Police-reported crime in rural and urban areas in the Canadian provinces, 2017
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by Samuel Perreault
Highlights
- Police services serving a mostly rural population served 16% of the population in the provinces in 2017, but reported 23% of violent crimes, 17% of property crimes, 27% of Criminal Code traffic offences, and 23% of other Criminal Code violations.
- In 2017, the police-reported crime rate in rural areas (6,210 incidents per 100,000 population) was 23% higher than the urban crime rate (5,051 incidents per 100,000 population).
- The police-reported crime rate in Canada declined from 2009 to 2017. However, the decrease was larger in urban areas (-19%) than in rural areas (-13%). As with the crime rate, since 2009, the CSI has decreased more in urban areas (-19%) than in rural areas (-7%).
- The higher crime rate in rural areas was driven by a small number of police services that reported very high crime rates. In fact, most police services serving a predominantly rural population recorded relatively low rates of crime.
- Higher crime rates in rural areas were mainly observed in the Prairie provinces. In the Prairie provinces in 2017, rates in rural areas were 36% to 42% higher than in urban areas.
- Higher rural crime rates were mainly observed in the northern areas of the provinces: in the South, crime rates were lower in rural areas in all provinces except Alberta.
- The higher crime rates in rural areas were mainly due to high rates of physical assault, mischief and disturbing the peace. These common violations were reported about twice as often by police services serving a mostly rural population.
- From 2009 to 2017, rural police services reported a total of 1,078 homicides, for an average annual rate of 2.02 homicides per 100,000 population. In urban areas, 4,068 homicides were reported during the same period, for a rate of 1.55 homicides per 100,000 population. However, the rate of attempted murder was lower in rural areas.
- Other violent crimes overrepresented in rural areas included sexual violations against children and violent firearms offences (such as discharging or pointing a firearm). Conversely, more robberies and offences related to human trafficking or the commodification of sexual activity were reported in urban areas.
- In 2017, the rate of impaired driving was about twice as high in rural areas as it was in urban areas. The gap was even wider for incidents of impaired driving causing bodily harm or death.
Crime has long been viewed by the media and in research as a predominantly urban issue. Conversely, rural areas are associated with pastoral landscapes, tranquillity and places where social problems are scarce compared to urban areas (Donnermeyer et al. 2013; Allen Bouffard and Muftic 2006; Weisheit et al. 1994). Many Canadians share this perception: compared with their urban counterparts, rural residents are, overall, more likely to be satisfied with their personal safety and to believe that crime is lower in their neighbourhood than elsewhere in Canada (Perreault 2017).
Yet recent studies and police-reported statistics challenge the perception that crime is concentrated in large cities (Allen 2018; Allen and Perreault 2015; Donnermeyer et al. 2013; Francisco and Chénier 2007). Recent high-profile events have brought the topic of rural crime to the forefront, and it has become a key public safety issue. For example, Saskatchewan recently announced a series of measures to tackle rural crime, including the launch of a dedicated team of 258 police officers (Government of Saskatchewan 2018). Similar measures were also implemented in Alberta (Government of Alberta 2018).
At the same time, the need for information on rural crime has increased, including detailed, up-to-date data that shed light on the nature and extent of crime and crime trends in rural areas. This Juristat article examines these issues using police-reported data from the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey and the Homicide Survey, as well as self-reported data from the General Social Survey (GSS) on Canadians’ Safety (Victimization) in the Canadian provinces.Note
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Text box 1
Definitions
Criminal incident: Includes all Criminal Code and other federal statute offences reported by police services. Incidents are categorized by the most serious violation in the incident.
Crime rate: The crime rate is calculated by summing all Criminal Code incidents reported by the police and dividing by the population. The crime rate excludes Criminal Code traffic violations, as well as other federal statute violations such as drug offences.
Crime Severity Index (CSI): The CSI takes into account both the volume of crime and the relative severity of crime. In order to calculate the police-reported CSI, each violation is assigned a weight. CSI weights are based on the violation’s incarceration rate, as well as the average length of prison sentence handed down by criminal courts. The more serious the average sentence, the higher the weight assigned to the offence, meaning that the more serious offences have a greater impact on the index. Unlike the traditional crime rate, all offences, including Criminal Code traffic violations and other federal statute violations such as drug offences, are included in the CSI. To calculate the CSI, the weighted offences are summed and then divided by the population. Similar to other indexes (e.g., Consumer Price Index), to allow for ease of comparison, the CSI is then standardized to a base year of “100” (for the CSI, the base year is 2006). All CSI values are relative to the Canada-level CSI for 2006. CSI values are available back to 1998. For more information on the CSI, see Measuring Crime in Canada: Introducing the Crime Severity Index and Improvements to the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (Wallace et al. 2009), The Methodology of the Police-Reported Crime Severity Index (Babyak et al. 2009), Updating the Police-Reported Crime Severity Index Weights: Refinements to the Methodology (Babyak et al. 2013) and the Measuring Crime in Canada: A detailed look at the Crime Severity Index video (Statistics Canada 2016a).
Accused: An accused person is someone aged 12 and older who police services have identified in connection with a criminal incident based on evidence linking the accused to the crime, whether or not charges were laid or recommended.Note An incident can involve more than one accused.
Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA): A CMA or CA is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service.
Rural and small town area: Rural police services serve a territory where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. While small towns that do not qualify as CAs are included in this category, the term “rural area” will be used for the sake of brevity. Police services are classified “rural” or “urban” based on the majority of the population they serve, rather than on the exact place of residence of each Canadian. Consequently, urban residents can be served by a police service classified as “rural,” and vice versa. In the interest of conciseness, the terms “rural” (or “rural area”) and “urban” (or “urban area”) are used to designate areas or populations based on the classification of the police services that serve them. The definitions of “rural” and “urban” in this report may differ from those used in other Statistics Canada reports.
Urban: Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a CMA or CA.
Provincial North: The Provincial North comprises the northern regions of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador, according to the definition agreed on by the Northern Development Ministers Forum and used by the Conference Board of Canada’s Centre for the North. Generally speaking, these northern boundaries reflect provincial administrative regions. For more information, see Statistics Canada 2018 or Allen and Perreault 2015.
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Crime rate, Crime Severity Index higher in rural areas
Most Canadians live in urban areas, and most crimes are committed there. However, when population size is taken into account, rural residents experience more crime than their urban counterparts. In 2017, rural police services served about 16% of the population in the ten provinces, but reported 20% of all violations of the Criminal Code and other federal statutes. Specifically, rural police services reported 23% of violent crimes, 17% of property crimes, 27% of Criminal Code traffic offences, 23% of other Criminal Code offences, and 21% of drug offences.
In Canada, two official measures of crime are typically used: the crime rate and the Crime Severity Index (CSI). The crime rate measures the volume of crime, including all Criminal Code violations (except traffic) relative to the population size; meanwhile, the CSI measures both the volume and severity of crime, and includes all Criminal Code and other federal statute violations.
In 2017, rural police services reported 374,441 Criminal Code violations (excluding traffic), which corresponded to a rate of 6,210 incidentsNote per 100,000 population. This rate was 23% higher than what was reported by urban police services (5,051 incidents per 100,000 population) (Table 1). The gap was wider when all federal statute violations and traffic offences were taken into account: the resulting rural crime rate was 30% higher than the urban rate (7,324 and 5,629 incidents per 100,000 population, respectively).
