Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series
Portrait of French-speaking workers in Ontario’s agriculture and agri-food industries, 2006 and 2016

Highlights

• In 2016, Ontario had 49,600 farms. Of these, 1,810 (3.6%) had a French-speaking main operator.
• In 2016, farms whose main operator was French-speaking were more likely than those with an English-speaking main operator to generate farm receipts below $25,000, to have less than $500,000 in farm capital, and to cover 400 acres or more.
• In 2016, 3,490 French speakers aged 15 and older were working in Ontario’s agriculture industry, accounting for 3.4% of the province’s agricultural workers.
• In 2016, Ontario’s agri-food industry employed 24,145 French speakers aged 15 and older, accounting for 2.9% of the province’s agri-food workers.
• More than 15% of agricultural workers in the Eastern and Northern Ontario census agricultural regions were French-speaking in 2016. In both regions, more than 11% of agri-food workers were French speakers.
• The population of French-speaking agricultural workers in Ontario is aging, with the share of workers aged 55 and older increasing between 2006 and 2016, going from 32.1% to 41.5%.
• The median age of French-speaking agri-food workers fell slightly between 2006 (33.0 years) and 2016 (31.6 years), but the proportion of workers aged 55 and older rose from 11.8% in 2006 to 18.5% in 2016.
• In 2016, French-speaking agricultural workers were less likely to have a university diploma (9.6%) than their English-speaking counterparts (13.2%). A gap between French-speaking and English-speaking workers was also observed in the agri-food sector (12.3% compared with 16.5%).
• Between 2006 and 2016, the growth in the number of French-speaking workers in the agriculture (from 1,895 to 1,975 workers) and agri-food (from 9,665 to 10,520 workers) industries in the Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, the relative youth of these workers, and the diversification of their places of birth suggest a certain demographic vitality in this region.
• In the Northern Ontario census agricultural region, the population of French-speaking workers decreased in the agriculture (from 605 to 560 workers) and agri-food (from 6,395 to 5,215 workers) industries and grew older between 2006 and 2016.

Acknowledgements

This project was carried out as part of a collaboration between Statistics Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) as well as Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED). Thanks go to Martin Fournier and his team at AAFC for their suggestions and comments.

This project was also made possible thanks to the participation of Leon Laborde and his team at Statistics Canada’s Census of Agriculture.

Finally, the author wishes to thank his colleagues at the Centre for Ethnocultural, Language and Immigration Statistics (CELIS) for their advice and revision efforts, particularly Émilie Lavoie, Bertrand Ouellet-Léveillé, Éric Caron-Malenfant and Jean-François Lepage, as well as Isabelle Duncan for her help finalizing this report.

Introduction

French^Note  speakers in Ontario’s agriculture and agri-food industries^Note  have unique characteristics and specific needs as an official language minority. This report provides an overview of farms whose main operator^Note  is French-speaking and of French-language workers in the agriculture and agri-food industries. It also shows how the social, economic and linguistic profile of these workers changed between 2006 and 2016. It is a follow-up to the portrait of French-language workers in Ontario’s agriculture and agri-food industries^Note  published in 2017.

Section 1 of this report presents the characteristics of farms whose main operator is French-speaking, based on data from the 2016 Census of Population and the 2016 Census of Agriculture. Using the first official language spoken of the first farm operator listed on the Census of Agriculture form, this section identifies how farms with a French-speaking operator differ from other farms regarding operating arrangements, farm type, age groups and generational profile of the operators, declared land tenure, farm area, gross farm receipts, and farm capital.

Section 2 examines French-speaking workers in Ontario’s agriculture industry.^Note  Using data from the 2006 and 2016 censuses of population, this section focuses on two census agricultural regions (CARs) where French speakers make up a large proportion of the population: the Eastern Ontario CAR and the Northern Ontario CAR.^Note  For the province and each of these regions, a profile of French-language agricultural workers and the changes in this population between 2006 and 2016 is presented, including their distribution by age, sex, place of birth, Indigenous^Note  identity, education, class of worker, employment income, and languages used at work.

Similarly, Section 3 profiles agri-food workers in the province and in the Eastern and Northern Ontario CARs. It also presents the distribution of these workers by the specific industry in which they work.

Lastly, the conclusion summarizes the trends that were discussed in the previous sections to present general observations on the situation of the French-language minority in the agriculture and agri-food industries for the CARs of Eastern and Northern Ontario and for the province as a whole.

1. Portrait of Ontario farms whose main operator is French-speaking

This section examines the characteristics of Ontario farms according to the language of the main operator in order to identify potential issues specific to farms with a French-speaking operator.

The information in this section is based on integrated data from the 2016 Census of Agriculture and the 2016 Census of Population. For each farm in Ontario, this integration allowed to determine the first official language spoken of the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire, as derived from their responses to the Census of population. This operator is a person responsible for the management decisions in operating the agricultural operation and can be the owner, a tenant or a hired manager of the agricultural operation. As a result, farm-specific agricultural data can be presented according to the language of the main operator.

In order to improve readability, “French-language farms” will be used in this paper to refer to farms whose main operator is French-speaking, and “English-language farms,” to farms whose main operator is English-speaking.

In 2016, there were 49,600 farms in Ontario, of which more than 96% were English-language and 3.6% were French-language (1,810 farms). Fewer than 90 Ontario farms had a main operator who was neither French-speaking nor English-speaking. For context, 4.1% of Ontario’s population was French-speaking in 2016.

1.1 Operating arrangements

Data table for Chart 1.1



Chart 1.1
Farms classified by operating arrangements and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.1 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.1 Note 2} Ontario, 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by operating arrangements and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Sole proprietorship, Partnership without a written agreement, Partnership with a written agreement, Family corporation and Non-family corporation, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Sole proprietorship	Partnership without a written agreement	Partnership with a written agreement	Family corporation	Non-family corporation
	percent
French FOLS	53.5	17.3	4.9	21.3	2.9
English FOLS	51.5	21.6	4.9	20.0	1.9
Total: Ontario	51.6	21.5	4.9	20.0	2.0
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Note: Farms whose main operator has neither English nor French as FOLS are included in the provincial total. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

In 2016, more than half of Ontario farms were sole proprietorships. The other most common operating arrangements were partnerships without a written agreement (21.5%) and family corporations (20.0%).

The main operating arrangements of French-language and English-language farms were similar. However, French-language farms (53.5%) were slightly more likely to be sole proprietorships than English-language farms (51.5%), and a lower share of French-language farms were partnerships without a written agreement (17.3%), compared to English-language farms (21.6%).

1.2 Type of farm



In 2016, more than one-third of Ontario farms were engaged in oilseed and grain farming,^Note  while more than one-fifth practised cattle ranching and farming.^Note 

The distribution by type of farm was similar for French-language and English-language farms. However, there were differences in the main crops reported by French-language farms. The share of French-language farms involved in oilseed and grain farming (31.5%) was lower than the share for English-language farms (34.1%). In contrast, the proportion of French-language farms classified as being involved in “other crop farming” (19.4%) was higher than for English-language farms (14.3%). Other crop farming includes, but is not limited to, hay farming, maple syrup and products production, fruit and vegetable combination farming, and tobacco farming.

These differences between French-language and English-language farms could be linked to the concentration of French-language farms in the Eastern and Northern Ontario census agricultural regions (CARs), which are further north, and have a relatively harsher climate and different leading crop types than the rest of the province.^Note 

1.3 Age group and generational profile of operators

Data table for Chart 1.3



Chart 1.3
Farms classified by operators' age group and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.3 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.3 Note 2} Ontario, 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by operators' age group and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under 35 years, 35 to 54 years, 55 years or over and Different age categories, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under 35 years	35 to 54 years	55 years or over	Different age categories
	percent
French FOLS	4.5	30.6	50.9	13.9
English FOLS	6.9	29.8	50.7	12.5
Total: Ontario	6.9	29.8	50.8	12.6
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Note: Farms whose main operator has neither English nor French as FOLS are included in the provincial total. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

Between one and three farm operators per farm can be listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. The people who operate a given farm may belong to the same or to different age groups.

In 2016, more than half the farms in Ontario were operated exclusively by people 55 years or older, and less than 7% of farms were operated exclusively by people under the age of 35. The proportion of French-language farms operated exclusively by people under 35 (4.5%) was lower than for English-language farms (6.9%).

In 2016, 7.9% of Ontario farms were multigenerational.^Note  The proportion was the same for French-language and English-language farms.

1.4 Land tenure

Data table for Chart 1.4



Chart 1.4
Percentage of farms by land tenure and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.4 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.4 Note 2} Ontario, 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Percentage of farms by land tenure and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Area owned, Area leased from governments and Area rented or leased from others, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Area owned	Area leased from governments	Area rented or leased from others
	percent
French FOLS	95.9	2.0	28.8
English FOLS	94.5	1.4	33.1
Total: Ontario	94.6	1.5	32.9
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Notes: Farms whose main operator has neither English nor French as FOLS are included in the provincial total. Totals exceed 100% as multiple forms of land tenure can be declared for a farm. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

A farm’s land can be classified in more than one land tenure category, as different parts of a farm can be occupied in different ways. In 2016, a high proportion of Ontario farms included land that they owned (94.6%), and fewer than one in three farms included land rented from people or entities other than governments.

The proportion of French-language farms that included land that they owned (95.9%) was similar to the proportion for English-language farms (94.5%). The difference was greater for land rented from people or entities other than governments. This type of land tenure was less common for French-language farms (28.8%) than for English-language farms (33.1%).

1.5 Total farm area

Data table for Chart 1.5



Chart 1.5
Farms classified by total farm area and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.5 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.5 Note 2} Ontario, 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total farm area and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under 130 acres, 130 to 399 acres, 400 to 1,119 acres and 1,120 acres and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under 130 acres	130 to 399 acres	400 to 1,119 acres	1,120 acres and over
	percent
French FOLS	49.2	29.9	17.4	3.2
English FOLS	53.4	30.0	13.3	3.3
Total: Ontario	53.3	30.0	13.4	3.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Note: Farms whose main operator has neither English nor French as FOLS are included in the provincial total. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

In 2016, more than half the farms in Ontario had an area of less than 130 acres. The proportion of French-language farms of this size (49.2%) was lower than the proportion of English-language farms (53.4%).

Therefore, French-language farms were more likely than English-language farms to cover a vast area. More than one in five French-language farms had an area of 400 acres or more, compared with only about one in six English-language farms.

The higher proportion of French-language farms that cover a large area could be due to their concentration in the CARs of Northern and Eastern Ontario, less densely developed northern regions where farms are larger^Note  than in the southern part of the province.

1.6 Total gross farm receipts

Data table for Chart 1.6



Chart 1.6
Farms classified by total gross farm receipts and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.6 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.6 Note 2} Ontario, 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total gross farm receipts and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under $25,000, $25,000 to $99,999, $100,000 to $499,999, $500,000 to $1,999,999 and $2,000,000 and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $25,000	$25,000 to $99,999	$100,000 to $499,999	$500,000 to $1,999,999	$2,000,000 and over
	percent
French FOLS	41.7	21.0	22.9	12.3	2.2
English FOLS	35.9	26.5	23.7	11.5	2.5
Total: Ontario	36.1	26.2	23.6	11.5	2.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Note: Farms whose main operator has neither English nor French as FOLS are included in the provincial total. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

In 2016, the lower farm receipts group had the highest proportion of Ontario farms, with 36.1% of the province’s farms reporting farm receipts of less than $25,000.

