Immigration and language in Canada, 2011 and 2016
11 Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)

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11.1 First official language spoken (FOLS)

Table 11.1
Population by first official language spoken and period of immigration, Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Population by first official language spoken and period of immigration. The information is grouped by First official language spoken (appearing as row headers), 2011, 2016, Non-immigrants, Immigrants, Total
population, Total
immigrants, Recent
2006 to 2011 and Recent
2011 to 2016, calculated using number and percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).
First official language spoken	2011				2016
	Non-immigrants	Immigrants		Total population	Non-immigrants	Immigrants		Total population
	Non-immigrants	Total immigrants	Recent 2006 to 2011	Total population	Non-immigrants	Total immigrants	Recent 2011 to 2016	Total population
	number
English	2,814,715	2,304,865	332,490	5,201,700	2,942,635	2,445,065	305,250	5,511,205
French	52,015	39,540	8,735	93,870	51,985	42,050	7,735	97,180
Neither	25,265	193,000	40,530	225,665	25,790	218,450	43,950	254,470
Total	2,891,990	2,537,410	381,745	5,521,230	3,020,410	2,705,550	356,930	5,862,855
	percent
English	97.3	90.8	87.1	94.2	97.4	90.4	85.5	94.0
French	1.8	1.6	2.3	1.7	1.7	1.6	2.2	1.7
Neither	0.9	7.6	10.6	4.1	0.9	8.1	12.3	4.3
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Notes: The “English-French” category has been equally redistributed between the “English” and “French” categories. Data on non-permanent residents are only included in the "Total population". Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

A vast majority of immigrants had English as their first official language spoken

In Toronto, 9 in 10 immigrants (90.4%) had English as their first official language spoken (FOLS) in 2016, compared with 1.6% who had French, and 8.1% who had neither language.

Of the 356,900 recent immigrants who settled in Toronto between 2011 and 2016, 85.5% (305,300 people) had English as their FOLS, 2.2% (7,700 people) had French, and 12.3% (44,000 people) had neither language.

In 2016, the proportion of immigrants who had English as their FOLS was 90.4%, which was practically unchanged from 2011 (90.8%). For those who had French as their FOLS, the proportion (1.6%) remained the same in 2016 as in 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of those who had neither of these two languages as their FOLS rose slightly, from 7.6% in 2011 to 8.1% in 2016. The growth in the latter group is likely due to the increase in the number of refugees who arrived in the country during this period.

The share of recent immigrants whose FOLS is English decreased slightly from 87.1% in 2011 to 85.5% in 2016, while the proportion with French as their FOLS remained virtually unchanged, edging down from 2.3% to 2.2%. In contrast, those who had neither English nor French as their FOLS rose 1.7 percentage points over this period, from 10.6% to 12.3%.

Slightly lower proportion of immigrants with English as their first official language spoken than non-immigrants

In 2016, 90.4% of all immigrants had English as their FOLS, which was higher than the proportion of recent immigrants (85.5%), but lower than that of non-immigrants (97.4%). Furthermore, 1.6% of all immigrants had French as their FOLS, similar to non-immigrants (1.7%) and slightly lower than recent immigrants (2.2%).

11.2 Mother tongue

Table 11.2
Immigrants by mother tongue and period of immigration, Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Immigrants by mother tongue and period of immigration. The information is grouped by Mother tongue (appearing as row headers), 2011, 2016, Recent
2006 to 2011, Established
before 2006, Total , Recent
2011 to 2016, Established before 2011 and Total, calculated using number and percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).
Mother tongue	2011			2016
	Recent 2006 to 2011	Established before 2006	Total	Recent 2011 to 2016	Established before 2011	Total
	number
English	67,450	552,380	619,830	62,810	588,145	650,950
French	4,225	14,570	18,795	4,145	17,860	21,995
Other languages	310,070	1,588,710	1,898,775	289,980	1,742,630	2,032,605
Total	381,745	2,155,665	2,537,410	356,930	2,348,610	2,705,550
	percent
English	17.7	25.6	24.4	17.6	25.0	24.1
French	1.1	0.7	0.7	1.2	0.8	0.8
Other languages	81.2	73.7	74.8	81.2	74.2	75.1
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Notes: The “Other languages” category refers to languages other than English and French. These include Aboriginal, immigrant and sign languages. Multiple responses have been equally redistributed between the “English”, “French” and “Other languages” categories. This table does not include data on non-permanent residents. Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

Just over four in five recent immigrants reported a language other than English or French as their mother tongue

In Toronto, in 2016, as in 2011, 81.2% of recent immigrants reported a language other than English or French as their mother tongue. The proportion of established immigrants who reported a language other than English or French as their mother tongue rose slightly from 73.7% to 74.2% during this period.