However, the difference between rural and urban areas was smaller when comparing CSIs—that is, when crime severity was also taken into account. In 2017, the urban CSI was 70.1; in rural areas, it was 17% higher (82.1). The fact that a smaller gap existed between urban and rural CSIs than between their traditional crime rates suggests that crime in rural areas is more frequent primarily because of higher rates of minor crimes.
Urban and rural crime rates lower than in 2009
Overall, urban and rural crime rates have followed similar trends since 2009: a decline until 2014 followed by a slight increase (Chart 1). However, while the decline between 2009 and 2014 was steady for urban crime rates, in rural areas it was punctuated by two slight increases. In contrast, the rural crime rate declined slightly in 2017, while the urban rate continued to rise. Compared with 2009, police-reported crime rates in 2017 were 13% lower in rural areas and 19% lower in urban areas.
Data table for Chart 1
Year | Urban—Rate of all violationsData table Note 1 | Rural—Rate of all violationsData table Note 1 | Urban—Crime rateData table Note 2 | Rural—Crime rateData table Note 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||||
2009 | 6,927 | 8,396 | 6,199 | 7,176 |
2010 | 6,569 | 8,420 | 5,831 | 7,148 |
2011 | 6,188 | 8,109 | 5,445 | 6,798 |
2012 | 5,989 | 8,123 | 5,266 | 6,826 |
2013 | 5,535 | 7,509 | 4,852 | 6,311 |
2014 | 5,406 | 7,029 | 4,752 | 5,952 |
2015 | 5,521 | 7,263 | 4,896 | 6,218 |
2016 | 5,575 | 7,331 | 4,966 | 6,276 |
2017 | 5,629 | 7,324 | 5,051 | 6,210 |
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
The Crime Severity Index (CSI) in both urban and rural areas also decreased over this same period. In 2009, the urban and rural CSIs were similar (86.9 and 88.2, respectively). However, the urban CSI then fell more sharply, to 70.1 in 2017 (-19%), while the rural CSI was down a more modest 7% (to 82.1) (Chart 2).
Data table for Chart 2
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crime Severity Index (CSI) | |||||||||
Urban CSI | 86.9 | 81.2 | 75.3 | 72.7 | 66.1 | 64.5 | 67.5 | 68.9 | 70.1 |
Rural CSI | 88.2 | 87.2 | 84.7 | 84.8 | 78.0 | 73.8 | 79.2 | 81.9 | 82.1 |
Urban violent CSI | 95.8 | 89.8 | 85.2 | 80.3 | 71.9 | 68.6 | 72.9 | 73.4 | 77.2 |
Rural violent CSI | 82.7 | 81.8 | 83.6 | 84.8 | 79.1 | 75.4 | 81.0 | 87.4 | 90.2 |
Note: The Crime Severity Indexes are based on Criminal Code incidents, including traffic offences, as well as other federal statute violations. The base index was set at 100 for 2006 for Canada. Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
In rural areas, the fact that the decrease in the CSI was smaller than the decrease in the crime rate reflects a decrease in less serious crimes. This is the opposite of what was observed in urban areas, where the CSI and the crime rate experienced similar declines.
To summarize, nationally, rural areas in 2017 reported higher crime severity and crime rates than urban areas, with both regions experiencing declines compared to 2009. However, the declines in rural areas were of a lesser magnitude. The following section will explore those rural areas that are responsible for the overall higher rates of crime in those regions.
High rural crime rates are mainly observed in the Prairies
Rural crime is an issue that has recently resonated in the Prairies in particular, as evidenced by initiatives implemented in those provinces to tackle rural crime (Government of Saskatchewan 2018; Government of Alberta 2018) and by the tabling of Motion 167 in the House of Commons by an Alberta Member of Parliament (House of Commons Canada 2018).
Rural crime was especially prevalent in the Prairie provinces. In the majority of provinces, rural crime rates were almost identical to or lower than those recorded in urban areas (Chart 3). The exceptions were Newfoundland and Labrador, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Among the provinces where rates were higher in rural areas, Newfoundland and Labrador posted the smallest difference: the rural rate was (on average) 11% higher than the urban rate. In the Prairie provinces, rates in rural areas were 36% to 42% higher than in urban areas.
Data table for Chart 3
Province | Urban police services | Rural police services | Urban police services | Rural police services |
---|---|---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | % change in rate from 2009 to 2017 | |||
N.L. | 5,185 | 5,765 | -27 | -3 |
P.E.I. | 4,348 | 3,549 | -42 | -21 |
N.S. | 5,211 | 4,696 | -31 | -20 |
N.B. | 5,618 | 4,373 | -5 | -14 |
Que. | 3,357 | 3,377 | -35 | -21 |
Ont. | 3,810 | 3,703 | -20 | -21 |
Man. | 7,964 | 11,309 | -18 | -10 |
Sask. | 10,138 | 13,829 | -14 | -3 |
Alta. | 7,920 | 10,964 | 0 | -3 |
B.C. | 7,546 | 6,418 | -16 | -33 |
All provinces | 5,051 | 6,210 | -19 | -13 |
Note: Includes Criminal Code offences, excluding traffic violations. Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
These provinces were also where the rural crime rate decreased the least since 2009. The rural crime rate fell by 3% in Newfoundland and Labrador, Saskatchewan and Alberta (Chart 3). The decrease was slightly larger in rural Manitoba (-10%), but remained smaller than in the rural areas of other provinces (where it ranged from -14% to -33%) or than in urban Manitoba (-18%). For certain types of crime, there was an increase in rural areas compared to 2009. This was notably the case for property crime in Alberta (+13%) and other Criminal Code offences in Newfoundland and Labrador (+37%) and New Brunswick (+14%) (Table 2).
In most provinces, the rural crime rate has followed a trend similar to the national rural rate: a general downward trend until 2014, followed by an increase (Table 3). In the Prairie provinces and in New Brunswick, the increase from 2014 to 2015 was especially large, driven by a relatively strong increase in property crime. However, the rural crime rate observed in these provinces subsequently stabilized or decreased. Since its low point in 2014, the crime rate in these provinces—including the property crime rate—increased more in urban areas than in rural areas, although the decrease from 2009 to 2014 had been also generally greater in urban areas than in rural areas.
Rural Crime Severity Index also higher in the Prairies
The distribution of Crime Severity Index (CSI) among the provinces was quite similar to that of provincial crime rates (Chart 4). The highest rural CSIs among the provinces were also observed in the Prairies, although the differences in CSIs compared with urban areas were smaller than differences between rural and urban crime rates. However, contrary to trends in the crime rates, an increase in the CSI from 2009 was observed in rural Alberta (+17%) and Saskatchewan (+5%) (Table 4). In many other provinces, especially Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the overall decrease from 2009 in the rural CSI was also more modest than the decline in their crime rate. The fact that in some areas, the crime rate decreased while the CSI did not follow a similar trend either by increasing or slightly decreasing suggests there was a change in the nature of crime, with a decline in the rates of less serious offences or a possible increase in more serious offences.