The proportion of French-language farms with farm receipts below $25,000 (41.7%) was higher than for English-language farms (35.9%). Nevertheless, the proportion of French-language farms with total gross farm receipts of at least $100,000 was similar to that of English-language farms.

Differences observed between language groups could be related to multiple other factors not studied in this descriptive report. Further research would be necessary to explore their contribution.

1.7 Total farm capital

Data table for Chart 1.7



Chart 1.7
Farms classified by total farm capital and first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 1.7 Note 1} of the main operator,^{Chart 1.7 Note 2} Ontario, 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Farms classified by total farm capital and first official language spoken (FOLS) of the main operator Under $200,000, $200,000 to $499,999, $500,000 to $1,499,999, $1,500,000 to $3,499,999 and $3,500,000 and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Under $200,000	$200,000 to $499,999	$500,000 to $1,499,999	$1,500,000 to $3,499,999	$3,500,000 and over
	percent
French FOLS	5.8	20.0	36.4	19.7	18.1
English FOLS	4.3	14.8	39.5	22.7	18.7
Total: Ontario	4.3	15.0	39.4	22.6	18.7
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The main operator is defined as the first operator listed on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire. Return to note 2 referrer Note: Farms whose main operator has neither English nor French as FOLS are included in the provincial total. Sources: Statistics Canada, integrated data from the 2016 Censuses of Population and Agriculture.

More than 39% of Ontario farms had between $500,000 and $1,499,999 of farm capital in 2016. The largest proportion of farms were in this category. The share of farms with farm capital below $500,000 (19.3%) was similar to the proportion of farms with a farm capital of $3,500,000 or more (18.7%).

Low total farm capital was proportionally higher among French-language farms than English-language farms. More than one in four French-language farms had farm capital totaling less than $500,000, compared with less than one in five English-language farms. In contrast, the proportion of French-language farms (18.1%) with a high level of farm capital—$3,500,000 or more—was similar to that of English-language farms (18.7%).

2. Social, economic and linguistic profile of French-speaking workers in Ontario’s agriculture industry

This section presents the changes in the social, economic and linguistic profile of French-speaking agricultural workers in Ontario between 2006 and 2016, with a particular focus on the census agricultural regions (CARs) of Eastern and Northern Ontario, where a significant proportion of agricultural workers (more than 15%) were French speakers in 2016.

“Agricultural workers” refers not only to the farm operators mentioned in the previous section, but to all persons aged 15 and older who worked^Note  on a farm, in crop farming or animal production, in greenhouse, nursery and floriculture production or in aquaculture. Table A.1 in the Appendix provides a detailed list of the industries in the agriculture sector. The data presented in this section are from the 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.



In 2016, 101,190 people aged 15 and older were working in Ontario’s agriculture industry. This is a decrease from 2006, when the province had 107,455 agricultural workers. Table 2 shows that the CARs of Southern and Western Ontario had the largest proportions of the province’s agricultural workers.

There were 3,490 Francophone^Note  agricultural workers in Ontario in 2016. This is a slight increase from 2006, when 3,410 Francophone agricultural workers lived in the province. Francophone agricultural workers were mainly concentrated in the Eastern Ontario CAR (1,975 workers in 2016), but there were also many of them in the CARs of Southern Ontario (590 workers in 2016) and Northern Ontario (560 workers in 2016).

About 3% of Ontario’s agricultural workers were Francophone in both 2006 and 2016. In both years, more than 15% of agricultural workers in the CARs of Eastern and Northern Ontario were Francophone. In the province’s other CARs, less than 2% of agricultural workers were Francophone.

Description for Map 2.a



This map shows the percentage change from 2006 to 2016 of the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector, in each of Ontario’s census agricultural regions.

On this map, four different colours are used to identify values. Red represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector decreased by over 10% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is no census agricultural region.

Orange represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector decreased by 10% or less between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

Light green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector increased by less than 10% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there are three census agricultural regions.

Dark green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agriculture sector increased by 10% or more between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a grey line. Each census agricultural region is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census agricultural region	Percentage change
3501	1.9
3502	10.4
3503	4.9
3504	4.5
3505	-7.2

Map 2.a shows that the number of Francophone agricultural workers increased between 2006 and 2016 in all CARs in the province, except Northern Ontario.

Description for Map 2.b



This map shows the number of French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016 in each of Ontario’s census subdivisions.

On this map, we use six different colours to identify values. Dark grey represents census subdivisions where data is not available. In this group, there are 24 census subdivisions.

Yellow represents census subdivisions where there were between zero and nine French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 503 census subdivisions.

Light green represents census subdivisions where there were between 10 and 49 French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 29 census subdivisions.

Dark green represents census subdivisions where there were between 50 and 99 French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are nine census subdivisions.

Light blue represents census subdivisions where there were between 100 and 199 French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are seven census subdivisions.

Dark blue represents census subdivisions where there were 200 or more French-speaking agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are three census subdivisions.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a red line. Each census subdivision is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census subdivision	Number of workers
3501005	75
3501007	0
3501011	30
3501012	0
3501020	5
3501030	60
3501042	130
3501050	165
3502001	160
3502008	15
3502010	70
3502023	240
3502025	375
3502036	140
3502044	25
3502048	75
3506008	265
3507004	15
3507006	15
3507008	0
3507014	10
3507015	0
3507017	0
3507021	0
3507024	0
3507033	0
3507040	5
3507042	0
3507052	0
3507065	5
3509001	0
3509004	0
3509010	0
3509015	5
3509021	0
3509024	0
3509028	0
3509030	0
3509039	0
3510005	0
3510010	0
3510020	0
3510035	0
3510045	0
3511005	0
3511015	0
3511030	0
3511035	0
3512001	0
3512002	5
3512004	0
3512005	0
3512015	0
3512020	0
3512026	0
3512030	0
3512036	0
3512046	0
3512048	0
3512051	0
3512054	0
3512058	0
3512061	0
3512065	0
3512076	0
3513020	15
3514004	0
3514014	0
3514019	0
3514020	0
3514021	0
3514024	0
3514027	0
3514045	0
3515003	0
3515005	0
3515008	0
3515013	0
3515014	5
3515015	0
3515019	0
3515023	0
3515030	0
3515037	0
3515044	0
3516010	5
3518001	0
3518005	0
3518009	0
3518013	0
3518017	15
3518020	5
3518022	0
3518029	0
3518039	0
3519028	0
3519036	0
3519038	0
3519044	0
3519046	5
3519048	0
3519049	0
3519054	0
3519070	0
3519076	0
3520005	35
3521005	15
3521010	0
3521024	0
3522001	0
3522008	0
3522010	0
3522012	0
3522014	0
3522016	0
3522019	0
3522021	0
3523001	0
3523008	5
3523009	0
3523017	0
3523025	0
3523033	0
3523043	0
3523050	0
3524001	0
3524002	0
3524009	0
3524015	0
3525005	50
3526003	0
3526011	5
3526014	0
3526021	0
3526028	5
3526032	5
3526037	0
3526043	0
3526047	0
3526053	35
3526057	5
3526065	0
3528018	5
3528035	0
3528052	10
3529005	0
3529006	0
3529021	0
3530004	0
3530010	15
3530013	5
3530016	0
3530020	0
3530027	0
3530035	0
3531011	0
3531013	0
3531016	0
3531025	5
3531030	0
3531040	10
3532002	5
3532004	0
3532012	0
3532018	0
3532027	0
3532038	0
3532042	0
3532045	5
3534005	10
3534010	0
3534011	0
3534020	0
3534021	0
3534024	0
3534030	5
3534042	5
3536020	115
3536029	0
3537001	0
3537003	15
3537013	0
3537016	0
3537028	0
3537034	0
3537039	45
3537048	0
3537064	145
3538003	5
3538004	0
3538007	5
3538015	0
3538016	0
3538018	0
3538019	0
3538025	0
3538030	0
3538031	0
3538035	0
3538040	0
3538043	0
3538056	0
3539002	0
3539005	0
3539015	0
3539018	0
3539027	5
3539033	0
3539036	10
3539041	0
3539047	0
3539060	5
3540005	5
3540010	0
3540025	0
3540028	0
3540040	5
3540046	0
3540050	0
3540055	0
3540063	5
3541004	0
3541015	0
3541024	0
3541032	0
3541043	0
3541045	0
3541055	0
3541057	0
3541060	0
3541069	0
3542004	0
3542005	10
3542015	0
3542029	0
3542037	0
3542045	0
3542047	0
3542053	0
3542059	0
3543003	0
3543005	5
3543007	0
3543009	5
3543014	0
3543015	0
3543017	0
3543019	0
3543021	0
3543023	0
3543031	0
3543042	0
3543050	0
3543052	0
3543064	0
3543068	50
3543069	0
3543070	0
3543071	0
3543072	0
3543074	0
3544002	0
3544018	0
3544027	0
3544042	0
3544053	0
3544065	0
3544073	0
3546005	0
3546015	0
3546018	0
3546024	0
3547002	0
3547003	0
3547008	0
3547020	0
3547030	0
3547033	0
3547035	0
3547037	0
3547043	5
3547046	0
3547048	0
3547056	10
3547064	0
3547070	0
3547075	0
3547076	0
3547090	5
3547096	0
3547098	0
3548001	0
3548013	5
3548019	0
3548021	0
3548022	0
3548027	0
3548031	5
3548034	0
3548044	10
3548055	95
3548069	0
3548072	0
3548073	0
3548091	0
3548094	0
3549003	0
3549005	0
3549012	0
3549014	0
3549018	0
3549019	0
3549022	0
3549024	0
3549028	0
3549031	0
3549032	0
3549036	0
3549039	0
3549043	0
3549046	0
3549048	0
3549051	0
3549054	0
3549056	0
3549060	0
3549066	0
3549071	0
3549072	0
3549073	0
3549075	0
3549076	0
3549077	0
3549078	0
3549095	0
3549096	0
3551001	0
3551006	0
3551011	0
3551017	0
3551021	0
3551026	0
3551027	5
3551028	0
3551034	0
3551040	0
3551041	0
3551042	0
3551043	0
3551044	0
3551045	0
3551094	0
3551100	0
3552001	15
3552004	5
3552013	5
3552023	0
3552026	0
3552028	0
3552031	0
3552036	0
3552051	0
3552052	0
3552053	0
3552054	0
3552092	0
3552093	0
3553005	140
3553040	0
3554001	0
3554006	0
3554008	0
3554014	0
3554020	15
3554021	0
3554024	0
3554026	0
3554029	50
3554032	0
3554034	0
3554036	60
3554038	0
3554042	0
3554044	0
3554049	0
3554052	0
3554054	0
3554056	0
3554057	0
3554058	0
3554062	0
3554066	0
3554068	0
3554091	0
3554094	10
3556014	10
3556027	15
3556031	5
3556033	0
3556042	10
3556048	0
3556052	0
3556056	0
3556066	0
3556070	0
3556073	0
3556076	10
3556077	5
3556092	15
3556093	0
3556094	0
3556095	0
3556102	0
3556106	0
3557001	0
3557004	0
3557006	0
3557008	0
3557011	0
3557014	0
3557016	0
3557019	0
3557021	0
3557026	0
3557028	0
3557035	0
3557038	0
3557039	0
3557040	0
3557041	0
3557051	0
3557061	0
3557066	0
3557071	0
3557072	0
3557073	0
3557074	0
3557076	0
3557078	0
3557079	0
3557091	0
3557095	0
3557096	0
3558001	0
3558003	0
3558004	0
3558011	0
3558012	0
3558016	0
3558019	0
3558028	0
3558034	0
3558041	0
3558044	0
3558051	0
3558054	0
3558059	0
3558060	0
3558061	0
3558062	0
3558063	0
3558064	0
3558065	0
3558066	0
3558067	0
3558068	0
3558069	0
3558075	0
3558076	0
3558080	0
3558085	0
3558090	0
3558097	0
3559001	0
3559011	0
3559012	0
3559016	0
3559019	0
3559024	0
3559026	0
3559030	0
3559031	0
3559040	0
3559042	0
3559047	0
3559051	0
3559052	0
3559053	0
3559060	0
3559061	0
3559063	0
3559064	0
3559066	0
3559068	0
3559069	0
3559090	0
3560001	0
3560004	0
3560005	0
3560008	0
3560010	0
3560021	0
3560024	0
3560027	0
3560032	0
3560034	0
3560042	0
3560046	0
3560049	0
3560050	0
3560051	0
3560052	0
3560053	0
3560054	0
3560055	0
3560056	0
3560057	0
3560058	0
3560059	0
3560060	0
3560061	0
3560063	0
3560064	0
3560065	0
3560066	0
3560067	0
3560068	0
3560069	0
3560070	0
3560071	0
3560075	0
3560076	0
3560078	0
3560079	0
3560080	0
3560082	0
3560083	0
3560084	0
3560085	0
3560086	0
3560088	0
3560089	0
3560090	0
3560091	0
3560093	0
3560095	0
3560096	0
3560097	0
3560098	0
3560100	0
3560104	0