The share of recent and established immigrants with a French mother tongue remained stable

The percentage of recent immigrants whose mother tongue is French or English was little changed, edging up from 1.1% in 2011 to 1.2% in 2016 and down from 17.7% in 2011 to 17.6% in 2016, respectively.

The proportion of established immigrants who reported French as their mother tongue also showed little change between 2011 and 2016, edging up from 0.7% to 0.8%. In contrast, the proportion of those whose mother tongue is English edged down from 25.6% in 2011 to 25.0% in 2016.

11.3 Language spoken most often at home

Table 11.3
Immigrants by language spoken most often at home and period of immigration, Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Immigrants by language spoken most often at home and period of immigration. The information is grouped by Language spoken most often at home (appearing as row headers), 2011, 2016, Recent
2006 to 2011, Established
before 2006, Total , Recent
2011 to 2016, Established before 2011 and Total, calculated using number and percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).
Language spoken most often at home	2011			2016
	Recent 2006 to 2011	Established before 2006	Total	Recent 2011 to 2016	Established before 2011	Total
	number
English	130,505	1,077,930	1,208,430	124,530	1,168,975	1,293,510
French	3,625	8,280	11,900	3,565	12,025	15,585
Other languages	247,630	1,069,450	1,317,075	228,825	1,167,635	1,396,455
Total	381,745	2,155,665	2,537,410	356,930	2,348,610	2,705,550
	percent
English	34.2	50.0	47.6	34.9	49.8	47.8
French	0.9	0.4	0.5	1.0	0.5	0.6
Other languages	64.9	49.6	51.9	64.1	49.7	51.6
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Notes: The “Other languages” category refers to languages other than English and French. These include Aboriginal, immigrant and sign languages. Multiple responses have been equally redistributed between the “English”, “French” and “Other languages” categories. This table does not include data on non-permanent residents. Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

In 2016, 24.1% of immigrants in Toronto reported English as their mother tongue, while nearly twice as many (47.8%) reported speaking mainly English at home. Moreover, 0.6% of immigrants reported that they spoke French most often at home, compared with 0.8% of them who reported that French was their mother tongue.

Nearly half of immigrants reported speaking English or French most often at home

In 2016, nearly half (48.4%) of immigrants reported speaking English or French most often at home, compared with 48.1% in 2011. The proportion of immigrants who spoke French most often at home remained virtually the same, increasing from 0.5% in 2011 to 0.6% in 2016. Similarly, the share of immigrants who reported speaking mainly English at home changed little during this period (47.6% versus 47.8%).

Nearly two thirds of recent immigrants reported speaking a language other than English or French most often at home

In 2016, 64.1% of recent immigrants reported that they mainly spoke a language other than English or French at home, a lower percentage than in 2011 (64.9%). In contrast, a higher percentage of recent immigrants reported speaking English most often at home in 2016 (34.9%) than in 2011 (34.2%). The proportion of those who reported that they spoke French most often at home remained relatively unchanged during this period, edging up from 0.9% to 1.0%.

11.4 Knowledge of official languages by mother tongue

Table 11.4
Immigrants' knowledge of official languages, by mother tongue and period of immigration, Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Immigrants' knowledge of official languages. The information is grouped by Mother tongue (appearing as row headers), Knowledge of official languages, 2011, 2016, Recent
2006 to 2011, Established
before 2006, Total
Immigrants, Recent
2011 to 2016 and Established before 2011, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).
Mother tongue	Knowledge of official languages	2011			2016
		Recent 2006 to 2011	Established before 2006	Total Immigrants	Recent 2011 to 2016	Established before 2011	Total Immigrants
		percent
English	English	94.8	94.7	94.7	94.7	95.1	95.1
	French	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	English and French	4.8	5.1	5.0	4.8	4.8	4.8
	Neither	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.1	0.2
	Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
French	English	5.1	8.3	7.6	5.0	8.6	7.9
	French	6.7	2.5	3.4	11.5	2.7	4.3
	English and French	87.9	89.0	88.8	83.1	88.5	87.5
	Neither	0.0	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
	Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other languages	English	82.7	85.8	85.3	81.2	85.9	85.2
	French	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
	English and French	3.9	4.5	4.4	3.5	4.0	4.0
	Neither	13.2	9.7	10.2	15.2	10.0	10.8
	Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total	English	84.0	87.6	87.0	82.7	87.6	86.9
	French	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1
	English and French	5.0	5.2	5.2	4.6	4.9	4.8
	Neither	10.8	7.2	7.7	12.4	7.5	8.1
	Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Notes: Multiples responses have been equally redistributed between the “English”, “French” and “Other languages” categories. The “Other languages” category refers to languages other than English and French. These include Aboriginal, immigrant and sign languages. This table does not include data on non-permanent residents. Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