Data table for Chart 4
Province | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N.L. | P.E.I. | N.S. | N.B. | Que. | Ont. | Man. | Sask. | Alta. | B.C. | All provinces | |
Crime Severity Index (CSI) | |||||||||||
Urban police services | 65 | 48 | 66 | 72 | 57 | 55 | 112 | 128 | 103 | 91 | 70 |
Rural police services | 61 | 39 | 66 | 65 | 60 | 52 | 130 | 166 | 140 | 73 | 82 |
% change in CSI from 2009 to 2017 | |||||||||||
Urban police services | -24 | -37 | -30 | -1 | -32 | -21 | -18 | -13 | +2 | -19 | -19 |
Rural police services | -2 | -23 | -2 | -3 | -21 | -16 | -5 | +5 | +17 | -30 | -7 |
Note: The Crime Severity Indexes are based on Criminal Code incidents, including traffic offences, as well as other federal statute violations. The base index was set at 100 for 2006 for Canada. Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
Moreover, while the rural crime rate in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2017 was higher than the rate in urban areas, the opposite was observed with the CSI (Chart 4). This difference was based on the fact that those crimes which were very common in rural areas of this province were of relative low seriousness.Note For example, level 1 assaults, mischief, disturbing the peace and failure to comply with a court order accounted for 61% of the rural crime rate in this province, but only 24% of the CSI.
Conversely, the rural CSI is the same as the urban CSI in Nova Scotia, but exceeds it in Quebec. In Nova Scotia, the higher rural CSI was mainly the result of a high number of frauds, a heavily-weighted offence in the CSI calculation.
Interestingly, in both urban and rural areas, crime rates and CSIs are generally higher in Western Canada, especially in the Prairie provinces. Since more than a quarter (27%) of the rural population lives in one of these provinces, compared with only 17% of the urban population, the crime rate and CSI in rural Canada are more influenced by trends in the Prairies, while the Prairies have less influence on the crime rate and CSI in urban Canada. Said otherwise, the Prairies have a notable impact on rural crime at the national level.
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Text box 2
Self-reported victimization rates are lower in rural areas than in urban areas
In Canada, official crime statistics are mainly gathered through two separate but complementary surveys. On the one hand, there are police‑reported data collected through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) survey, which consist of an annual census of all Criminal Code offences and other federal statute violations that come to the attention of the police. On the other hand, every five years, Statistics Canada conducts the General Social Survey (GSS) on Canadians’ Safety (Victimization) to gather information on the victimization experiences of a sample of Canadians aged 15 years and older. GSS data include both crimes reported to the police and those not reported. However, they include a more limited number of crimes and, notably, exclude crimes targeting businesses, institutions, public assets or victimless crimes.
GSS data show that rural Canadians as a whole are less likely to indicate that they had been the victim of a crime. In 2014, during the most recent GSS on Victimization cycle, nearly one rural Canadian in seven (14%) stated that they had been the victim of at least one crime measured by the GSSNote during the 12 months preceding the survey. Among Canadians living in urban areas, this proportion was almost one in five (19%). Moreover, this difference was observed in almost all provinces, with the exception of New Brunswick and Alberta, where the urban and rural rates were similar (Text box 2 chart).
Data table for Text box 2 chart
Province | Urban areaData table Note † | Rural area |
---|---|---|
percent | ||
N.L. | 18 | 9Note * |
P.E.I. | 23 | 12Note * Note E: Use with caution |
N.S. | 18 | 13Note * |
N.B. | 13 | 12 |
Que. | 17 | 12Note * |
Ont. | 18 | 13Note * |
Man. | 25 | 15Note * |
Sask. | 25 | 17Note * |
Alta. | 21 | 22 |
B.C. | 20 | 16Note E: Use with caution |
All provinces | 19 | 14Note * |
E use with caution
Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey. |
This apparent contradiction between the police‑reported data and self‑reported data on victimization experiences could be partly due to differences in reporting to the police. For example, 45% of rural household crimes in 2014 were reported to the police, a much higher proportion than that observed in urban areas (35%). However, reporting rates were similar for violent crimes (29% in rural areas and 28% in urban areas) and theft of personal property (31% and 29%, respectively).
It should be noted that certain crimes are not included in the self‑reported victimization data. Specifically, this is the case for criminal harassment or indecent communications, non-consensual distribution of intimate images, and crimes without a direct victim, such as disturbing the peace, offences against the administration of justice, or non-violent weapons offences. Likewise, crimes targeting a business, a public asset or a victim under the age of 15 are not measured by the GSS. As such, differences in the scope and methodology of the surveys may partly explain why the trends derived from the data on self‑reported victimization do not completely reflect the police‑reported data.
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More variation in crime rates among rural areas than among urban areas
One of the main difficulties in addressing the nature and scope of rural crime is that there are a multitude of different rural realities. Some communities experience an economic or population decline, while others are faced with the effects of a rapid economic boom. Some communities are particularly remote, while others are relatively close to large population centres and have access to a broader range of services. Lastly, some Indigenous communities—which are generally in rural rather than in urban areas—are also faced with significant socioeconomic and safety issues.
This diversity in the rural context is reflected in variations in the crime rate. In both urban and rural areas, about three-quarters of the population was served by a police service that recorded a crime rate below 6,000 incidents per 100,000 population in 2017 (Chart 5). However, in rural areas, the proportion of the population served by a police service recording a relatively low crime rate—below 3,000 incidents per 100,000 population—was much greater than in urban areas (38% compared to 24%).
Data table for Chart 5
Crime rate (number of incidents per 100,000 population) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less than 2,000 | 2,000 to 2,999 | 3,000 to 5,999 | 6,000 to 9,999 | 10,000 or more | |
percent | |||||
Urban population | 2.8 | 20.7 | 50.9 | 21.7 | 3.8 |
Rural population | 9.4 | 28.5 | 36.8 | 12.0 | 13.2 |
Note: Includes Criminal Code offences, excluding traffic violations. Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
By comparison, more than one person in eight (13%) living in a rural area was served by a police service with a particularly high crime rate of at least 10,000 incidents per 100,000 population. By contrast, only 4% of people living in an urban area had the same problem. Of note, it is these communities with particularly high crime rates that cause the overall rural crime rate to be higher than in urban areas. It should also be noted that approximately 7 in 10 rural police services with a high crime rate are located in the Prairie provinces.
High rural crime rates reflect high rates in the Provincial North
In a study of crime in the Provincial North, Allen and Perreault (2015) highlighted the sometimes difficult socioeconomic conditions and the relatively high crime rates in a number of these regions. The crime rate in the Provincial North was, overall, more than double that observed in the South. However, approximately 15% of the rural population in Canadian provinces lives in the northern regions of the provinces, compared with 4% of the urban population (see definitions in Text box 1).
Much of the difference between the rural and urban crime rates stems from differences between the southern and more northern regions of the provinces. In the southern part of the provinces, the overall rural crime rate is lower than the urban rate (4,706 incidents per 100,000 population, compared with 4,931 incidents per 100,000 population). This trend is observed in all provinces, except Alberta (Chart 6).
Data table for Chart 6
Province | Urban police services—South | Urban police services—North | Rural police services—South | Rural police services—North |
---|---|---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||||
N.L. | 5,185 | Note ...: not applicable | 3,586 | 23,099 |
P.E.I. | 4,348 | Note ...: not applicable | 3,549 | Note ...: not applicable |
N.S. | 5,211 | Note ...: not applicable | 4,696 | Note ...: not applicable |
N.B. | 5,618 | Note ...: not applicable | 4,373 | Note ...: not applicable |
Que. | 3,350 | 3,517 | 2,779 | 11,097 |
Ont. | 3,711 | 6,149 | 2,857 | 7,286 |
Man. | 7,340 | 46,226 | 5,963 | 31,385 |
Sask. | 10,138 | Note ...: not applicable | 9,053 | 59,574 |
Alta. | 7,691 | 13,176 | 10,019 | 12,795 |
B.C. | 7,272 | 12,788 | 5,868 | 8,448 |
All provinces | 4,931 | 8,003 | 4,706 | 14,512 |
... not applicable Note: Includes Criminal Code offences, excluding traffic violations. The provincial North comprises the northern regions of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
Moreover, the rural crime rate in the southern part of the provinces decreased at almost the same pace as the rate in urban areas, i.e., an 18% decrease since 2009, compared with a 19% decrease in urban areas.