Map 2.b shows the number of Francophone agricultural workers in each municipality in the province. In 2016, three Ontario municipalities had at least 200 Francophone agricultural workers: The Nation / La Nation (375 workers), Ottawa (270 workers), and Alfred and Plantagenet (240 workers). These municipalities were all located in the Eastern Ontario CAR. Moreover, there were concentrations of Francophone agricultural workers in municipalities in other regions of Ontario. For example, the municipalities with the most Francophone agricultural workers were Lakeshore in the Southern Ontario CAR (145 workers), Greater Sudbury / Grand Sudbury in the Northern Ontario CAR (140 workers), Tiny in the Western Ontario CAR (50 workers) and Toronto in the Central Ontario CAR (40 workers).

2.1 Age group

Data table for Chart 2.1.1



Chart 2.1.1
Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.1.1 Note 1} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
		percent
French FOLS	2006	29.6	38.3	32.1
	2016	28.2	30.4	41.5
English FOLS	2006	33.4	35.3	31.3
	2016	33.3	28.6	38.2
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Similar to what is observed among all Ontario workers, Ontario’s Francophone agricultural workers were generally older in 2016 than they were in 2006. The median age of these workers increased from 47.0 years in 2006 to 51.3 years in 2016. This aging is also reflected in the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers aged 55 years and older, which rose from 32.1% in 2006 to 41.5% in 2016. Conversely, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers aged 15 to 34 decreased slightly between 2006 and 2016 (from 29.6% to 28.2%).

The differences between Francophone and Anglophone workers in 2006 and 2016 are similar to the differences in the age profile of farm operators described in the previous section. Ontario’s Anglophone agricultural workers were still generally younger than their Francophone counterparts, though they, too, aged between 2006 and 2016. The median age of Ontario’s Anglophone agricultural workers rose from 45.2 years in 2006 to 48.5 years in 2016. In both years, about one-third of Anglophone agricultural workers were aged 15 to 34, a proportion higher than that of their Francophone counterparts.

Data table for Chart 2.1.2



Chart 2.1.2
Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.1.2 Note 1} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
		percent
French FOLS	2006	31.1	39.8	29.1
	2016	33.5	30.2	36.4
English FOLS	2006	28.0	34.1	37.9
	2016	27.4	25.5	47.0
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The situation was not the same in the Eastern Ontario CAR. While the median age of its Francophone agricultural workers rose between 2006 and 2016 (from 45.5 years to 48.2 years), they were still generally younger than their Anglophone counterparts, whose median age rose from 47.7 years in 2006 to 53.0 years in 2016. In addition, the proportion of young Francophone agricultural workers—aged 15 to 34—increased over the decade in this region, from 31.1% in 2006 to 33.5% in 2016. This proportion surpassed that of their Anglophone counterparts.

Data table for Chart 2.1.3



Chart 2.1.3
Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.1.3 Note 1} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
		percent
French FOLS	2006	32.0	43.9	24.1
	2016	23.3	30.3	46.4
English FOLS	2006	30.4	33.6	36.1
	2016	31.3	26.9	41.8
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, trends in the age profile of Francophone agricultural workers also differed from the provincial trends, as the aging of Francophone agricultural workers was particularly pronounced. In this CAR, the median age of Francophone agricultural workers rose from 46.7 years in 2006 to 54.4 years in 2016, while the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers aged 55 and older increased from 24.1% in 2006 to 46.4% in 2016.

In 2006, Francophone agricultural workers in the Northern Ontario CAR were generally younger than their Anglophone counterparts (whose median age was 48.1 years), but this was no longer the case in 2016, as the median age for Anglophone agricultural workers reached 50.4 years, almost 4 years younger than that of their Francophone counterparts.

2.2 Sex

The proportion of women among Ontario’s Francophone agricultural workers rose between 2006 and 2016. Women accounted for 31.2% of Francophone agricultural workers in 2006, compared with 33.9% in 2016. However, this proportion was lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts in both years, with women making up more than 36% of these workers (36.4% in 2006 and 36.9% in 2016). The gap between Francophones and Anglophones narrowed between 2006 and 2016.

A similar change was observed in the Eastern Ontario CAR, though the proportion of women among both Francophone and Anglophone agricultural workers was lower than in the province as a whole. Between 2006 and 2016, the proportion of women among Francophone agricultural workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR increased from 25.7% to 28.1%. Among their Anglophone counterparts, the proportion rose from 32.2% in 2006 to 34.0% in 2016.

The situation was different in the Northern Ontario CAR, where the proportion of women among Francophone agricultural workers was higher than among Anglophone workers in both 2006 and 2016, with the gap widening during this period. In 2006, 35.8% of Francophone agricultural workers were women, compared with 43.5% in 2016. As a result, in the Northern Ontario CAR, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who were women was close to parity in 2016. Among their Anglophone counterparts, 33.1% of agricultural workers were women in 2006, compared with 36.1% in 2016.

2.3 Place of birth

Data table for Chart 2.3.1



Chart 2.3.1
Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.3.1 Note 1} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Ontario, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Ontario	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
		percent
French FOLS	2006	73.7	19.2	7.1
	2016	75.1	15.3	9.6
English FOLS	2006	75.6	3.9	20.5
	2016	78.6	3.9	17.6
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Among Francophone agricultural workers, the proportion born in Ontario was lower in 2006 (73.7%) than in 2016 (75.1%). Between these years, the proportion born in another province decreased, and the proportion born outside Canada increased. Despite this trend, in 2016, Francophone agricultural workers were about half as likely as their Anglophone counterparts to have been born outside Canada (9.6% compared with 17.6%), and almost four times more likely to have been born in a province or territory other than Ontario (19.2% compared with 3.9%).

In 2016, Francophone agricultural workers who were born in a province other than Ontario were mostly born in Quebec (85.5%). Moreover, a large proportion of Francophone agricultural workers born outside Canada had Switzerland (23.0%), France (15.6%) or elsewhere in Europe (20.8%) as their place of birth.

Data table for Chart 2.3.2



Chart 2.3.2
Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.3.2 Note 1} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Ontario, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Ontario	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
		percent
French FOLS	2006	81.5	12.9	5.6
	2016	78.0	14.3	7.7
English FOLS	2006	76.8	8.5	14.8
	2016	80.3	8.4	11.2
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, there was an increase in the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers born outside Ontario (i.e., in another province or outside Canada). The opposite was observed among Anglophone agricultural workers. In 2016, Francophone agricultural workers were more likely to have been born outside Ontario (22.0%) than their Anglophone counterparts (19.7%).

As in the province as a whole in 2016, Francophone agricultural workers in this CAR who were born in a province other than Ontario were mostly from Quebec (87.4%), and a large proportion of those born outside Canada were from Switzerland (39.3%) or elsewhere in Europe (44.2%).

Data table for Chart 2.3.3



Chart 2.3.3
Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.3.3 Note 1} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Ontario, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Ontario	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
		percent
French FOLS	2006	83.8	15.9	0.0
	2016	91.7	7.4	0.9
English FOLS	2006	82.9	7.9	9.2
	2016	83.0	6.7	10.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, the birthplace distribution of Francophone agricultural workers was very different from the rest of the province. There was an increase in the share of these workers who were born in Ontario, from 83.8% in 2006 to 91.7% in 2016, and a parallel decrease of the proportion of workers born in another province. There were few Francophone agricultural workers born outside Canada in 2006 and 2016, while more than 9% of Anglophone agricultural workers in both years were foreign-born. The low proportion of French agricultural workers born outside Ontario and the decline of this population between 2006 and 2016 may be due to migration or retirements.

2.4 Indigenous identity

In Ontario, the number of Indigenous^Note  agricultural workers went from 1,070 to 1,500 between 2006 and 2016. Among them, the proportion whose first official language spoken (FOLS) was French went from 9.2% to 12.3% over the decade. All of these workers had knowledge of French or English in 2006 and in 2016. Furthermore, in 2016, around 4% of Ontario’s Indigenous agricultural workers knew an Indigenous language.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the number of Indigenous agricultural workers was 145 in 2006 and 200 in 2016. Around one in five had French as FOLS in 2016, while it was the case of a very small number in 2006.

The number of Indigenous agricultural workers who lived in the Northern Ontario CAR went from 215 to 280 between 2006 and 2016. In 2016, around one-fifth had French as FOLS while in 2006, it was around a quarter. Moreover, almost 9% of this CAR’s Indigenous agricultural workers knew an Indigenous language in 2016.

The marked growth in the number of Indigenous agricultural workers between 2006 and 2016 in Ontario is possibly due to changes in the reported identities of these workers over the decade.^Note 

2.5 Education

Data table for Chart 2.5.1



Chart 2.5.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.5.1 Note 1} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
		percent
French FOLS	2006	35.7	29.1	8.9	16.6	9.8
	2016	27.1	34.3	8.3	20.6	9.6
English FOLS	2006	38.0	30.4	5.9	15.2	10.5
	2016	29.9	32.5	5.4	19.1	13.2
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The level of education of Francophone agricultural workers generally increased in Ontario between 2006 and 2016. The proportion of workers without a certificate, diploma or degree fell from 35.7% to 27.1%, while the proportion with a high school diploma^Note  as their highest qualification rose from 29.1% to 34.3%. The share of Francophone agricultural workers whose highest diploma earned was a college diploma^Note  also increased (16.6% in 2006 and 20.6% in 2016).

