- Note 1
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Main source of income was determined using seven income categories: (a) wages, salaries, and commissions; (b) self employment income; (c) government transfers; (d) investment income; (e) retirement income; (f) other income (e.g., spousal or child support received); and (g) no income. The main source of income was defined as the category contributing the largest amount of income for each individual. For analysis, individuals whose primary income came from wages, salaries, and commissions, self employment, investments, retirement income, or other income were grouped together into a "market income” category.
Return to note 1 referrer
- Note 2
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Includes individual social assistance, employment insurance, and other government transfers.
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- Note 3
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Includes wages, salaries, and commissions, self-employment income, investment income, retirement income, and other income (e.g., spousal or child support received). Investment income refers to the sum of net partnership income, dividends, net rental income, and interests and other investment income. Retirement income includes registered retirement savings plan income for persons aged 65 and over, as well as pension and superannuation income (e.g., Pooled Registered Pension Plan, Registered Retirement Income Fund; Specified Pension Plan).
Return to note 3 referrer
- Note 4
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Identifies low-income individuals and families according to the Census Family after-tax Low-Income Measure.
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- Note 5
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Census family is defined as a married couple and the children, if any, of either and/or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of either and/or both partners; or a parent of any marital status in a one‑parent family with at least one child living in the same dwelling and that child or those children. All members of a particular census family live in the same dwelling. Children may be biological or adopted children regardless of their age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have their own married spouse, common‑law partner or child living in the dwelling. Grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present also constitute a census family. Individuals not in a census family include individuals not living in one of these arrangements.
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- Note 6
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May include a tax filer’s adult children or grandchildren (biological or adopted) who live with them as long as they do not have their own married or common-law spouse or child living in the same dwelling. May also include children under 18 who do not live with the tax filer but for whom the tax filer has financial responsibility.
Return to note 6 referrer
- Note 7
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Includes children aged 17 or less who are fiscally dependent on their parent(s) or share a mailing address.
Return to note 7 referrer
Note: Indigenous persons include First Nations persons, Métis and Inuit. Information on Indigenous identity is based on data from the Canadian Correctional Services Survey, and is self-reported by persons upon intake to correctional services. Includes individuals released from provincial custody between April 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017 in the provinces of Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, whose records were successfully linked to other data sources used in this study. Excludes individuals who were released from provincial custody in 2016/2017 but who died during the subsequent four years. Socioeconomic data are derived from the T1 Family File (Canada Revenue Agency) and are based on tax data reported by individuals to Revenue Canada up to three years prior to the start of their custodial sentence. In this study, 70% of the Indigenous study cohort had a pre-custody record in the T1 Family File that was available for analysis. The high persistent mixed group had the highest proportion of non-filers (37%), followed by the primarily property (33%), primarily violent (28%) and low reconviction (24%) groups.
Source: Canadian Correctional Services Survey, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Vital Statistics Database - Deaths, and T1 Family File, Statistics Canada (linked file).
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