Rural crime rates particularly high in northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec
Whereas in the South, the crime rate is lower in rural areas, the reverse is true in the North. Overall, the crime rate in the North is higher in rural areas than in urban areas (14,512 incidents per 100,000 population, versus 8,003 incidents per 100,000 population) and is decreasing more slowly (-2% since 2009 compared with -11%). However, this trend is mainly due to low crime rates observed in the urban areas of northern Quebec which include large urban centres such as Saguenay. To a lesser extent, this trend is also due to rates in northern Ontario, which includes the large urban centres of Greater Sudbury and Thunder Bay—where crime rates are relatively close to the national average. Crime rates in northern Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia—the three other provinces with urban areas in the northern regions—are lower in rural areas than in urban areas.
Crime rates in the North are particularly high in northern Saskatchewan and, to a lesser extent, in northern Manitoba and in Labrador, as in the most northern regions of Quebec. The sociodemographic profile of these regions is similar to that of the territories, where crime rates are also notably greater than the Canadian average. For example, it includes several small, isolated localities, higher proportions of Indigenous peoples, a generally younger population, a higher number of individuals per household, and above-average proportions of lone-parent families (Allen and Perreault 2015).
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Text box 3
Rural crime in the territories
The territories differ from the provinces and, in many respects, differ from each other. For example, the territorial population is on average younger than that of the provinces; this situation is observed especially in Nunavut and, to a lesser extent, in the Northwest Territories. The territories also have higher proportions of persons identifying as Indigenous, lone-parent families, persons with less than a high school diploma and crowded dwellings—again mainly in Nunavut and, to a lesser extent, in the Northwest Territories.
These characteristics have often been observed in tandem with higher crime rates (Allen and Perreault 2015; Charron et al. 2010; Savoie 2008). Moreover, the territories posted notably higher crime rates than the provinces. For example, in 2017, the crime rate for all of the territories (32,640 incidents per 100,000 population) was six times higher than that observed for all provinces (5,242 incidents per 100,000 population). Particularly for this reason, the territories were excluded from the present analysis of rural crime, since they deserve to be analyzed separately.
That said, the territories also show differences with respect to their urban and rural areas. In the territories, urban areas are limited to Whitehorse and Yellowknife, the only two census agglomerations (CAs) found there. In 2017, the combined crime rate for these two CAs was 22,702 incidents per 100,000 population. By comparison, the rate recorded for all rural areas in the territories was nearly twice as high, i.e., 40,464 incidents per 100,000 population.
These data do not, however, perfectly reflect Nunavut’s situation. That territory has no community that meets the criteria of a CA, but some differences are observed between its larger and smaller communities. For example, the capital, Iqaluit, has a few thousand people, along with government institutions and many services (hospital, schools, court, etc.); therefore, it is the Nunavut community that is the closest to being an urban centre.
However, Iqaluit is the Nunavut community that posted the highest crime rate in 2017. It recorded a rate of 60,564 incidents per 100,000 population, compared with 28,097 incidents per 100,000 population in the rest of Nunavut. Also, Rankin Inlet—the second-largest community in terms of number of population—also posted a relatively high crime rate (36,220 incidents per 100,000 population).
However, these differences are largely due to high rates of mischief and incidents related to disturbing the peace. These two offences alone represented nearly three quarters of the police-reported crimes in Iqaluit in 2017 and 60% of those reported by police in Rankin Inlet. In their study on criminality in Inuit Nunangat, Charron et al. (2010) observed that the highest crime rates were in communities with fewer restrictions on alcohol. Iqaluit and Rankin Inlet are precisely among the few communities in Nunavut with bars on their territory, which may in part be related to higher rates of mischief and incidents related to disturbing the peace, i.e., crimes that can sometimes be associated with public disorder.
Apart from this factor, certain studies have noted that the rapid, forced transformation of a traditional way of life to a more western lifestyle may have led to a loss of cultural references, as well as changes in social roles and social norms, which may have impacted crime in particular (Charron et al. 2010; Mancini Billson 2006). In some ways, Iqaluit may also be the locality in Nunavut with the most similarities with southern urban centres. For example, it has higher proportions of non-Indigenous people and university graduates than the rest of the territory.
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Rural areas record higher rates of all major crime categories
Urban and rural areas differ in many respects, including with regard to the nature of the crime. Thus, not only is rural crime higher overall, there are also differences in the type of crimes committed in rural areas. For example, in 2017, the rural violent crime rate was 55% higher than in urban areas (Chart 7), although the difference in violent Crime Severity Index (CSI) was smaller (77.2 in urban areas and 90.2 in rural areas, i.e., a difference of 17%).
Data table for Chart 7
Offence group | Urban police services | Rural police services |
---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||
Violent crime | 990 | 1,532 |
Property crime | 3,177 | 3,355 |
Other Criminal Code offences | 884 | 1,324 |
Criminal Code traffic violations | 296 | 543 |
Drug offences | 233 | 310 |
Other federal statute violations | 49 | 261 |
Note: See Table 1 for a detailed list of the offences in each category. Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
The rate for other Criminal Code offences—which include, among others, offences against the administration of justice, disturbing the peace and non-violent weapons offences—was also 50% higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
The most marked differences, however, were with respect to Criminal Code traffic offences and with federal statute offences. The rate of traffic offences in rural areas was nearly double that recorded in urban areas, while the rate of federal statute offences was more than five times higher.Note
Both in rural areas and urban areas, property offences accounted for the main category of crime, encompassing 56% of offences in urban areas and 46% in rural areas. This crime category also had the most modest difference between rates in urban and rural areas. The rate for all property offences in rural areas (3,355 incidents per 100,000 population) was only 6% higher compared with the rate recorded by urban police services (3,177 incidents per 100,000 population).
The decrease in the rural crime rate from 2009 was observed for nearly all major crime categories, namely, violent crimes (-11%), property crimes (-17%), Criminal Code traffic offences (-20%), other Criminal Code offences (-8%) and drug-related offences (-17%).
The only rate that rose was for federal statute offences (other than drug-related offences); this was due to an exceptionally high number of Customs Act offences reported in 2017, related to a greater than usual number of migrants crossing the Canada–United States Border.Note Furthermore, despite the decrease in the violent crime rate, the violent CSI, in contrast, increased from 82.7 in 2009 to 90.2 in 2017. In other words, the volume of violent crimes decreased, but their average severity increased.
Although the rates for nearly all crime categories decreased in rural areas, the rate decreases were generally more pronounced in urban areas. More specifically, the violent crime rate in urban areas fell by 18% and the property offence rate decreased by 22%. Only the decreases in the rate of drug-related offences (-14%) and “other Criminal Code offences” (-0.3%) were smaller in urban areas than in rural areas.
Violent crime
Overall, the rate of police-reported violent crimes was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Hidden behind this overall picture, however, were notable differences: certain violent crimes were much more likely to occur in rural areas, while others were far more frequent in urban areas.
Physical assaults twice as common in rural areas than in urban areas
In both urban and rural areas, physical assaults—more specifically, common assaults (level 1)—were the violent crimes most often reported by police (Chart 8). The rates of physical assault in 2017, however, were approximately twice as high in rural areas than in urban areas, for level 1, 2 or 3 assaults as well as for assault against a peace officer (Table 1).