The educational attainment of Ontario’s agricultural workers was more or less similar among Francophones and Anglophones. However, Francophone agricultural workers were less likely than their Anglophone counterparts to have no certificate, diploma or degree in 2006 and in 2016. Francophone agricultural workers were also more likely to have an apprenticeship, trades or college diploma as their highest qualification, and were less likely to have a university diploma, compared with their Anglophone counterparts.

Data table for Chart 2.5.2



Chart 2.5.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.5.2 Note 1} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
		percent
French FOLS	2006	35.3	32.6	7.7	15.5	9.0
	2016	24.4	39.2	9.7	17.7	9.0
English FOLS	2006	28.5	33.3	6.9	18.3	13.1
	2016	21.8	33.7	6.8	23.1	14.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, as in the entire province, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers without a certificate, diploma or degree decreased between 2006 (35.3%) and 2016 (28.5%). In contrast to provincial trends, this proportion remained higher than for their Anglophone counterparts. Indeed, the educational attainment of Francophone agricultural workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR was still generally lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts, in both 2006 and in 2016. This is particularly evident when comparing, in 2016, the proportions of Francophone and Anglophone agricultural workers whose highest qualification was a diploma from a college (17.7% compared with 23.1%) or university (9.0% compared with 14.5%). Thus, 26.7% of Francophone agricultural workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR had a college or university degree in 2016, compared with 37.6% of their Anglophone counterparts. This gap widened between 2006 and 2016.

Data table for Chart 2.5.3



Chart 2.5.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.5.3 Note 1} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
		percent
French FOLS	2006	45.9	22.3	12.1	14.1	5.6
	2016	27.3	32.1	6.4	27.1	7.1
English FOLS	2006	34.5	30.7	9.2	14.4	11.3
	2016	31.8	28.8	7.5	19.1	12.8
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers without a certificate, diploma or degree declined sharply between 2006 and 2016, from 45.9% to 27.3%. The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers with low educational attainment was higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts in 2006, but this was no longer the case in 2016. The increase in educational attainment among Francophone agricultural workers in this region between 2006 and 2016 is also reflected in the growing proportion of workers whose highest qualification was a diploma from a high school (22.3% in 2006 and 32.1% in 2016) or a college (14.1% in 2006 and 27.1% in 2016). However, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers with a university diploma was still lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts.

2.6 Class of worker

Data table for Chart 2.6.1



Chart 2.6.1
Class of worker of agricultural sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.6.1 Note 1} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Class of worker of agricultural sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Employee, Unpaid family workers, Self-employed with a business and Self-employed without a business, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Employee	Unpaid family workers	Self-employed with a business	Self-employed without a business
		percent
French FOLS	2006	50.2	3.3	17.6	28.9
	2016	55.1	4.2	13.8	27.0
English FOLS	2006	53.1	4.6	10.6	31.8
	2016	55.0	5.3	11.6	28.1
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

More than half of Ontario’s Francophone agricultural workers were employees in both 2006 and 2016. Between these years, the proportion increased from 50.2% to 55.1%, while the share of self-employed workers, incorporated or unincorporated, decreased. As a result of these trends, the distribution of Francophone agricultural workers by class of worker was closer to that of their Anglophone counterparts in 2016 than in 2006.

Data table for Chart 2.6.2



Chart 2.6.2
Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official langue spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.6.2 Note 1} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official langue spoken (FOLS) Employee, Unpaid family workers, Self-employed with a business and Self-employed without a business, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Employee	Unpaid family workers	Self-employed with a business	Self-employed without a business
		percent
French FOLS	2006	42.0	4.0	23.9	30.2
	2016	56.1	3.6	15.4	24.9
English FOLS	2006	40.7	4.8	10.6	43.9
	2016	45.3	5.5	12.0	37.2
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the increase in the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who were employees was particularly strong, with this proportion increasing from 42.0% in 2006 to 56.1% in 2016. In contrast, the share of self-employed workers, incorporated or unincorporated, decreased over this period, from 54.1% to 40.3%. Therefore, while Francophone and Anglophone agricultural workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR were equally likely to be self-employed in 2006, this was no longer the case in 2016. For both years, Francophone agricultural workers who were self-employed were more likely to be incorporated than their Anglophone counterparts.

Data table for Chart 2.6.3



Chart 2.6.3
Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.6.3 Note 1} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Class of worker of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Employee, Unpaid family workers, Self-employed with a business and Self-employed without a business, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Employee	Unpaid family workers	Self-employed with a business	Self-employed without a business
		percent
French FOLS	2006	57.8	0.0	9.7	30.9
	2016	52.9	3.6	7.3	36.2
English FOLS	2006	46.5	3.6	9.0	41.0
	2016	45.3	9.1	7.2	38.4
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The evolution of the distribution of the Francophone agricultural population by class of worker observed at the Ontario level between 2006 and 2016 was not reflected in the Northern Ontario CAR. In this region, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who were employees decreased between 2006 (57.8%) and 2016 (52.9%), while the share of unincorporated self-employed workers increased (30.9% in 2006 and 36.2% in 2016). In both years, Francophone agricultural workers were more likely to be employees than their Anglophone counterparts.

2.7 Employment income

Employment income includes all income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the calendar year prior to the census. The employment income of agriculture sector workers may include income from other sources than the job occupied in this sector.

This report contains information on all people categorized as workers, including those who worked during the reference week (for example, from May 1 to May 7, 2016) or the census year (e.g.: 2016), but who did not work in the year prior to the census (e.g.: 2015). However, because these workers did not work in the year prior to the census, their data are excluded from this section. They are identified by the category “not applicable” in the charts below and are excluded from the median income, work activity and average number of weeks worked per year calculations.  

Data table for Chart 2.7.1



Chart 2.7.1
Employment income^{Chart 2.7.1 Note 1} of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.7.1 Note 2} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
		percent
French FOLS	2006	36.6	32.3	20.4	7.4	3.4
	2016	39.5	27.2	20.1	7.9	5.3
English FOLS	2006	43.2	27.2	18.6	7.4	3.6
	2016	42.1	26.9	19.5	8.3	3.2
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

From 2006 to 2016, the median employment income^Note  of Ontario’s Francophone agricultural workers was relatively stable, going from $15,320 to $15,400, while the proportion of these workers with low employment income—below $10,000—increased over this period, from 36.6% in 2006 to 39.5% in 2016. The median employment income of their Anglophone counterparts increased over this decade, from $12,255 in 2006 to $13,100 in 2016. Therefore, Ontario’s Francophone agricultural workers had higher employment income than their Anglophone counterparts, though the gap narrowed between 2006 ($3,065) and 2016 ($2,300).

In 2016, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who worked full time^Note  (74.0%) was similar to the share for their Anglophone counterparts (73.3%). The average number of weeks worked per year^Note  was also similar for Francophone (42.3) and Anglophone (41.9) agricultural workers.

The median employment income gap between Francophone men and women in the Ontario agriculture sector was similar in 2006 ($3,820) and 2016 ($3,745). The median employment income of female Francophone agricultural workers went from $13,670 in 2006 to $12,755 in 2016, and that of their male counterparts, from $17,490 in 2006 to $16,500 in 2016.

Data table for Chart 2.7.2



Chart 2.7.2
Employment income^{Chart 2.7.2 Note 1} of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.7.2 Note 2} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
		percent
French FOLS	2006	34.8	34.5	20.8	6.6	3.4
	2016	38.6	28.5	19.2	7.9	5.8
English FOLS	2006	51.3	24.3	15.5	5.5	3.5
	2016	50.3	25.1	15.5	5.8	3.2
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the median employment income of Francophone agricultural workers decreased between 2006 ($15,320) and 2016 ($14,530), while that of their Anglophone counterparts was stable during the same period ($8,840 in 2006 and $9,055 in 2016). In 2016, the median employment income of Francophone agricultural workers in this region was slightly below the provincial average but exceeded that of their Anglophone counterparts by more than $5,000. This gap in favour of Francophone agricultural workers was more than twice that observed across the province.

The decrease in the median employment income of Francophone agricultural workers in this region is reflected in the growing share of these workers reporting employment income of less than $10,000, which went from 34.8% in 2006 to 38.6% in 2016. By comparison, in both years, around half of Anglophone agricultural workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR reported employment income of less than $10,000. Francophone agricultural workers were also more likely than their Anglophone counterparts to have high employment income. In 2006 and in 2016, more than one in four Francophone agricultural workers had employment income of $30,000 or more, compared with about one in five of their Anglophone counterparts.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who worked full time (77.2%) was higher than the share for their Anglophone counterparts (72.0%) in 2016. However, the average number of weeks worked per year was similar for Francophone (43.5) and Anglophone (43.1) agricultural workers.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, there was an increase in the median employment income gap between Francophone men and women working in the agricultural sector from 2006 ($3,290) to 2016 ($5,270). In this CAR, Francophone agricultural workers’ median employment income showed a sharper decline over the decade for women (from $14,200 in 2006 to $11,715 in 2016) than for men (from $17,490 in 2006 to $16,985 in 2016).

Data table for Chart 2.7.3



Chart 2.7.3
Employment income^{Chart 2.7.3 Note 1} of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 2.7.3 Note 2}, Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
		percent
French FOLS	2006	47.9	23.1	21.1	5.2	2.6
	2016	43.8	26.2	20.6	4.2	5.3
English FOLS	2006	50.1	25.8	15.3	4.5	4.2
	2016	56.8	23.8	12.1	3.8	3.5
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, the median employment income of Francophone agricultural workers was below the provincial average and increased slightly between 2006 ($10,045) and 2016 ($11,555). By contrast, the median employment income of Anglophone agricultural workers decreased over the same period, from $8,655 in 2006 to $6,355 in 2016. Therefore, the median employment income of Francophone agricultural workers was higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts in both years, with a larger gap in 2016.

The increase of Francophone agricultural workers’ employment income between 2006 and 2016 in the Northern Ontario CAR is reflected in the proportions of workers classified in each of the income groups. The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who had employment income of less than $10,000 went from 47.9% to 43.8% over the decade, and almost one in four earned $30,000 or more in 2006 and 2016. Among Anglophone agricultural workers, the proportion with low employment income—below $10,000—was higher (56.8% in 2016) than that of their Francophone counterparts, and the proportion earning a higher income—$30,000 or more—was lower (15.9% in 2016).

In 2016, the share of full-time workers among Francophone agricultural workers in the Northern Ontario CAR was lower (70.0%) than for their Anglophone counterparts (75.8%). However, Francophone agricultural workers worked an average number of weeks per year (40.6) similar to that of their Anglophone counterparts (41.2).

In 2016, in the Northern Ontario CAR, the median employment income of Francophone female agricultural workers ($15,560) was higher than that of their male counterparts ($10,325). This was not the case in 2006, when the median employment income of Francophone women in the agriculture sector in this CAR ($9,415) was slightly lower than that of their male counterparts ($10,850).

2.8 Language(s) used at work

Data table for Chart 2.8.1



Chart 2.8.1
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 2.8.1 Note 1} by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.8.1 Note 2} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
		percent
French FOLS	2006	31.3	41.0	25.4	2.3
	2016	27.3	43.6	26.3	2.8
English FOLS	2006	0.0	0.6	90.2	9.1
	2016	0.1	0.7	89.6	9.6
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Among Ontario’s Francophone agricultural workers, the proportion using only French^Note  at work decreased between 2006 and 2016, from 31.3% to 27.3%, while the proportions using English and French^Note  (41.0% in 2006 and 43.6% in 2016) or only English^Note  (25.4% in 2006 and 26.3% in 2016) increased.

