Table 9
Select health indicators during the five years prior to release among Indigenous adults released from provincial custody, by type of reconviction pattern group, 2016/2017

Table 9 Select health indicators during the five years prior to release among Indigenous adults released from provincial custody, by type of reconviction pattern group, 2016/2017
Table summary
The information is grouped by Health indicator (appearing as row headers), Low reconviction group, Primarily violent and administration of justice group, Primarily property and administration of justice group, High persistent reconviction group and Total, calculated using number, percent, number, percent, number, percent, number, percent, number and percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).
Health indicator Low reconviction group Primarily violent and administration of justice group Primarily property and administration of justice group High persistent reconviction group Total
number percent number percent number percent number percent number percent
Note 1

Reasons for visits were classified using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Canada (ICD 10 CA). Classification was based on the main problem and other problems recorded for the visit, and on the patient’s diagnosis at the time of discharge from the emergency department when the main problem was not reported. Classifications include a small number of unconfirmed diagnoses where firm confirmation was still pending at the time of the coders’ abstraction. A classification code was unavailable for 8% of ED visits in the five years prior to custody. Missing classification codes were more common among individuals released from custody in Nova Scotia (68%), British Columbia (36%), and Saskatchewan (11%); these provinces representing 1%, 20%, and 22% of the study cohort, respectively. In contrast, the proportion of visits missing a classification code was much smaller (<2%) among those who served custody in Ontario and Alberta.

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Note 2

Mental health‑related emergency department visits have an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Canada code in the range F01–F99.

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Note 3

Drug overdose‑related emergency department visits have an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Canada code in the range T36-T50.

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Note 4

The National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) captures information on homelessness via the postal code field on emergency department registrations, with an “XX” entry signifying that no fixed address was provided. People residing in a shelter are not classified as homeless.

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Note: Indigenous persons include First Nations persons, Métis and Inuit. Information on Indigenous identity is based on data from the Canadian Correctional Services Survey, and is self-reported by persons upon intake to correctional services. Includes individuals released from provincial custody between April 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017 in the provinces of Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, whose records were successfully linked to other data sources used in this study. Excludes individuals who were released from provincial custody in 2016/2017 but who died during the subsequent four years. The National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) captures information on emergency department (ED) registrations. For the period under study, submission of ED data to NACRS was mandated in Ontario and Alberta, and only partially mandated or not mandated in the other provinces and territories. Therefore, ED visit information may not be complete for all provinces and territories. Specifically, data may be biased toward the context in Ontario and Alberta as they account for the largest proportion of the study cohort (57%) and are the only provinces with mandatory ED reporting (including reporting of diagnoses). These provinces recorded the highest frequency of ED visits.
Source: Canadian Correctional Services Survey, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Vital Statistics Database - Deaths, and National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (linked file), Statistics Canada.
Frequency of emergency department visits  
0 visits 667 29 401 29 448 27 620 28 2,136 28
1 visit 240 11 128 9 128 8 145 7 641 9
2 to 4 visits 440 19 228 16 285 17 354 16 1,307 17
5 or more visits 926 41 626 45 781 48 1,082 49 3,415 46
Frequency of emergency department visits (mental health) Table 9 Note 1  Table 9 Note 2  
0 visits 1,509 66 844 61 1,021 62 1,231 56 4,605 61
1 visit 277 12 182 13 233 14 289 13 981 13
2 to 4 visits 296 13 189 14 208 13 322 15 1,015 14
5 or more visits 191 8 168 12 180 11 359 16 898 12
Frequency of emergency department visits (drug overdose) Table 9 Note 1  Table 9 Note 3  
0 visits 2,066 91 1,251 90 1,421 87 1,883 86 6,621 88
1 visit 144 6 90 7 156 10 197 9 587 8
2 or more visits 63 3 42 3 65 4 121 5 291 4
Homeless at the time of emergency department visit Table 9 Note 4  
Yes 162 7 150 11 190 12 313 14 815 11
No 2,111 93 1,233 89 1,452 88 1,888 86 6,684 89
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