Data table for Chart 8
Type of offence | Urban police services | Rural police services |
---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||
Assault (level 1) | 383 | 690 |
Uttering threats | 150 | 250 |
Assault (level 2)–weapon or bodily harm | 126 | 205 |
Sexual assault (level 1) | 62 | 80 |
Robbery | 71 | 18 |
Note: Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
Moreover, rates of physical assault posted a smaller decrease in rural areas than in urban areas. Since 2009, the rate of common assaults decreased by 13% in rural areas, while urban areas saw a 19% decrease. Level 2 and 3 physical assault rates (major assault) actually increased in rural areas, by 3% and 8%, respectively; in urban areas, meanwhile, they decreased by 14% and 16%.
Among the provinces, the highest rural rates of physical assault were recorded in rural areas of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, while the lowest rates were recorded in the Maritime provinces (particularly in Prince Edward Island) as well as in Ontario (Table 5). The largest difference was observed in terms of aggravated assault (level 3), where the highest rate, recorded in Manitoba, was 17 timesNote higher than the lowest rate, noted in New Brunswick.
Uttering threats was the violent crime second-most frequently reported by police after physical assault, both in urban areas and rural areas; as in the case of physical assault, rates of uttering threats were notably higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In 2017, police reported 250 incidents of uttering threats per 100,000 population in rural areas, compared with 150 in urban areas.
Rate of sexual assault increases in urban areas, remains stable in rural areas
In 2017, special attention was paid to issues surrounding sexual assault. More specifically, campaigns such as #MeToo and #TimesUp had high visibility on social and traditional media and have increased awareness among the population about the frequency of sexual assault. Investigative reporting also shed light on how police classify sexual assaults as either founded or unfounded, prompting several police services to re-examine files and renew their commitment to victims (Doolittle 2017; Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police 2017; Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics 2018).
These events have likely contributed to the increase in the rate of sexual assault reported by police on a national level from 2016 to 2017 (+13%) (Allen 2018). However, this increase is essentially concentrated in urban areas, where the rate of sexual assault reported by the police rose from 54 sexual assaults per 100,000 population in 2016 to 63 sexual assaults per 100,000 population in 2017. In rural areas, the rate of sexual assault in 2017 was slightly higher than in urban areas, namely, 82 sexual assaults per 100,000 population. This rate was almost identical to that recorded in rural areas in 2016 and 4% below the rate observed in 2009 (Table 1).Note
A recent study showed that the number of police-reported sexual assaults rose sharply beginning in October 2017, when the #MeToo campaign was launched (Rotenberg and Cotter 2018). However, it seems that this effect was also less marked in rural areas, which may partially explain the fact that the increase in the rate of police-reported sexual assaults was essentially observed in urban areas. In urban areas, the rate of sexual assaults for October, November and December 2017 was 39% higher than the rate recorded for the same period a year earlier. In rural areas, the increase was about half as large, i.e., 21%.
Among the provinces in 2017, police-reported rates of sexual assault in rural areas were highest in Manitoba (119 incidents per 100,000 population) and Saskatchewan (111 incidents per 100,000 population). In contrast, police services in Prince Edward Island (47 incidents per 100,000 population) and New Brunswick (54 incidents per 100,000 population) recorded the lowest rural sexual assault rates (Table 5).
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Text box 4
More incidents deemed unfounded in rural areas
Police-reported crime data include incidents the police have substantiated, i.e., where the police have determined that a Criminal Code incident did actually take place. However, among all the crimes reported to the police, a certain number are deemed unfounded, which means that the police conclude through investigation that no violation of the law took place, nor was there intent to commit an offence. Various reasons can lead police to deem an incident as unfounded. For more details, see Statistics Canada 2016b. In 2017, unfounded incidents—more specifically, the proportion of sexual assault incidents deemed unfounded—were the subject of widespread media coverage (Doolittle 2017). Following renewed interest in incidents deemed unfounded, several police services undertook to review these files. The police community, in conjunction with the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, also undertook to review the methods for analyzing data on unfounded criminal incidents to allow for regular publication of these data.Note
Although the new standards have not yet been fully implemented, Statistics Canada has nevertheless resumed dissemination of data on unfounded incidents. In July 2018, a study revealed that more than 1 in 10 violent crimes (12%) in 2017 had been deemed unfounded. The proportion for sexual assaults was 14%, while criminal harassment, indecent and harassing communications, and uttering threats were the crimes most likely to be deemed unfounded (Greenland and Cotter 2018).
The proportion of unfounded crime was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In 2017, 1 out of 5 (20%) violent crimes reported in rural areas was deemed unfounded, i.e., a proportion approximately twice as high as in urban areas (9%). The result was similar for sexual assaults, 20% of which were deemed unfounded in rural areas, compared with 12% in urban areas. In both cases, the proportions were nevertheless lower than the previous year (23% and 17%, respectively).
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Robbery, an urban crime
Robbery is one of the violent crimes most often reported by police. It is also the most serious of the more common violent crimes. The weight of the Crime Severity Index (CSI) for robbery, assigned based on the sentences handed down by the courts, is nearly 18 times higher than the weight assigned to common assaults.
Although they are common across the country, these crimes are relatively rare in rural areas. While the 71 robberies per 100,000 population recorded in 2017 made this offence the fourth most common violent crime in urban areas, it ranked ninth in rural areas, where the rate was four times lower (18 robberies per 100,000 population) (Table 1). In rural areas, sexual assault, criminal harassment, indecent and harassing communications and sexual violations against children, in particular, were all offences reported by the police more often than robberies.
Those who perpetrate robberies generally target strangers, which was the case for three quarters of robberies in which an accused was identified in 2017. Robberies are also most often perpetrated in the street or another public area, or in a commercial building. However, there are generally fewer strangers in rural areas, and thus crimes involving a stranger are far less common there than in urban areas. In addition, crimes in rural areas are most often perpetrated in a private dwelling, rather than in a public or commercial setting. These characteristics may account in part for the lower incidence of robberies in rural areas.
In addition to robberies, commodification of sexual activity and human trafficking offences are also more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas. Proportionally, these were reported five times more often by urban police services than by rural police services. Extortion is also slightly more likely to occur in urban areas, where the rate recorded in 2017 was approximately 39%Note higher than in rural areas.
Firearms offences are overrepresented in rural areas
In addition to physical assaults, uttering threats and sexual assaults, many other violent crimes, although less frequent, have higher rates in rural areas than in urban areas. More specifically, the rate of violent firearms offences, such as discharge of a firearm or pointing a firearm, was more than twice as high in rural areas than in urban areas in 2017 (13 incidents per 100,000 population compared with 6 incidents per 100,000 population) (Table 1). Moreover, these offences have risen sharply in rural areas, where the rate rose 60% between 2009 and 2017. Urban areas also saw a significant increase during this period, but on a smaller scale (+38%).
Among violent crimes, violent firearms offences make up the crime category with the most significant differences between the provinces. The rural rate in 2017 reached a maximum of 10 incidents per 100,000 population in all provinces except in the Prairies; in each of the Prairie provinces, in contrast, the rates were at least 25 incidents per 100,000 population (Table 5).
However, the rate of violent firearms offences was higher in urban areas than in rural areas in certain provinces. This was the case in Ontario (7 incidents per 100,000 population in urban areas versus 3 incidents per 100,000 population in rural areas), Prince Edward Island (6 incidents per 100,000 population versus 2 incidents per 100,000 population) and Newfoundland and Labrador (9 incidents per 100,000 population versus 6 incidents per 100,000 population).