Data table for Chart 2.8.2



Chart 2.8.2
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 2.8.2 Note 1} by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.8.2 Note 2} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
		percent
French FOLS	2006	46.6	40.2	12.3	1.0
	2016	39.5	49.1	9.1	2.3
English FOLS	2006	0.1	3.7	90.8	5.4
	2016	0.5	4.3	91.8	3.4
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers who used only French at work was higher than in the province as a whole, but it fell from 46.6% in 2006 to 39.5% in 2016. In contrast to the provincial trend, the proportion of Francophone agricultural workers in this region who used only English at work decreased between 2006 (12.3%) and 2016 (9.1%). The proportion of Francophone agricultural workers using English and French at work increased over the decade, from 40.2% in 2006 to 49.1% in 2016.

Data table for Chart 2.8.3



Chart 2.8.3
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 2.8.3 Note 1} by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 2.8.3 Note 2} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agriculture sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
		percent
French FOLS	2006	28.5	53.0	17.7	0.8
	2016	27.1	54.7	18.2	0.0
English FOLS	2006	0.1	1.5	96.0	2.3
	2016	0.0	1.7	89.7	8.6
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, the languages used at work by Francophone agricultural workers were relatively similar in 2006 and in 2016. The proportion of these workers who used only French at work was close to the provincial average at 27.1% in 2016. However, Francophone agricultural workers in this region used English and French in proportions above the provincial average, and they were less likely to use only English at work than their counterparts across the province. More than one in six Francophone agricultural workers in the Northern Ontario CAR used only English at work in 2006 and in 2016.

3. Social, economic and linguistic profile of French-speaking workers in Ontario’s agri-food industry

This section tracks the evolution, from 2006 to 2016, of the social, economic and linguistic profile of French-language agri-food workers in Ontario. The analysis focuses on the census agricultural regions (CARs) of Eastern and Northern Ontario, whose proportions of French-speaking workers in the agri-food sector (more than 11%) were above the provincial average (2.9%) in 2016.

The term “agri-food workers” refers to all persons aged 15 and older who worked in input and service supply (e.g., support activities for agriculture, farm machinery and equipment merchant wholesalers), in food, beverage, and tobacco processing (e.g., bakeries, dairy product manufacturing, meat product manufacturing), in food retail and wholesale (e.g., grocery stores, food merchant wholesalers), or in food service (e.g., restaurants, drinking places). Table A.2 in the Appendix provides a detailed list of industries in the agri-food sector. The data presented in this section are from the 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.



In 2016, there were 840,740 people aged 15 and older working in Ontario’s agri-food industry. This is an increase from 2006, when there were 757,485 people working in this industry. As shown in Table 3, there were many agri-food workers in the CARs of Western, Central and Eastern Ontario.

Ontario’s agri-food sector employed 24,145 Francophone workers in 2016, which is fewer than in 2006, when there were 25,210 Francophones working in this sector. Francophone agri-food workers were concentrated mainly in the CARs of Eastern Ontario (10,520 workers in 2016) and Northern Ontario (5,215 workers in 2016). In both CARs, more than 11% of agri-food workers were Francophone in 2016, compared with about 1% in the province’s other CARs.

Description for Map 3.a



This map shows the percentage change from 2006 to 2016 of the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector, in each of Ontario’s census agricultural regions.

On this map, we use four different colours to identify values. Red represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector decreased by over 10% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there are two census agricultural regions.

Orange represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector decreased by 10% or less between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is one census agricultural region.

Light green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector increased by less than 10% between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there are two census agricultural regions.

Dark green represents census agricultural regions where the French-speaking population aged 15 or over who worked in the agri-food sector increased by 10% or more between 2006 and 2016. In this group, there is no census agricultural region.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a grey line. Each census agricultural region is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census agricultural region	Percentage change
3501	-24.4
3502	-3.7
3503	1.0
3504	8.9
3505	-18.5

Map 3.a shows that the number of Francophone agri-food workers fell by more than 10% between 2006 and 2016 in the Southern and Northern Ontario CARs. Conversely, the number of Francophone agri-food workers in the Central and Eastern Ontario CARs increased between 2006 and 2016.

Description for Map 3.b



This map shows the number of French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016 in each of Ontario’s census subdivisions.

On this map, six different colours are used to identify values. Dark grey represents census subdivisions where data is not available. In this group, there are 24 census subdivisions.

Yellow represents census subdivisions where there were between zero and nine French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 389 census subdivisions.

Light green represents census subdivisions where there were between 10 and 49 French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 98 census subdivisions.

Dark green represents census subdivisions where there were between 50 and 199 French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 42 census subdivisions.

Light blue represents census subdivisions where there were between 200 and 499 French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are 14 census subdivisions.

Dark blue represents census subdivisions where there were 500 or more French-speaking agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over in 2016. In this group, there are eight census subdivisions.

The borders of each census agricultural region are delineated by a red line. Each census subdivision is assigned a colour based on the table below.

Census subdivision	Number of workers
3501005	245
3501007	0
3501011	65
3501012	480
3501020	20
3501030	25
3501042	115
3501050	205
3502001	170
3502008	530
3502010	330
3502023	325
3502025	570
3502036	695
3502044	150
3502048	305
3506008	5640
3507004	5
3507006	5
3507008	10
3507014	0
3507015	25
3507017	0
3507021	5
3507024	0
3507033	0
3507040	10
3507042	0
3507052	0
3507065	40
3509001	5
3509004	30
3509010	5
3509015	0
3509021	0
3509024	10
3509028	20
3509030	20
3509039	5
3510005	0
3510010	175
3510020	15
3510035	0
3510045	0
3511005	15
3511015	15
3511030	0
3511035	0
3512001	0
3512002	0
3512004	0
3512005	50
3512015	55
3512020	0
3512026	0
3512030	0
3512036	0
3512046	0
3512048	0
3512051	0
3512054	0
3512058	0
3512061	5
3512065	0
3512076	0
3513020	5
3514004	5
3514014	0
3514019	10
3514020	5
3514021	0
3514024	0
3514027	0
3514045	0
3515003	0
3515005	0
3515008	0
3515013	0
3515014	70
3515015	5
3515019	0
3515023	0
3515030	0
3515037	0
3515044	0
3516010	20
3518001	65
3518005	85
3518009	90
3518013	90
3518017	45
3518020	0
3518022	0
3518029	0
3518039	10
3519028	125
3519036	120
3519038	110
3519044	15
3519046	50
3519048	70
3519049	20
3519054	15
3519070	20
3519076	0
3520005	2370
3521005	540
3521010	345
3521024	25
3522001	5
3522008	0
3522010	5
3522012	0
3522014	15
3522016	0
3522019	0
3522021	0
3523001	0
3523008	125
3523009	0
3523017	10
3523025	15
3523033	0
3523043	0
3523050	0
3524001	185
3524002	170
3524009	85
3524015	35
3525005	415
3526003	15
3526011	35
3526014	0
3526021	0
3526028	15
3526032	140
3526037	10
3526043	135
3526047	15
3526053	115
3526057	15
3526065	20
3528018	10
3528035	0
3528052	25
3529005	15
3529006	45
3529021	0
3530004	5
3530010	55
3530013	220
3530016	60
3530020	0
3530027	5
3530035	5
3531011	20
3531013	0
3531016	5
3531025	0
3531030	0
3531040	0
3532002	0
3532004	0
3532012	0
3532018	10
3532027	5
3532038	5
3532042	15
3532045	5
3534005	0
3534010	0
3534011	0
3534020	0
3534021	10
3534024	0
3534030	0
3534042	0
3536020	95
3536029	0
3537001	0
3537003	30
3537013	15
3537016	0
3537028	15
3537034	20
3537039	230
3537048	20
3537064	115
3538003	15
3538004	0
3538007	0
3538015	0
3538016	10
3538018	0
3538019	0
3538025	0
3538030	90
3538031	0
3538035	0
3538040	0
3538043	0
3538056	0
3539002	0
3539005	0
3539015	0
3539018	0
3539027	5
3539033	0
3539036	265
3539041	0
3539047	0
3539060	0
3540005	0
3540010	0
3540025	0
3540028	0
3540040	0
3540046	0
3540050	0
3540055	0
3540063	0
3541004	0
3541015	0
3541024	5
3541032	0
3541043	0
3541045	5
3541055	0
3541057	0
3541060	0
3541069	0
3542004	10
3542005	0
3542015	15
3542029	0
3542037	0
3542045	10
3542047	0
3542053	0
3542059	10
3543003	5
3543005	0
3543007	15
3543009	5
3543014	10
3543015	5
3543017	50
3543019	0
3543021	70
3543023	10
3543031	10
3543042	145
3543050	0
3543052	15
3543064	30
3543068	25
3543069	0
3543070	0
3543071	5
3543072	10
3543074	30
3544002	0
3544018	15
3544027	0
3544042	15
3544053	0
3544065	0
3544073	0
3546005	0
3546015	0
3546018	0
3546024	0
3547002	5
3547003	0
3547008	0
3547020	0
3547030	0
3547033	5
3547035	0
3547037	0
3547043	0
3547046	0
3547048	0
3547056	0
3547064	30
3547070	0
3547075	35
3547076	30
3547090	0
3547096	15
3547098	0
3548001	0
3548013	5
3548019	0
3548021	40
3548022	0
3548027	15
3548031	5
3548034	30
3548044	265
3548055	350
3548069	5
3548072	0
3548073	0
3548091	0
3548094	10
3549003	0
3549005	0
3549012	0
3549014	0
3549018	0
3549019	0
3549022	0
3549024	0
3549028	0
3549031	0
3549032	0
3549036	0
3549039	0
3549043	0
3549046	0
3549048	0
3549051	0
3549054	5
3549056	10
3549060	5
3549066	10
3549071	0
3549072	0
3549073	0
3549075	0
3549076	0
3549077	0
3549078	0
3549095	0
3549096	0
3551001	5
3551006	0
3551011	0
3551017	5
3551021	0
3551026	0
3551027	0
3551028	0
3551034	0
3551040	0
3551041	0
3551042	0
3551043	0
3551044	0
3551045	0
3551094	0
3551100	0
3552001	40
3552004	15
3552013	40
3552023	15
3552026	10
3552028	5
3552031	0
3552036	0
3552051	0
3552052	0
3552053	0
3552054	0
3552092	20
3552093	25
3553005	1875
3553040	0
3554001	0
3554006	0
3554008	10
3554014	0
3554020	120
3554021	0
3554024	0
3554026	5
3554029	15
3554032	0
3554034	0
3554036	15
3554038	0
3554042	0
3554044	0
3554049	0
3554052	0
3554054	0
3554056	0
3554057	0
3554058	10
3554062	10
3554066	0
3554068	50
3554091	0
3554094	0
3556014	20
3556027	710
3556031	85
3556033	0
3556042	125
3556048	25
3556052	10
3556056	65
3556066	290
3556070	25
3556073	0
3556076	160
3556077	15
3556092	50
3556093	0
3556094	0
3556095	0
3556102	0
3556106	0
3557001	0
3557004	0
3557006	0
3557008	0
3557011	0
3557014	0
3557016	0
3557019	0
3557021	0
3557026	0
3557028	0
3557035	5
3557038	25
3557039	5
3557040	5
3557041	60
3557051	0
3557061	90
3557066	0
3557071	0
3557072	0
3557073	0
3557074	0
3557076	25
3557078	0
3557079	30
3557091	5
3557095	10
3557096	0
3558001	0
3558003	0
3558004	45
3558011	0
3558012	0
3558016	0
3558019	0
3558028	0
3558034	0
3558041	0
3558044	0
3558051	0
3558054	5
3558059	10
3558060	0
3558061	0
3558062	0
3558063	0
3558064	0
3558065	0
3558066	5
3558067	0
3558068	0
3558069	0
3558075	50
3558076	0
3558080	0
3558085	0
3558090	5
3558097	0
3559001	0
3559011	0
3559012	0
3559016	0
3559019	0
3559024	0
3559026	0
3559030	0
3559031	0
3559040	0
3559042	0
3559047	0
3559051	0
3559052	0
3559053	0
3559060	0
3559061	0
3559063	0
3559064	0
3559066	0
3559068	0
3559069	0
3559090	0
3560001	10
3560004	0
3560005	0
3560008	0
3560010	5
3560021	0
3560024	0
3560027	10
3560032	0
3560034	0
3560042	5
3560046	0
3560049	0
3560050	0
3560051	0
3560052	0
3560053	0
3560054	0
3560055	0
3560056	0
3560057	0
3560058	0
3560059	0
3560060	0
3560061	0
3560063	0
3560064	0
3560065	0
3560066	0
3560067	0
3560068	0
3560069	0
3560070	0
3560071	0
3560075	0
3560076	0
3560078	0
3560079	0
3560080	0
3560082	0
3560083	0
3560084	0
3560085	0
3560086	0
3560088	0
3560089	0
3560090	0
3560091	0
3560093	0
3560095	0
3560096	0
3560097	0
3560098	0
3560100	0
3560104	0

