belonging (local community, town or city, province and Canada) (4)
This series of four indicators includes respondents who described their sense of belonging very strong or somewhat strong to the level of residence unit. The other possible responses choices were somewhat weak, very weak and no opinion. The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Local personal network size (close relatives and close friends) (3)
Local personal networks include close relatives and close friends who live in the same city or the same local community as the respondent. People who live in the same household as the respondent are also included in this category. Close relatives and close friends are people with whom the respondent feels at ease with could freely speak their mind, or call on for help. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0063-01 - Size and composition of personal networks (local, close relatives, close friends, acquaintances), by visible minority and selected characteristics
Number of close relatives (2) and close friends (2)
Refers to the total number of close relatives or close friends reported by the respondent and with whom he feels close. This category includes close relative(s) or close friend(s) depending on the indicator who live in a different city, a different local community or a different household as the respondent as well as those who live in the same city, the same local community or the same household as the respondent. Close relatives or close friends are people with whom the respondent feels at ease with could freely speak their mind, or call on for help. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0063-01 - Size and composition of personal networks (local, close relatives, close friends, acquaintances), by visible minority and selected characteristics
Number of other friends or acquaintances (3)
These three indicators refer to the total number of other friends and acquaintances reported by the respondent. Other friends and acquaintances are friends and acquaintances to whom the respondent does not feel close. This category includes people who live in the same or in a different community or household as the respondent. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0063-01 - Size and composition of personal networks (local, close relatives, close friends, acquaintances), by visible minority and selected characteristics
Having ethnically diverse networks of friends and acquaintances
Respondents with ethnically diverse networks are those who reported that at least half of friends they have been in contact last month come from an ethnic group visibly different from their own. These contacts were in person, by telephone, by text, e-mail or any other form of online communication (such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter or online gaming). The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0063-01 - Size and composition of personal networks (local, close relatives, close friends, acquaintances), by visible minority and selected characteristics
Population living alone
This indicator refers to the percentage of the population living in a one-person household.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006, 2016 and 2021; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group and first official language spoken, gender, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status, highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Education and skills development
Highest certificate, diploma or degree (6)
The six indicators on education levels refer to the highest certificate, diploma or degree which is the classification used in the Census to measure the broader concept of "Educational attainment."
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, sex, first official language spoken, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Knowledge of official languages (4)
Refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, sex, first official language spoken, immigrant status, period of immigration and generation status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory, census metropolitan area.
Public services and institutions
Confidence in institutions (8)
Includes respondents who rated their confidence at 4 or 5, on a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means "No confidence at all" and 5 means "A great deal of confidence" for each of the following institution: the police service; the justice system and courts; the school system; the Federal Parliament; banks; major corporations; merchants and local business people and; Canadian media. The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0062-01 - Confidence in Canadian institutions, by groups designated as visible minorities and selected sociodemographic characteristics, 2020
Has a regular health care provider
Includes the population aged 12 and over who have a health care provider they regularly see or talk to when they need normal care or advice for their health. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Perceived need for mental health care (no need; all needs met; needs partially met or needs not meet)
This series of five indicators presents the percentage of the population aged 12 and over who reported having or not having a perceived need for mental health care (information, medication, counselling, other) in the 12 months prior to the interview. Respondents are grouped into indicators based on whether a need was reported, and if so, whether their needs were met, partially met, or unmet. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Unmet health care needs
Includes the population aged 12 and over who felt that they needed health care in the past 12 months, but didn't receive it. The percentages of the indicators are calculated excluding non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019 and September to December 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant status and period of immigration.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada, geographical region of Canada, province or territory.