Nearly 9 out of 10 recent immigrants could conduct a conversation in English or French

In Toronto, 87.6% of the 356,900 recent immigrants reported being able to conduct a conversation in English or French in 2016, down from 2011 (89.2%).^{Note 1} This means that 12.4% of recent immigrants reported they could not conduct a conversation in either of the country’s official languages, up from 2011 (10.8%). In 2016, 82.7% of these immigrants could conduct a conversation in English only, 0.3% in French only, and 4.6% in English and French.

Thus, the share of recent immigrants who could conduct a conversation in French (French + English and French) was 4.9% in 2016, down slightly from 2011 (5.2%).

The increase in the proportion of immigrants who reported knowing neither English nor French is likely due to the increase in the number of refugees, particularly among recent immigrants with a mother tongue other than English or French.

A small share (7.5%) of established immigrants could not conduct a conversation in English or French

Among the 2,348,600 established immigrants, 92.5% could conduct a conversation in English or French in 2016, a share that has remained relatively unchanged from 2011 (92.8%). In 2016, 87.6% of these immigrants knew English only, 0.1% French only, and 4.9% English and French. Thus, 7.5% of these immigrants could not conduct a conversation in English or French, up from 2011 (7.2%).

The proportion of established immigrants who could conduct a conversation in French (French + English and French) was 4.9% in 2016, down slightly from 2011 (5.3%).

Decline in English–French bilingualism among recent immigrants whose mother tongue is a language other than English or French

The rate of English–French bilingualism among recent immigrants whose mother tongue is English was 4.8% in 2016, the same proportion as in 2011. Similarly, the proportion of those who reported they could conduct a conversation only in English (and not in French) changed little during this period, edging down from 94.8% to 94.7%.

In 2016, 3.5% of recent immigrants whose mother tongue is a language other than English or French reported being bilingual (English–French), down from 2011 (3.9%). Meanwhile, the share of those who reported they could conduct a conversation only in French (and not in English) remained stable at 0.2% during this period.

Increase in the proportion of recent immigrants whose mother tongue is a language other than English or French who could not conduct a conversation in English or French

Between 2011 and 2016, the proportion of recent immigrants whose mother tongue is a language other than English or French who knew only English (and not French) decreased from 82.7% to 81.2%, while the share of those who knew neither English nor French increased from 13.2% to 15.2%.

Decline in the share of recent immigrants whose mother tongue is French who reported being able to conduct a conversation in English

The self-reported ability of recent immigrants with French as their mother tongue to conduct a conversation in English (English + English and French) decreased between 2011 and 2016, from 93.0% to 88.0%.

11.5 Top countries of birth of immigrants

11.5.A Recent immigrants with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

Table 11.5.A
Top countries of birth of recent immigrants^{Table 11.5.A Note 1} with French as their first official language spoken,^{Table 11.5.A Note 2} Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Top countries of birth of recent immigrants with French as their first official language spoken Rank, Country of birth, Number and percent (appearing as column headers).
	Rank	Country of birth	Number	Percent
2011 National Household Survey	1	France	1,120	19.9
	2	Mauritius	680	12.1
	3	Democratic Republic of the Congo	525	9.3
	4	Cameroon	410	7.3
	5	Morocco	365	6.5
	6	Haiti	350	6.2
	7	Côte d'Ivoire	240	4.3
	8	Algeria	215	3.8
	9	Lebanon	175	3.1
	10	Burundi	130	2.3
	10	Total	4,210	74.9
2016 Census of Population	1	France	1,255	25.1
	2	Mauritius	415	8.3
	3	Haiti	410	8.2
	4	Democratic Republic of the Congo	405	8.1
	5	Cameroon	360	7.2
	6	Côte d'Ivoire	255	5.1
	7	Egypt	150	3.0
	8	Guinea	125	2.5
	9	Morocco	120	2.4
	10	Senegal	105	2.1
	10	Total	3,600	72.0
Note 1 “Recent immigrant” refers to an immigrant who obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status in the five years prior to a given census. In the 2016 Census, the period extends between January 1, 2011, and May 10, 2016. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The immigrant population with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS) does not include the population that has both English and French as their FOLS. Return to note 2 referrer Notes: To ensure the confidentiality of responses collected for the 2016 Census of Population, a random rounding process is used to alter the values reported in individual cells. As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the sum of the individual values, since the total and subtotals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentage distributions, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%. This table does not include data on non-permanent residents. Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