Map 3.b shows a high concentration of 500 or more Francophone agri-food workers in eight Ontario municipalities, spread over several of the province’s CARs. Four of these municipalities were in the Eastern Ontario CAR: Ottawa (5,640 workers), Clarence-Rockland (695 workers), The Nation / La Nation (570 workers), and Hawkesbury (530 workers). Two were in the Northern Ontario CAR: Greater Sudbury / Grand Sudbury (1,880 workers) and Timmins (715 workers). Another, Toronto (2,370 workers), was in the Central Ontario CAR, and the last, Mississauga (540 workers), was located in the Southern Ontario CAR.

3.1 Age group

Data table for Chart 3.1.1



Chart 3.1.1
Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.1.1 Note 1} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
		percent
French FOLS	2006	52.7	35.5	11.8
	2016	54.0	27.5	18.5
English FOLS	2006	57.7	32.7	9.6
	2016	57.1	28.9	14.1
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The median age of Ontario’s Francophone agri-food workers fell from 33.0 years to 31.6 years between 2006 and 2016. Among these workers, the proportion aged 15 to 34 increased (from 52.7% in 2006 to 54.0% in 2016), as did the proportion aged 55 and older (from 11.8% in 2006 to 18.5% in 2016).

In 2016, the proportion of youth aged 15 to 34 among Francophone workers was much higher in Ontario’s agri-food industry (54.0%) than in its agriculture industry (28.2%). While the population of Francophone workers grew older in both industries, in 2016, the proportion of workers aged 55 and older was still much lower in the agri-food industry (18.5%) than in the agriculture industry (41.5%).

Anglophone agri-food workers were still generally younger than their Francophone counterparts: more than 57% were aged 15 to 34 in 2006 and in 2016. However, the median age of Anglophone agri-food workers edged up between 2006 (30.0 years) and 2016 (30.5 years), bringing them closer to the age profile of their Francophone counterparts in 2016 than they were in 2006.

Data table for Chart 3.1.2



Chart 3.1.2
Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.1.2 Note 1} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
		percent
French FOLS	2006	55.5	33.8	10.7
	2016	60.7	23.3	16.0
English FOLS	2006	63.0	29.0	8.0
	2016	63.2	24.4	12.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The increase in the proportion of young Francophone workers in the agri-food sector observed at the provincial level was particularly strong in the Eastern Ontario CAR. In this region, the median age of Francophone agri-food workers, already below the provincial average in 2006, declined over the decade, from 30.5 years in 2006 to 26.5 years in 2016. The share of Francophone workers aged 15 to 34 increased between 2006 (55.5%) and 2016 (60.7%). Meanwhile, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers aged 55 and older also increased over the decade, from 10.7% in 2006 to 16.0% in 2016.

The age profile of Francophone workers in the agri-food sector was closer to that of their Anglophone counterparts in 2016 than in 2006. The median age of Anglophone agri-food workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR was lower than that of Francophones in 2006 (26.0 years), but this was no longer the case in 2016 (27.1 years).

Data table for Chart 3.1.3



Chart 3.1.3
Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.1.3 Note 1} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Age group of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) 15 to 34 years, 35 to 54 years and 55 years and over, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		15 to 34 years	35 to 54 years	55 years and over
		percent
French FOLS	2006	55.6	33.3	11.1
	2016	49.8	28.5	21.7
English FOLS	2006	62.0	29.9	8.0
	2016	60.7	24.9	14.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, Francophone agri-food workers were generally older than the provincial average. In contrast to the provincial trend, their median age increased between 2006 (30.5 years) and 2016 (35.2 years). The aging of Francophone agri-food workers in this region is reflected in the proportion of workers aged 55 and older, which almost doubled over the decade, from 11.1% in 2006 to 21.7% in 2016. The proportion of workers aged 15 to 34, on the other hand, decreased (from 55.6% in 2006 to 49.8% in 2016).

The aging of Anglophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR was less pronounced than that of their Francophone counterparts. The median age of Anglophone workers remained relatively stable and lower than that of Francophones, going from 26.6 years in 2006 to 27.8 years in 2016. Although it did increase, the proportion of Anglophone agri-food workers aged 55 and older (8.0% in 2006 and 14.3% in 2016) was still much lower than that of their Francophone counterparts.

3.2 Sex

The share of women among Ontario’s agri-food workers was close to parity. Among Francophone workers, the proportion of women decreased slightly between 2006 (56.9%) and 2016 (54.6%) but was still higher than among Anglophones, where it hovered around 53% in both years (53.5% in 2006 and 53.4% in 2016). Section 3.8 shows that women’s representation in Ontario’s agri-food sector varied by industry.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the proportion of female agri-food workers was similar for Francophones and Anglophones and remained relatively stable between 2006 and 2016, at about 51% (51.3% in 2006 and 51.7% in 2016 for Francophones; 52.1% in 2006 and 50.8% in 2016 for Anglophones). Therefore, while close to parity, the share of women among agri-food workers in this region was slightly lower than the provincial average.

Women’s presence in the agri-food sector was stronger in the Northern Ontario CAR than it was across the province. In 2006, almost two-thirds of Francophone agri-food workers in the region were women (65.7%). A lower proportion was observed in 2016 (62.0%), but it was still higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts in both years (61.8% in 2006 and 58.4% in 2016).

3.3 Place of birth

Data table for Chart 3.3.1



Chart 3.3.1
Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.3.1 Note 1} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Ontario, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Ontario	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
		percent
French FOLS	2006	62.8	22.6	14.6
	2016	60.7	20.8	18.5
English FOLS	2006	63.3	6.2	30.5
	2016	63.1	5.1	31.8
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Among Ontario’s Francophone agri-food workers, more than 60% were Ontario-born in 2006 and in 2016. Between these years, the proportion born in another province decreased (from 22.6% to 20.8%), while the proportion born outside Canada increased (from 14.6% to 18.5%). Francophone agri-food workers were more likely to have been born in another province and less likely to have been born outside Canada than their Anglophone counterparts.

In 2016, more than four out of five Francophone agri-food workers born in a province other than Ontario were born in Quebec. Places of birth among Francophone agri-food workers born outside Canada were more varied, with large proportions born in Africa (35.0%), Europe (27.9%) and Asia (22.1%). The main countries of birth of these workers were France (14.9%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (8.3%), Lebanon (6.6%) and Haiti (6.5%).

Data table for Chart 3.3.2



Chart 3.3.2
Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.3.2 Note 1} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Ontario, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Ontario	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
		percent
French FOLS	2006	71.3	19.2	9.5
	2016	66.4	20.4	13.2
English FOLS	2006	69.3	11.3	19.4
	2016	69.4	10.5	20.1
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers born in Ontario decreased between 2006 (71.3%) and 2016 (66.4%), while it remained stable at nearly 69% among their Anglophone counterparts. About one in five Francophone agri-food workers had been born in another province or territory in 2006 and in 2016, a proportion higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts. In 2016, in this CAR, nearly 9 out of 10 Francophone agri-food workers born in a province other than Ontario were Quebec-born.

As with the provincial trend, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers born outside Canada was higher in 2016 (13.2%) than in 2006 (9.5%), but it was lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts in both years (about 20%).

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the growing diversification of Francophone agri-food workers’ places of birth between 2006 and 2016 reflects the contribution of interprovincial and international migration to this population. In 2016, the main countries of birth of these Francophone workers born outside Canada were Haiti (14.2%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (11.6%), Lebanon (10.8%), France (5.3%) and Burundi (5.2%).

Data table for Chart 3.3.3



Chart 3.3.3
Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.3.3 Note 1} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Place of birth of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Ontario, Other province or territory and Outside Canada, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Ontario	Other province or territory	Outside Canada
		percent
French FOLS	2006	85.1	14.2	0.7
	2016	86.6	12.0	1.4
English FOLS	2006	86.7	7.5	5.8
	2016	85.1	7.5	7.4
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The situation was different in the Northern Ontario CAR, which saw little change between 2006 and 2016 in terms of the place of birth of agri-food workers. In both years, about 85% of them were Ontario-born, whether Francophone or Anglophone. This proportion was above the provincial average.

In 2016, less than 2% of Francophone agri-food workers in this CAR had been born outside Canada, compared with 7.4% of their Anglophone counterparts. In addition, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers born in another province (14.2% in 2006 and 12.0% in 2016) was higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts (7.5% in both years). These differences between Francophones and Anglophones were similar to those observed across Ontario. As with the provincial trend, a large proportion of Francophone agri-food workers born in another province were from Quebec (82.3% in 2006).

3.4 Indigenous identity

The number of Indigenous workers in Ontario’s agri-food sector increased from 14,115 to 24,200 between 2006 and 2016. The proportion who had French as their first official language spoken (FOLS) was 7.0% in 2006 and 5.8% in 2016. For these two periods, a very small number of Indigenous agri-food sector workers did not know an official language. Moreover, 4.4% of the sector’s Indigenous workers knew an Indigenous language in 2016, mainly the Ojibway language, the Oji-Cree language or a Cree language.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the number of Indigenous workers in the agri-food sector was 1,825 in 2016 and 3,425 in 2016. French was the FOLS of 11.7% of them in 2006 and of 10.9% in 2016. Furthermore, the share who knew an Indigenous language was slightly under 2% in 2016.

The number of Indigenous workers in the agri-food sector of the Northern Ontario CAR increased from 4,090 in 2006 to 6,510 in 2016. The proportion whose FOLS was French went from 10.6% to 9.3% during the decade. Moreover, 12.1% knew an Indigenous language in 2016.