It is important to note that this crime category only represents a small proportion of crimes that involved a firearm: namely, incidents in which it was the most severe offence. For example, many incidents classified as robbery or physical assault may have involved a weapon. In 2017, the police reported a total of 40 violent crimes committed with a firearm per 100,000 population in rural areas, compared with 31 in urban areas.
Higher number of sexual violations against children in rural areas than in urban areas
Sexual violations specific to children—for example, sexual exploitation, sexual interference, invitation to touching or luring a child—comprise another group of crimes for which the rate recorded in rural areas in 2017 was notably higher than in urban areas. In 2017, the combined rate for these offences in rural areas was more than double that recorded in urban areas (37 incidents per 100,000 population versus 18 incidents per 100,000 population) (Table 1). This difference was mainly due to the relatively high number of sexual interference incidents (28 incidents per 100,000 population) in rural areas compared with the police-reported number in urban areas (12 incidents per 100,000 population).
Moreover, although some variation between provinces was seen in the rate of sexual violations against children in rural areas, the rate for all rural areas in each province remained higher than the rate of 18 incidents per 100,000 population recorded for all combined urban areas. The lowest rate in rural areas in 2017 was observed in Prince Edward Island (21 incidents per 100,000 population) and the highest was recorded in Saskatchewan (58 incidents per 100,000 population) (Table 5).
Homicide rate is higher in rural areas, but more attempted murders in urban areas
Homicide is a relatively rare crime in Canada. However, it is the most serious crime and one that carries the most severe sanctions and, consequently, the crime with the most significant weight in calculating the CSI. Compared with most other crimes, homicides are more consistently brought to the attention of the police and measured in a more uniform way. Thus, homicide data are a useful measure for comparing crime between different regions, despite providing only a partial picture.
From 2009 to 2017, rural police services reported a total of 1,078 homicides, representing an average annual rate of 2.02 homicides per 100,000 population. During the same period, approximately four times more homicides were committed in urban areas, i.e., 4,068. By taking into account the population size, this represents a rate of 1.55 homicides per 100,000 population, i.e., a rate that was 26% lower than in rural areas (2.02 per 100,000 population).Note The homicide rate in rural areas was especially high in the Provincial North, where the average rate from 2009 to 2017 was 5.34 homicides per 100,000 population. While this rate is high compared with the rate in urban areas, it is comparable to that recorded in the United States, i.e., 5.4 homicides per 100,000 population (FBI 2018). In contrast, the homicide rate in rural areas in the Provincial South is slightly below the rate in urban areas; it averaged 1.41 homicides per 100,000 population from 2009 to 2017 compared with 1.52 in urban areas (Chart 9).
Data table for Chart 9
Year | Urban police services—South | Urban police services—North | Rural police services—South | Rural police services—North |
---|---|---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||||
2009 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 6.9 |
2010 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 4.6 |
2011 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 3.8 |
2012 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 4.5 |
2013 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 5.7 |
2014 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 4.7 |
2015 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 6.4 |
2016 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 4.3 |
2017 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 7.1 |
Note: The provincial North comprises the northern regions of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Homicide Survey. |
Although a proportionately higher number of homicides were committed in rural areas than in urban areas, the number of attempted murders was lower. From 2009 to 2017, a rate of 1.7 attempted murders per 100,000 population was recorded in rural areas, compared with 2.1 in urban areas.
When both homicides and attempted murders are taken into account, the rates observed in urban and rural areas are very similar. In other words, it is possible that victims of attempted murders in rural areas are more likely to succumb to injuries, particularly when access to emergency care is more limited or, more broadly, because the circumstances of these offences in rural areas may be more fatal.
Property crime
Both in rural areas and urban areas, property offences were the main type of crime. This crime category was also at the centre of recent discussions on rural crime and is an important element of authorities’ strategy against rural crime (Seiden 2017). However—compared with other types of crime—overall, property crime rates were relatively similar between urban and rural areas. Overall, in 2017, the rate of police-reported property crimes was only 6% higher in rural areas compared with urban areas. Similar to violent crimes, however, there were significant differences between urban and rural areas in terms of the nature of the property crimes that occur there.
The most common crime in rural areas is mischief
Mischief is, by far, the crime most often reported by police in rural areas. In 2017, slightly over 75,000 incidents of mischief were reported by rural police services. By comparison, that year, police reported 50,000 thefts under $5,000—the second most common crime in rural areas. Mischief is also a common crime in urban areas. In 2017, 173,000 police-reported incidents of mischief made it the second most common offence. Relatively speaking, mischief was nevertheless more than twice as common in rural areas than in urban areas, with rates of 1,248 incidents per 100,000 population, compared with 566 incidents per 100,000 population (Chart 10).
Data table for Chart 10
Type of offence | Urban police services | Rural police services |
---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||
Theft $5,000 or under | 1,482 | 827 |
MischiefData table Note 1 | 566 | 1,248 |
Breaking and entering | 412 | 533 |
Fraud | 315 | 271 |
Theft of motor vehicle | 226 | 259 |
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
Although incidents of mischief can be serious offences, some can also reflect less serious acts which can sometimes be handled through municipal by-laws instead of under the Criminal Code—especially in urban areas where such by-laws are in effect. For this reason, it is conceivable that the scope of mischief may be slightly underestimated in urban areas. Moreover, people accused of mischief in urban areas were more likely to have charges laid against them than their counterparts in rural areas (39% of accused persons in urban areas compared with 11% of them in rural areas). Thus, it is likely that many of the less serious cases, i.e., those less likely to lead to charges, were instead handled through other means in urban areas and are therefore not included in the statistics.
Furthermore, there are considerable variations in rates of mischief between different rural areas in the country. More specifically, the highest rate, recorded in Saskatchewan, was 12 times higher than that observed in Quebec (3,894 incidents per 100,000 population compared with 326 incidents per 100,000 population) (Table 5). Overall, the highest rates recorded were in the Prairie provinces and Newfoundland and Labrador. However, it is possible that differences in law enforcement practices, for example, whether municipal by-laws are used, account for part of this difference. For example, only 8% of people accused in rural Saskatchewan were charged, compared with 43% in Quebec.
Break and enter and motor vehicle theft highest in rural Alberta
Break-ins and thefts, especially motor vehicle thefts, have become an important concern in rural areas (Seiden 2017). As such, these offences have been at the centre of discussions on rural crime. Generally, rates of break and enter were 29% higher in rural areas compared to urban areas in 2017 (533 incidents per 100,000 population compared to 412 incidents per 100,000). Similarly, rates of motor vehicle thefts were 15% higher, with 259 incidents per 100,000 population in rural areas and 226 incidents per 100,000 population in urban areas (Table 1).
As with most property crimes, rates of break and enter and motor vehicle theft were higher in the Prairie provinces, especially Alberta. In 2017, police reported 978 break and enter incidents per 100,000 population in rural Alberta. This was four times higher than in rural Prince Edward Island, the province with the lowest break and enter rate in rural areas, and 48% higher than in urban Alberta. Similarly, police reported 747 incidents of motor vehicle theft per 100,000 population in rural Alberta, a rate 12 times higher than that recorded in rural Prince Edward Island and 38% higher than in urban Alberta.