Top countries of origin

In 2016, half (49.7%)^{Note 2} of recent immigrants whose first official language spoken is French were born in France (25.1%), Mauritius (8.3%), Haiti (8.2%) or the Democratic Republic of the Congo (8.1%).

Close to three quarters of recent immigrants were from France, Haiti or Africa

In 2016, 72.0% of French-speaking^{Note 3} recent immigrants were from France, Haiti or Africa, a share that has remained nearly unchanged from 2011 (71.8%).

The proportion of English-speaking recent immigrants from Africa was 38.7% in 2016, compared with 45.6% in 2011.

In 2016, 8 of the top 10 countries of birth of English-speaking recent immigrants were African countries.

11.5.B Established immigrants with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

Table 11.5.B
Top countries of birth of established immigrants^{Table 11.5.B Note 1} with French as their first official language spoken,^{Table 11.5.B Note 2} Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Top countries of birth of established immigrants with French as their first official language spoken Rank, Country of birth, Number and percent (appearing as column headers).
	Rank	Country of birth	Number	Percent
2011 National Household Survey	1	France	3,445	20.1
	2	Mauritius	2,010	11.7
	3	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1,505	8.8
	4	Morocco	1,355	7.9
	5	Egypt	1,065	6.2
	6	Haiti	820	4.8
	7	Lebanon	630	3.7
	8	Italy	410	2.4
	9	Belgium	400	2.3
	10	Cameroon	360	2.1
	10	Total	12,000	70.1
2016 Census of Population	1	France	3,620	17.8
	2	Mauritius	2,505	12.3
	3	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1,865	9.2
	4	Morocco	1,455	7.2
	5	Egypt	990	4.9
	6	Haiti	945	4.6
	7	Lebanon	925	4.5
	8	Cameroon	565	2.8
	9	Algeria	530	2.6
	10	Belgium	435	2.1
	10	Total	13,835	68.0
Note 1 “Established immigrant” refers to an immigrant who obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status at least five years prior to a given census. In the 2016 Census, it is an immigrant who obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status before 2011. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The immigrant population with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS) does not include the population that has both English and French as their FOLS. Return to note 2 referrer Notes: To ensure the confidentiality of responses collected for the 2016 Census of Population, a random rounding process is used to alter the values reported in individual cells. As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the sum of the individual values, since the total and subtotals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentage distributions, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%. This table does not include data on non-permanent residents. Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

In 2016, the proportion of French-speaking established immigrants from Western countries (excluding France) fell 2.6 percentage points to 2.1%, down from 4.7% in 2011. In contrast, the share of established immigrants from African countries rose 2.1 percentage points during the same period, from 36.8% to 38.9%.

11.5.C Recent immigrants with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

Table 11.5.C
Top countries of birth of recent immigrants^{Table 11.5.C Note 1} with English as their first official language spoken,^{Table 11.5.C Note 2} Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Top countries of birth of recent immigrants with English as their first official language spoken Rank, Country of birth, Number and percent (appearing as column headers).
	Rank	Country of birth	Number	Percent
2011 National Household Survey	1	India	53,280	16.2
	2	Philippines	45,150	13.7
	3	China	30,085	9.1
	4	Pakistan	18,445	5.6
	5	Sri Lanka	13,410	4.1
	6	Iran	12,660	3.8
	7	United States	10,080	3.1
	8	Bangladesh	7,810	2.4
	9	Jamaica	7,320	2.2
	10	Nigeria	6,095	1.9
	10	Total	204,335	62.0
2016 Census of Population	1	India	52,300	17.3
	2	Philippines	43,215	14.3
	3	China	29,790	9.8
	4	Pakistan	20,380	6.7
	5	Iran	16,320	5.4
	6	United States	7,785	2.6
	7	Jamaica	7,295	2.4
	8	Bangladesh	6,445	2.1
	9	Iraq	6,440	2.1
	10	Sri Lanka	6,370	2.1
	10	Total	196,340	64.9
Note 1 “Recent immigrant” refers to an immigrant who obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status in the five years prior to a given census. In the 2016 Census, the period extends between January 1, 2011, and May 10, 2016. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The immigrant population with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS) does not include the population that has both English and French as their FOLS. Return to note 2 referrer Notes: To ensure the confidentiality of responses collected for the 2016 Census of Population, a random rounding process is used to alter the values reported in individual cells. As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the sum of the individual values, since the total and subtotals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentage distributions, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%. This table does not include data on non-permanent residents. Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