As was the case with their counterparts in the agriculture sector, the growth in the number of Indigenous workers in the agri-food sector is possibly due to changes in their reported identities between 2006 and 2016.

3.5 Education

Data table for Chart 3.5.1



Chart 3.5.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.5.1 Note 1} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
		percent
French FOLS	2006	33.7	34.8	7.3	14.2	10.2
	2016	24.1	40.4	5.2	18.1	12.3
English FOLS	2006	29.7	38.6	4.8	13.7	13.2
	2016	21.1	41.9	3.6	16.9	16.5
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The educational attainment of Francophone workers in Ontario’s agri-food sector generally increased between 2006 and 2016. About one-third of these workers did not have a certificate, diploma or degree in 2006, while less than one-quarter of them were in this situation in 2016. However, these proportions were still higher than those observed among their Anglophone counterparts (29.7% in 2006 and 21.1% in 2016).

The share of Francophone agri-food workers with a high school diploma as their highest qualification increased over the decade, from 34.8% in 2006 to 40.4% in 2016. This share was slightly higher among their Anglophone counterparts (38.6% in 2006 and 41.9% in 2016), but the gap narrowed between 2006 and 2016. In addition, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers whose highest diploma was a college diploma increased over this period (from 14.2% in 2006 to 18.1% in 2016).

Francophone agri-food workers were more likely to have a college diploma as their highest qualification than their Anglophone counterparts but were less likely to have a university diploma. In 2016, 16.5% of Anglophone agri-food workers had a university diploma, compared with 12.3% of their Francophone counterparts. There was a similar gap in 2006. The proportion of Francophone workers with a university diploma was also lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts in Ontario’s agriculture sector.

Data table for Chart 3.5.2



Chart 3.5.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.5.2 Note 1} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
		percent
French FOLS	2006	34.5	37.5	7.5	13.0	7.5
	2016	25.1	43.6	4.8	18.0	8.5
English FOLS	2006	30.2	41.3	4.6	13.4	10.5
	2016	20.8	44.9	3.7	17.7	13.0
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Education trends for Francophone agri-food workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR were comparable to provincial trends. However, the proportion of these workers with a high school diploma as their highest qualification (37.5% in 2006 and 43.6% in 2016) was above the provincial average, while the proportion with a university diploma (about 8% in 2006 and in 2016) was lower than in Ontario as a whole. These differences between Francophone workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR and those across the province were also observed among Anglophone agri-food workers in this region.

Data table for Chart 3.5.3



Chart 3.5.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.5.3 Note 1} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Highest certificate No certificate, diploma or degree, Secondary (high) school , Apprenticeship or trade school, College and University, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		No certificate, diploma or degree	Secondary (high) school	Apprenticeship or trade school	College	University
		percent
French FOLS	2006	41.0	36.1	7.3	12.0	3.6
	2016	30.6	43.0	5.1	17.6	3.7
English FOLS	2006	36.1	40.6	4.5	13.0	5.8
	2016	30.8	42.0	3.5	16.4	7.3
Note 1 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 1 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Similarly, in the Northern Ontario CAR, education trends for Francophone agri-food workers were comparable to those at the provincial level. Gaps between this region and the provincial average persisted regarding the high proportion of Francophone workers without a diploma, certificate or degree (41.0% in 2006 and 30.6% in 2016) and the low proportion of these workers with a university diploma (less than 4% in both years). In 2016, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR who had a university diploma was more than three times lower than the provincial average. This was not specific to Francophones: among Anglophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR, the proportion without a diploma, certificate or degree was also higher than among their counterparts in the entire province, while the proportion with a university diploma was lower.

3.6 Class of worker

More than 9 in 10 agri-food workers were employees in Ontario in 2006 and 2016, and less than 7% were self-employed, whether Francophone or Anglophone.

The situation in the CARs of Eastern and Northern Ontario was highly similar to the provincial situation. In 2006 and in 2016, in both regions, the proportions of Francophone and Anglophone agri-food workers who were employees ranged between 92% and 95%.

3.7 Employment income

Employment income includes all income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the calendar year prior to the census. The employment income of agri-food sector workers may include income from other sources than the job occupied in this sector.

This report contains information on all people categorized as workers, including those who worked during the reference week (for example, from May 1 to May 7, 2016) or the census year (e.g.: 2016), but who did not work in the year prior to the census (e.g.: 2015). However, because these workers did not work in the year prior to the census, their data are excluded from this section. They are identified by the category “not applicable” in the charts below and are excluded from the median income, work activity and average number of weeks worked per year calculations.  

Data table for Chart 3.7.1



Chart 3.7.1
Employment income^{Chart 3.7.1 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.7.1 Note 2} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
		percent
French FOLS	2006	38.6	28.4	17.8	9.1	6.2
	2016	36.2	32.9	16.2	9.1	5.7
English FOLS	2006	38.6	29.7	17.5	8.7	5.6
	2016	34.2	34.4	17.3	8.6	5.6
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Between 2006 and 2016, the median employment income of Francophone workers in Ontario’s agri-food sector rose from $13,735 to $14,330. In 2016, 36.2% of them reported employment income of less than $10,000, compared with 38.6% in 2006. The median employment income of their Anglophone counterparts increased more between 2006 ($13,695) and 2016 ($15,500).

In 2016, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers who worked full time (52.7%) was lower than for their Anglophone counterparts (55.3%), and the average number of weeks worked per year was slightly lower among Francophone (38.7) than Anglophone (39.6) agri-food workers.

Among Francophone men and women working in Ontario’s agri-food sector, the gap in median employment income decreased by about half between 2006 and 2016 (from $10,315 to $5,085). The median employment income of Francophone female agri-food workers increased from $11,085 in 2006 to $12,705 in 2016, and the income of their male counterparts fell from $21,400 in 2006 to $17,790 in 2016.

Data table for Chart 3.7.2



Chart 3.7.2
Employment income^{Chart 3.7.2 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.7.2 Note 2} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
		percent
French FOLS	2006	38.0	28.9	19.2	6.9	7.0
	2016	38.9	33.8	16.0	6.0	5.3
English FOLS	2006	43.6	30.9	14.4	5.2	6.0
	2016	37.4	37.0	14.9	5.3	5.4
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The situation in the Eastern Ontario CAR differed from provincial trends. The median employment income of Francophone agri-food workers in this region fell slightly between 2006 ($13,720) and 2016 ($13,015). As a result, the median employment income of Francophone agri-food workers in this region was below the provincial average in 2016. The share of workers with low income remained relatively stable over the decade; the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers with employment income of less than $10,000 was 38.0% in 2006 and 38.9% in 2016. Moreover, the proportion with higher employment income—$30,000 or more—fell from 26.1% to 22.0% over the same period.

The median employment income of Anglophone agri-food workers increased from $11,275 in 2006 to $13,880 in 2016, exceeding that of Francophones over the course of the decade.

Similar to the provincial level, the share of Francophone agri-food workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR who worked full time (48.7%) was slightly lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts (50.7%) in 2016, and Francophone workers in this sector worked fewer weeks per year, on average (38.3), than Anglophone workers (39.6).

Among Francophone men and women working in the agri-food sector in the Eastern Ontario CAR, the gap in median employment income narrowed between 2006 ($9,025) and 2016 ($4,685). The median employment income of this sector’s Francophone female workers rose from $10,790 in 2006 to $11,015 in 2016, and that of their male counterparts, from $19,810 in 2006 to $15,700 in 2016.

Data table for Chart 3.7.3



Chart 3.7.3
Employment income^{Chart 3.7.3 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.7.3 Note 2} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Employment income of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Under $10,000, $10,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $59,999, $60,000 and over and Not applicable, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Under $10,000	$10,000 to $29,999	$30,000 to $59,999	$60,000 and over	Not applicable
		percent
French FOLS	2006	45.3	31.3	13.7	3.9	5.8
	2016	36.6	38.6	15.2	5.0	4.6
English FOLS	2006	45.3	32.5	11.8	3.8	6.6
	2016	39.6	36.9	13.3	4.5	5.8
Note 1 In 2015 constant dollars. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

Between 2006 and 2016, the median employment income of Francophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR rose from $10,595 to $13,765. In 2016, 36.6% of Francophone agri-food workers in the region had employment income of less than $10,000, compared with 45.3% in 2006.

The median employment income of Anglophone agri-food workers in the region went from $10,365 in 2006 to $12,775 in 2016. Therefore, the employment income of Francophone agri-food workers was similar to that of their Anglophone counterparts in 2006 but exceeded it in 2016. The share of Anglophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR with low employment income—below $10,000—declined at a slower pace than that of Francophones, falling from 45.3% in 2006 to 39.6% in 2016.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, 48.9% of Francophone agri-food workers worked full time in 2016, compared with 47.1% for Anglophone workers. The average number of weeks worked per year was 39.7 for Francophone agri-food workers and 38.7 for their Anglophone counterparts.

The median employment income gap between male and female Francophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR narrowed considerably between 2006 ($7,985) and 2016 ($3,155). The median employment income of Francophone women in the agri-food sector in this CAR increase from $9,285 in 2006 to $12,585 in 2016, and that of their male counterparts, from $17,270 in 2006 to $15,740 in 2016.

3.8 Industry

Data table for Chart 3.8.1



Chart 3.8.1
Industry^{Chart 3.8.1 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.8.1 Note 2} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Industry of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Input and service supply, Food, beverage and tobacco processing, Food retail and wholesale and Food service, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Input and service supply	Food, beverage and tobacco processing	Food retail and wholesale	Food service
		percent
French FOLS	2006	2.5	11.6	32.7	53.2
	2016	2.7	10.4	30.5	56.4
English FOLS	2006	2.2	14.0	30.8	53.0
	2016	1.8	12.1	29.7	56.4
Note 1 Based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

More than half of Ontario’s agri-food workers were in food service.^Note  The share of agri-food workers in this industry, whether Francophone or Anglophone, increased between 2006 (about 53%) and 2016 (56.4%). In contrast, the proportion of Francophone agri-food workers in food retail and wholesale decreased over the decade (32.7% in 2006 and 30.5% in 2016) but was slightly higher than that of their Anglophone counterparts in both years. Ontario’s Francophone agri-food workers were also somewhat less likely to be in the food, beverage, and tobacco processing industry than their Anglophone counterparts. This industry employed about 1 in 10 Francophone workers in 2016, and almost 1 in 8 Anglophone workers.

Francophone agri-food workers worked in different industries depending on their age and sex. In 2016, the proportion of workers aged 15 to 34 in food service (67.1%) surpassed that of their counterparts aged 55 and older (40.3%), and workers aged 55 and older were more likely to be in food retail/wholesale (40.6%) than their counterparts aged 15 to 34 (25.4%). In addition, 62.0% of Francophone women working in Ontario’s agri-food sector were in the food service industry, compared with 49.7% of their male counterparts.

Data table for Chart 3.8.2



Chart 3.8.2
Industry^{Chart 3.8.2 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.8.2 Note 2} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Industry of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Input and service supply, Food, beverage and tobacco processing, Food retail and wholesale and Food service, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Input and service supply	Food, beverage and tobacco processing	Food retail and wholesale	Food service
		percent
French FOLS	2006	2.8	10.2	34.1	52.9
	2016	3.0	9.1	30.7	57.2
English FOLS	2006	1.9	6.3	31.2	60.6
	2016	1.7	5.4	30.1	62.9
Note 1 Based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, as in the province as a whole, the share of Francophone agri-food workers employed in food service increased between 2006 (52.9%) and 2016 (57.2%), while the share of workers involved in food retail and wholesale decreased (from 34.1% in 2006 to 30.7% in 2016). The share of Francophone workers in the food service industry was lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts in both years. In contrast to provincial trends, there were more Francophones than Anglophones in food, beverage, and tobacco processing in the Eastern Ontario CAR. In 2016, 9.1% of Francophone agri-food workers in the region were involved in this industry, compared with 5.4% of their Anglophone counterparts.