Theft of $5,000 or under more common in urban areas, theft over $5,000 more common in rural areas
Unlike in rural areas, where the most common crime is mischief, the most common crime in urban areas is theft of $5,000 or under. In 2017, police services in urban areas reported more than 450,000 thefts of this nature, which accounted for nearly half of the property crimes in urban areas. This represents a rate of 1,482 thefts of $5,000 or under per 100,000 population. By comparison, the rate in rural areas was nearly one-half that in urban areas, i.e., 827 incidents per 100,000 population. In contrast, the rate of theft over $5,000 was slightly higher in rural areas (50 incidents per 100,000 population versus 46 incidents per 100,000 population). In urban areas, shoplifting and thefts from motor vehicles were much more common than in rural areas. These types of thefts are often of relatively low value, and as such mostly contributed to the rate of theft of $5,000 or under.
Although thefts were, overall, more common in urban areas, the rate of possession of stolen property was almost twice as high in rural than urban areas. This difference may be due to the higher rates of theft over $5,000 and break and enters in rural areas than in urban areas.
Other Criminal Code offences
The “other Criminal Code offences” category includes all Criminal Code offences that are neither violent crimes nor property crimes. These crimes include seriousNote offences such as terrorism offences,Note weapons trafficking or child pornography, as well as less serious offences such as disturbing the peace or failure to appear in court. Criminal Code traffic violations (e.g. impaired driving), which are not included in the calculation of traditional crime rates or in the standard “other Criminal Code offences” category, but are nevertheless offences under the Criminal Code, are also included in this section. Like those observed for violent crimes, the rates for all of these crimes are notably greater in rural areas. Significant differences are nevertheless observed depending on the specific crimes and by province.
More offences against the administration of justice in rural areas
The category of offences against the administration of justice encompasses a group of criminal offences related to compliance with procedures and conditions imposed on an accused by the justice system. Among other things, it includes offences such as failure to appear, escape, being unlawfully at large, failure to comply with a court order or breach of probation. Overall, in 2017 the rate of these offences was slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas (682 incidents per 100,000 population compared with 565 incidents per 100,000 population) (Chart 11).
Data table for Chart 11
Type of offence | Urban police services | Rural police services |
---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||
Administration of justice violations | 565 | 682 |
Disturbing the peace | 193 | 469 |
Impaired driving | 147 | 367 |
Failure to stop or remain | 105 | 85 |
Weapon violations | 41 | 52 |
Note: Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
Several studies have shown that people living in rural areas—especially those living in remote, isolated regions, far from large centres—experience additional challenges in terms of some of these offences, especially when faced with difficult or limited access to various elements of the justice system (Senate of Canada 2016; Aylwin and Moore 2015; Nuffield 2003). More specifically, distances and more limited access to different means of transportation can make it more difficult for an accused living in a remote region to appear in court, thereby increasing the likelihood of being accused of failure to appear. However, this reality is not clearly reflected in police-reported data. While the rate of failure to appear was slightly higher in urban areas (92 incidents per 100,000 population) than in rural areas (74 incidents per 100,000 population), the location of the offence reflected in these data is often based on the location of the court, and not where the accused person lives. As most judicial institutions are found in urban areas, this is also often where these offences are recorded.
Nevertheless, the rates of failure to appear are notably higher in the Provincial North, both in urban areas (163 incidents per 100,000 population in the North, compared with 89 in the South) and in rural areas (187 incidents per 100,000 population in the North, compared with 53 in the South). It is likely that institutions in the North are called on more often than institutions in the South to serve people living in remote and isolated communities.
As is the case for failure to appear, escape crimes and crimes related to being unlawfully at large are also influenced by the fact that justice institutions such as correctional facilities and halfway houses, are often found in urban areas. For both of these offences, the rate was more than double in urban areas than in rural areas.
In contrast, it is failure to comply with a court order and breach of probation that account for the higher rate of offences against the administration of justice in rural areas than in urban areas. These offences represent more than three-quarters of offences against the administration of justice, and the rates for these two offences are higher in rural areas. The difference was most significant for failure to comply with a court order, for which the rate in 2017 was 424 incidents per 100,000 population in rural areas, compared with 301 incidents per 100,000 population in urban areas. As is the case for failure to appear, it can sometimes be more difficult to comply with certain conditions in rural areas, especially in small, isolated communities: for example, when prohibited from travelling outside a certain radius or perimeter (Senate of Canada 2016) or issued a restraining, protection or no-contact order.
Proportion of offences related to disturbing the peace is more than double in rural areas
Overall, disturbing the peace is the second-most common offence among other Criminal Code offences, being surpassed only by failure to comply with a court order. It is the most common of these offences in rural areas. In 2017, police reported just over 28,000 incidents related to disturbing the peace in rural areas, representing a rate of 469 incidents per 100,000 population. This rate was more than double that recorded in urban areas that year (193 incidents per 100,000 population). Since 2009, the rate decreased more in rural areas (-30%) than in urban areas (-23%) (Table 1).
Disturbing the peace is an offence that is most often relatively minor.Note Thus, like mischief, it may sometimes be handled through municipal by-laws, particularly in urban areas—and therefore not included in police-reported statistics. Moreover, disturbing the peace is one of the crimes for which the largest variation between provinces was observed. More specifically, the 2017 rate recorded in rural Manitoba (1,535 incidents per 100,000 population) was 53 times higher than the rate observed in rural Quebec (29 incidents per 100,000 population) (Table 5).
Lastly, as with mischief, a high number of those accused see no charges filed or recommended against them. In 2017, 96% of those accused of disturbing the peace were not charged. This proportion was about the same in urban and rural areas.
Rate of non-violent weapons offences is higher in rural than urban areas
The non-violent weapons offences category brings together a group of offences such as unsafe storage, weapons possession contrary to an order, unauthorized importing or exporting, and weapons trafficking. Like violent firearms offences, the rate of these violations was higher in rural areas (52 incidents per 100,000 population) than in urban areas (41 incidents per 100,000 population), although the difference was less significant than with violent firearm offences (Table 1).
However, the difference between urban and rural rates seen at the national level was mainly based on the high rates in the Prairies, in both rural and urban areas. As the Prairies are home to a larger share of the rural population than of the urban population, the rate for all of rural Canada is more heavily influenced by the Prairies than is the rate for all of urban Canada. Thus, at the provincial level, the rural rate was only higher than the urban rate in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Alberta.
Impaired driving causing death is seven times higher in rural areas than in urban areas
Urban and rural areas are very different environments with respect to travel. According to the 2014 General Social Survey on Victimization, almost all households in rural areas own at least one motor vehicle, whereas this is the case for three-quarters of households in the largest urban centres. Cars are often the only rural travel option, while in urban areas, even people who own a car can count on many other options (Perreault 2016; Paré and Larochelle 2004).
These differences are reflected in impaired driving rates, with the rate being generally two and a half times higher in rural areas than in urban areas. However, this difference was slightly smaller for drug-impaired driving, i.e., 15 incidents per 100,000 population in rural areas, compared with 8 incidents per 100,000 population in urban areas. It could be that fewer drug recognition experts are available in rural settings (Perreault 2016; Asbridge and Ogilvie 2015), which may partly explain the smaller difference in relation to drug-impaired driving. Furthermore, since 2009, the rate of drug-impaired driving grew more quickly in urban areas (+151%) than in rural areas (+70%) (Table 1).
The difference between impaired driving rates in rural versus urban areas is accentuated when more serious offences are considered, i.e., those causing bodily harm or death. In 2017, the rate of impaired driving causing bodily harm was three and a half times higher in rural areas than in urban areas; the rate of impaired driving causing death was seven times higher. The greater distances and, sometimes, higher speed limits on rural roads could partly account for the larger differences in rates for the most serious impaired driving incidents (Perreault 2016; Paré and Larochelle 2004).