Top countries of origin

In 2016, nearly half (48.2%) of recent immigrants whose first official language spoken is English were born in India (17.3%), the Philippines (14.3%), China (9.8%) or Pakistan (6.7%). This is an increase over 2011 (44.6%). In 2016, as in 2011, these countries were the top four countries of birth of these immigrants.

Increase in the share of recent immigrants from Asia (including the Middle East)

In 2016, 59.9% of English-speaking recent immigrants were from Asia (including the Middle East), compared with 54.9% of recent immigrants in 2011.

In 2016, 8 of the top 10 countries of birth of English-speaking recent immigrants were in Asia (including the Middle East).

11.5.D Established immigrants with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

Table 11.5.D
Top countries of birth of established immigrants^{Table 11.5.D Note 1} with English as their first official language spoken,^{Table 11.5.D Note 2} Toronto CMA, 2011 and 2016
Table summary
This table displays the results of Top countries of birth of established immigrants with English as their first official language spoken Rank, Country of birth, Number and percent (appearing as column headers).
	Rank	Country of birth	Number	Percent
2011 National Household Survey	1	India	190,235	9.7
	2	China	128,450	6.6
	3	Philippines	126,750	6.5
	4	United Kingdom	107,180	5.5
	5	Italy	98,480	5.0
	6	Jamaica	88,770	4.5
	7	Hong Kong	87,615	4.5
	8	Sri Lanka	81,135	4.1
	9	Pakistan	74,185	3.8
	10	Guyana	66,055	3.4
	10	Total	1,048,855	53.5
2016 Census of Population	1	India	225,505	10.6
	2	China	156,310	7.4
	3	Philippines	147,445	6.9
	4	United Kingdom	94,960	4.5
	5	Pakistan	93,440	4.4
	6	Jamaica	92,325	4.3
	7	Hong Kong	90,165	4.2
	8	Italy	88,595	4.2
	9	Sri Lanka	86,990	4.1
	10	Guyana	66,365	3.1
	10	Total	1,142,100	53.7
Note 1 “Established immigrant” refers to an immigrant who obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status at least five years prior to a given census. In the 2016 Census, it is an immigrant who obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status before 2011. Return to note 1 referrer Note 2 The immigrant population with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS) does not include the population that has both English and French as their FOLS. Return to note 2 referrer Notes: To ensure the confidentiality of responses collected for the 2016 Census of Population, a random rounding process is used to alter the values reported in individual cells. As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the sum of the individual values, since the total and subtotals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentage distributions, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%. This table does not include data on non-permanent residents. Sources: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey and 2016 Census of Population.

Between 2011 and 2016, the proportion of English-speaking established immigrants from Asia rose 2.5 percentage points, from 35.1% to 37.6%. In contrast, the proportion of immigrants from Western countries fell 1.9 percentage points from 10.5% in 2011 to 8.6% in 2016.

Notes

Date modified:: 2019-01-28

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Immigration and language in Canada, 2011 and 2016
11 Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)

Archived Content

11.1 First official language spoken (FOLS)

11.2 Mother tongue

11.3 Language spoken most often at home

11.4 Knowledge of official languages by mother tongue

11.5 Top countries of birth of immigrants

11.5.A Recent immigrants with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

11.5.B Established immigrants with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

11.5.C Recent immigrants with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

11.5.D Established immigrants with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

Notes

Immigration and language in Canada, 2011 and 2016 11 Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)

Archived Content

11.1 First official language spoken (FOLS)

11.2 Mother tongue

11.3 Language spoken most often at home

11.4 Knowledge of official languages by mother tongue

11.5 Top countries of birth of immigrants

11.5.A Recent immigrants with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

11.5.B Established immigrants with French as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

11.5.C Recent immigrants with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

11.5.D Established immigrants with English as their first official language spoken (FOLS)

Notes

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Immigration and language in Canada, 2011 and 2016
11 Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)