Data table for Chart 3.8.3



Chart 3.8.3
Industry^{Chart 3.8.3 Note 1} of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.8.3 Note 2} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Industry of agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Input and service supply, Food, beverage and tobacco processing, Food retail and wholesale and Food service, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Input and service supply	Food, beverage and tobacco processing	Food retail and wholesale	Food service
		percent
French FOLS	2006	1.6	3.1	40.3	55.0
	2016	1.9	3.4	37.0	57.8
English FOLS	2006	1.3	4.2	35.6	58.9
	2016	1.0	3.6	33.4	62.1
Note 1 Based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

The Northern Ontario CAR mirrored provincial trends; in this region, the share of Francophone agri-food workers involved in food service increased between 2006 (55.0%) and 2016 (57.8%), while the proportion working in food retail and wholesale decreased (from 40.3% in 2006 to 37.0% in 2016). The share of Francophone workers in the region who were in this industry surpassed that of their Anglophone counterparts, as well as the provincial average. The proportion of Francophone workers involved in food service, on the other hand, was lower than that of their Anglophone counterparts. Moreover, among Francophone and Anglophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR, less than 5% were in the food, beverage, and tobacco processing industry, a much lower share than the provincial average.

3.9 Languages used at work

Data table for Chart 3.9.1



Chart 3.9.1
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 3.9.1 Note 1} by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS)^{Chart 3.9.1 Note 2} Ontario, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Ontario Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
		percent
French FOLS	2006	5.7	56.0	35.8	2.5
	2016	5.0	55.1	37.2	2.7
English FOLS	2006	0.0	1.8	91.7	6.4
	2016	0.1	1.7	91.9	6.4
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

About 5% of Ontario’s Francophone agri-food workers used only French at work. The proportion who used English and French edged down from 56.0% in 2006 to 55.1% in 2016, while the proportion who used only English at work rose from 35.8% in 2006 to 37.2% in 2016.

The languages used at work by Ontario’s Francophone agri-food workers varied by industry. In 2016, higher shares of Francophone workers used English and French at work in the input and service supply (67.7%) and food retail and wholesale (61.1%) industries, and shares were lower in the food service (52.7%) and food, beverage, and tobacco processing (47.4%) industries. In contrast, the share of Francophone workers who used only English at work was higher in the food, beverage, and tobacco processing (42.6%) and food service (39.9%) industries, and lower in food retail/wholesale (31.7%) and input and service supply (23.4%).

Data table for Chart 3.9.2



Chart 3.9.2
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 3.9.2 Note 1} by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.9.2 Note 2} Eastern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
		percent
French FOLS	2006	10.2	70.6	17.9	1.3
	2016	7.5	70.4	20.1	2.0
English FOLS	2006	0.1	9.9	86.2	3.8
	2016	0.2	9.1	86.7	4.0
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the share of Francophone agri-food workers who used only French at work was above the provincial average but decreased between 2006 (10.2%) and 2016 (7.5%). The proportion who used English and French was relatively stable at about 70%, while the proportion who used only English at work increased from 17.9% in 2006 to 20.1% in 2016. Meanwhile, just under 10% of Anglophone agri-food workers in the Eastern Ontario CAR used English and French at work.

Data table for Chart 3.9.3



Chart 3.9.3
Language(s) used at work^{Chart 3.9.3 Note 1} by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS),^{Chart 3.9.3 Note 2} Northern Ontario census agricultural region, 2006 and 2016

Table summary
This table displays the results of Language(s) used at work by agri-food sector workers aged 15 or over by first official language spoken (FOLS) Only French, English and French, Only English and Other languages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

		Only French	English and French	Only English	Other languages
		percent
French FOLS	2006	5.6	73.9	20.2	0.3
	2016	5.9	68.8	25.1	0.2
English FOLS	2006	0.1	6.2	91.6	2.1
	2016	0.1	5.0	92.2	2.6
Note 1 Including languages used most often (part A) and on a regular basis (part B) at work. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 “English and French” multiple responses were allocated equally between the “French” and “English” categories. Return to note 2 referrer Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 and 2016 censuses of population.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, the share of Francophone agri-food workers who used only French at work was similar to the provincial average in both 2006 and 2016 (roughly 5%). The proportion who used English and French at work decreased over the decade, from 73.9% in 2006 to 68.8% in 2016. In 2006, about one in five Francophone agri-food workers used only English at work. This proportion was higher in 2016, when one in four Francophone agri-food workers used only English at work.

The share of Anglophone agri-food workers in the Northern Ontario CAR who used English and French at work declined slightly over the decade, from 6.2% in 2006 to 5.0% in 2016.

Conclusion

Certain trends emerge from this portrait of farms with a French-speaking main operator and of Francophone workers in Ontario’s agriculture and agri-food industries.

Farms with a Francophone as their main operator were generally similar to other farms in Ontario, save for a few differences. French-language farms were slightly more likely than the provincial average to have low farm receipts and farm capital levels. In contrast, they were more likely to cover a large area than farms across the province. These differences could be due to the type of farming associated with French-language farms (such as hay farming, maple syrup and products production, fruit and vegetable combination farming, and tobacco farming) and to their concentration in northern regions with a harsher climate, both of which can be linked to the economic profile of these farms.

The share of farms with a French-speaking main operator that were operated exclusively by people under 35 was below the provincial average, which raises the issue of succession and the renewal of the agricultural workforce. This issue is also raised by the comparison of Francophone and Anglophone agricultural workers. The share of young workers among Francophones in the agriculture industry was lower than that of Anglophones, a situation that remained stable across Ontario between 2006 and 2016.

In the Eastern Ontario CAR, the growing population of Francophone agricultural and agri-food workers, the growing proportion of these workers aged 15 to 34, and the diversification of their places of birth suggest some demographic vitality.

In the Northern Ontario CAR, the population of Francophone agricultural and agri-food workers declined between 2006 and 2016. Among these workers, there was a decrease in the proportion aged 15 to 34, and a large proportion of Ontario-born persons. This situation, which suggests low immigration and an aging population, indicates that the issue of succession in the agriculture and agri-food industries is more concerning in this region, especially among Francophones. On the other hand, the proportion of women among Francophone workers in the agriculture and agri-food sectors was higher in this region than in the province as a whole.

Although the educational attainment of Ontario’s Francophone agricultural and agri-food workers increased between 2006 and 2016, a gap persisted between Francophones and Anglophones in terms of obtaining a university qualification, with Francophone workers being less likely to complete university, particularly in the Northern Ontario CAR. Increasing the number of French-language university programs in Ontario is a well-known issue.

In short, this portrait has shown that the issues of university access and the renewal of the labour pool seem to be more acute among official language minorities working in Ontario’s agriculture and agri-food industries. Additional research would be required to identify the factors behind the observations in this study.

Differences observed between language groups could be related to multiple factors not studied in this descriptive report. Further research would be necessary to assess their contribution.

Glossary

Census farm: A farm, ranch or other agricultural operation that produces at least one of the following products intended for sale: crops, livestock, poultry, animal products, greenhouse or nursery products, Christmas trees, mushrooms, sod, honey or bees, and maple syrup products. Sales in the previous 12 months are not required, but there must be the intention to sell.

Census of Agriculture: Statistics Canada conducts the Census of Agriculture every five years to develop a statistical portrait of Canada’s farms and its agricultural operators. The data provides users with a comprehensive picture of the major commodities of the agriculture industry while also supplying information on new or less common crops, livestock, finances and use of technology.

This study uses data from the 2016 Census of Agriculture in order to present information on farms: operating arrangements, farm type, age group and generational profile of operators, land tenure, total farm area, total gross farm receipts and total farm capital. This information is presented by the first official language of the first operator listed on the 2016 Census of Agriculture form for each farm. The first official language spoken of this operator is derived from their responses to the 2016 short-form Census of Population.

Census of Population: Statistics Canada conducts the Census of Population every five years in order to paint a statistical portrait of Canada and Canadians on one specific day. The census is designed to provide information about people and housing units in Canada by their demographic, social and economic characteristics. A sample of Canada households (25% in 2016 and 20% in 2006) receive a long-form questionnaire. All other households receive a short-form questionnaire.

This study uses data from the 2006 and 2016 long-form Census of Population in order to present change in the characteristics of French-language and English-language workers by their first official language spoken in agriculture and agri-food sectors. These characteristics include age, sex, place of birth, Indigenous identity, level of education, class of worker, employment income, languages used at work and industry domain. In addition, this study uses data from the 2016 short-form Census of Population in order to derive the first official language spoken of the first operator listed on the 2016 Census of Agriculture form for every farm.

Class of worker: Refers to whether a person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed category includes persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Employment income: All income received as wages, salaries or commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the calendar year preceding the census.

Farm area: Refers to land owned or operated by an agricultural operation. This includes cropland, summerfallow, improved and unimproved pasture, woodlands and wetlands, all other land (including idle land and land on which farm buildings are located).

Farm capital: Refers to the value of all farmland, buildings, farm machinery and equipment, and livestock and poultry, as reported on Census Day. Farm capital does not include the value of crops in the field or in storage, or farm inputs on hand, such as fertilizer and seed.

Farm operator: Those persons responsible for the management decisions in operating an agricultural operation. These can be owners, tenants or hired managers of the agricultural operation.

First official language spoken: Refers to a variable defined within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person. The derivation method first takes into account the knowledge of the two official languages, then the mother tongue, and finally the language spoken most often at home.

People are assigned to the “French” category when it is the only official language they speak well enough to conduct a conversation; when they can conduct a conversation in French or in English, or in neither language, and have French as their mother tongue (alone or in combination with a non-official language); or when they can conduct a conversation in French or English, or in neither language, have both French and English as their mother tongue, or neither language, and speak French most often at home (alone or in combination with a non-official language).

People are assigned to the “English” category when it is the only official language they speak well enough to conduct a conversation; when they can conduct a conversation in French or in English, or in neither language, and have English as their mother tongue (alone or in combination with a non-official language); or when they can conduct a conversation in English or French, or in neither language, have both French and English as their mother tongue, or neither language, and speak English most often at home (alone or in combination with a non-official language).

People are assigned to “English and French” when they speak both English and French well enough to conduct a conversation and when their mother tongues and languages used most often at home are both English and French or neither English nor French.

People are assigned to “Neither English nor French” when they speak neither English nor French well enough to conduct a conversation and when their mother tongue and language used most often at home is a language other than English or French.

Gross farm receipts: Refers to the receipts from all agricultural products sold, program payments and custom work receipts of the agricultural operation in the year prior to the census or the last complete accounting (fiscal) year. It does not include sales of forestry products (firewood, pulpwood, logs, fence posts, etc.), of capital assets (quotas, land, machinery, etc.), or receipts from the sale of any goods purchased only for retail sales. It is gross receipts before deducting expenses.

Appendix