Associated products:
Table 13-10-0841-01 - Health indicators by groups designated as visible minorities and selected demographic characteristics, 2019-2020
Perception of the local police force as doing a good job (6 measures)
This series of six indicators refer to the proportion of respondents who stated that local police did a good job in the indicated performance measure. Other possible responses were that the police did "an average job" or "a poor job" in a given situation. The available performance measures are: enforcing the laws, responding to calls, being approachable and easy to talk to, supplying information to the public on ways to prevent crime, ensuring the safety of the citizens in their area and lastly treating people fairly. The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Victimization, 2019.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender and immigrant status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0059-01 - Perceptions of police performance and personal safety satisfaction, by visible minority and selected characteristics
Local community
Satisfied with feeling part of the community
Includes the population living in housing where the reference person rated, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 means "Very dissatisfied" and 10 means "Very satisfied," their satisfaction with feeling as part of their community at 8, 9 or 10.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Housing Survey, 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, gender, age group and immigrant status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0058-01 - Feeling part of the community and neighbourhood satisfaction, safety feeling and economic hardship, by visible minority and selected characteristics
Satisfied with the neighbourhood
Includes the population living in housing where the reference person rated, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 means "Very dissatisfied" and 10 means "Very satisfied," their neighbourhood at 8, 9 or 10.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Housing Survey, 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, gender, age group and immigrant status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0058-01 - Feeling part of the community and neighbourhood satisfaction, safety feeling and economic hardship, by visible minority and selected characteristics
Feeling safe walking in their area alone after dark
Includes the population living in housing where the reference person indicated feeling "Very safe" or "Reasonably safe" from crime walking alone after dark in their neighborhood. Includes respondents who reported that they "Do not walk alone."
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Housing Survey, 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, gender, age group and immigrant status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0058-01 - Feeling part of the community and neighbourhood satisfaction, safety feeling and economic hardship, by visible minority and selected characteristics
Feeling unsafe walking in their area alone after dark
Includes the population living in housing where the reference person "Somewhat unsafe" or "Very unsafe" from crime walking alone after dark in their neighborhood. Includes respondents who reported that they "Do not walk alone."
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Canadian Housing Survey, 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, gender, age group and immigrant status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0058-01 - Feeling part of the community and neighbourhood satisfaction, safety feeling and economic hardship, by visible minority and selected characteristics
Discrimination and victimization
Police-reported hate crimes motivated by race or ethnicity and religion
These two indicators measure the number of police-reported hate crimes motivated by race or ethnicity and; religion, depending on the indicators during the reference period.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021.
Levels of disaggregation:
Type of motivation (race or ethnicity, religion)
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 35-10-0066-01 - Police-reported hate crime, by type of motivation, Canada (selected police services)
Experience(s) of discrimination, 5 years before and since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic
These two indicators present the percentage of respondents who reported that they experienced discrimination for any reason. Discrimination is defined as treating people differently, negatively or adversely because of their race, culture, age, gender, religion, or other characteristics. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Reason(s) of discrimination, 5 years before COVID-19 pandemic and since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic
These two series of five indicators present the percentage of respondents who reported that they experienced discrimination for each of the following reasons: ethnicity or culture, race or colour, religion and language. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Context(s) of discrimination, 5 years before COVID-19 pandemic and since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic
These two series of four indicators present the percentage of respondents who reported that they experienced discrimination for each of the following contexts: at work or when applying for a job or a promotion; when dealing with the police; in a store, bank or restaurant and when attending school or classes. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The percentages of the indicators are calculated including non-response categories ("Refusal," "Don't know," and "Not stated") in the denominator.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Social Identity, 2020.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender, immigrant and generation status, first official language spoken and highest certificate, diploma or degree.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Satisfied with personal safety from crime
This includes persons who indicated being "Very satisfied" or "Satisfied" with their personal safety from crime. The other possible answers were: "Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied," "Dissatisfied," "Very dissatisfied" and "No opinion." "Don't know" and "Refusal" responses were not allowed.
Data sources and available reference years:
Statistics Canada, General Social Survey — Victimization, 2019.
Levels of disaggregation:
Visible minority, age group, gender and immigrant status.
Accessible levels of geography:
Canada.
Associated products:
Table 43-10-0059-01 - Perceptions of police performance and personal safety satisfaction, by visible minority and selected characteristics
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