Among the provinces, Saskatchewan had the highest impaired driving rate in rural areas (939 incidents per 100,000 population); it was followed by Alberta (597 incidents per 100,000 population) and Manitoba (588 incidents per 100,000 population). In comparison, the lowest rate was posted in Ontario (187 incidents per 100,000 population), followed by Newfoundland and Labrador (192 incidents per 100,000 population).
Like impaired driving, the 2017 dangerous driving rate in rural areas was, overall, more than double the rate recorded in urban areas. On the other hand, the rate for failure to stop or remain at the scene of an accident was, overall, higher in urban areas, except for the most serious cases—those causing bodily harm or death—for which urban and rural rates were almost the same.
Other federal statute offences
Drugs: Production in rural areas, import and export in urban areas
Among federal statutes other than the Criminal Code, the highest number of police-reported offences are with respect to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (where drug offences are codified). In 2017, police services reported just over 71,000 drug offences in urban areas (233 incidents per 100,000 population) and nearly 19,000 offences in rural areas (310 incidents per 100,000 population) (Table 1). The higher rate in rural areas was driven by a higher rate of cannabis possession, the most common drug offence (Chart 12). The gap noted between urban and rural drug offence rates may therefore decrease following the legalization of cannabis in October 2018.Note
Data table for Chart 12
Type of offence | Urban police services | Rural police services |
---|---|---|
rate per 100,000 population | ||
Possession–cannabis | 97 | 145 |
Trafficking, production or distribution–cannabis | 22 | 44 |
Possession–methamphetamines or ecstasy | 26 | 21 |
Possession–cocaine | 20 | 18 |
Trafficking, production or distribution–cocaine | 16 | 28 |
Note: Urban police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). Rural police services serve an area where the majority of the population lives outside a CMA or CA. A CMA or a CA is comprised of one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA or CA may have more than one police service. Rates are calculated per 100,000 population, and population counts are based on the July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada's Demography Division. Excludes data from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children. In 2017, Customs Act offences were among federal statute offences most often reported by police, which was however specific to that year and not reflective of usual crime trends. As such, Customs Act offences are not shown in this chart. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. |
Although the higher rate of drug-related offences in rural areas is essentially due to cannabis possession, the rates of incidents related to the trafficking, production or distribution of most drugs were also higher in rural areas. This difference was primarily because drug production was more often reported by rural police services. More specifically, in 2017, the cannabis production rate was five times higher in rural areas (19 incidents per 100,000 population) than in urban areas (4 incidents per 100,000 population). The rate of incidents related to trafficking was also generally greater in rural areas. By comparison, the rate for all offences involving the import or export of drugs was seven times higher in urban areas (13 incidents per 100,000 population) than in rural areas (2 incidents per 100,000 population).
In addition to offences involving the import or export of drugs, the urban rates for possession of all drugs other than cannabis were also higher than rural rates. In 2017, the largest rate difference was for heroin possession, with a rate that was 77% lower in rural areas. The rates of possession of methamphetamine or ecstasy (-19%), cocaine (-8%) and other drugs (-12%) were also lower in rural areas than in urban areas (Table 1).
Finally, compared with other types of offences, the rates for drug-related offences may be more subject to influence by police practices—specifically, the varying priorities of different police services and the anti-drug operations they conduct. Thus, part of the variation between regions and over time could be the result of variations in law enforcement practices.
The rate of federal statute offences was five times higher in rural areas than in urban areas
Overall, the 2017 rate of offences under federal statutes other than the Criminal Code and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was five times higher in rural areas than in urban areas. However, this difference was much lower with respect to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, which is somewhat equivalent to youth offences against the administration of justice. The rate for these offences was 13% higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
The difference in rates between urban and rural areas in 2017 was mostly the result of a particularly high number of offences under the Customs Act. While this high number may have been an exception—due to the greater than usual influx of migrants at the Canada–United States Border in 2017Note — the rates for offences under several other federal statutes were also notably higher in rural areas than in urban areas. More specifically, the rate of offences under the Firearms Act was six times higher in rural areas than in urban areas, whereas the rates of offences under the Canada Shipping Act and the Excise Act were four times higher.
Perceptions of police in rural areas
Canadians residing in rural areas have similar levels of confidence in their local police than their urban counterparts
Policing a wide territory with low population density can pose some challenges for rural police services, most notably in terms of responding quickly to calls (Weisheit et al. 1994). Despite these challenges, and despite generally higher crime rates, self-reported data from the 2014 General Social Survey on Victimization show that people residing in rural areas or small towns had similar levels of confidence in their local police than those residing in urban areas. Overall, 45% of CanadiansNote said they had a great deal of confidence in their local police, and a similar proportion reported having some confidence. Those proportion were almost identical in rural and urban areas (Table 6).
However, this was not the case in all provinces. Compared to their urban counterparts, those residing in rural areas of Alberta were less likely to report having a great deal of confidence in their local police than those residing in urban areas (39% compared with 48%); the same was true in New Brunswick (59% versus 49%). On the other hand, those residing in rural areas of Prince Edward Island were more likely than their urban counterparts to report having a great deal of confidence in their local police (65% versus 51%). In Alberta, residents of rural areas were considerably less likely than their urban counterparts to say their local police was doing a good job in terms of enforcing the laws (50% in rural areas versus 61% in urban areas) and responding quickly to calls (47% versus 56%). Of note, while residents of rural areas in Saskatchewan reported similar levels of overall confidence in their local police as their urban counterparts, they were also less likely to rate favourably their local police in terms of enforcing the laws (48% versus 57%) and responding quickly to calls (44% versus 50%) (Table 6).
Summary
Overall in 2017, police services serving a predominantly rural population recorded a crime rate that was 23% higher than that observed by police services serving a predominantly urban population. This difference was slightly more marked for violent crimes and other Criminal Code offences, such as disturbing the peace and offences against the administration of justice. Although they are not included in the calculation of crime rates, the rural rates for Criminal Code traffic violations as well as other federal statute offences were also higher than in urban areas.
Certain offences were particularly overrepresented in rural areas in 2017. Notably, this was the case for physical assaults, sexual violations against children, mischief and disturbing the peace. By comparison, robberies and thefts under $5,000 were more common in urban areas. The homicide rate (from 2009 to 2017) was also higher in rural areas, although the rate of attempted murder was higher in urban areas.
Rural crime is not the same everywhere, but differs widely by geography. Specifically, higher crime rates were mainly observed in the Prairie provinces and, to a lesser degree, in Newfoundland and Labrador. In the other provinces, the rural crime rate was either almost identical to or lower than the urban rate. Higher crime rates were also mainly observed in the Provincial North. In the South, rates were lower in rural areas than in urban areas in all provinces except Alberta. In fact, a larger proportion of the rural population than the urban population lives in an area where the crime rate is relatively low; however, we also find that a larger proportion of the rural population lives in an area where the crime rate is very high, most often in the Prairies or the Provincial North.
This analysis has provided an up-to-date picture of the overall extent of crime in rural areas. From the analysis, the fact emerges that rurality in Canada varies widely in terms of crime but also in a number of other ways such as sociodemographic, economic and geographic realities. For example, certain regions have an aging population while in others, the population is very young. Some rural regions experience a decline in economic vitality, while others experience very rapid growth, sometimes related to resource extraction. Some rural regions are found relatively close to urban centres and have better access to services and labour markets, whereas others are remote, isolated, and perhaps inaccessible by road. Some rural regions have an economy essentially centred on tourism, whereas other have more of an agricultural economy. Finally, some rural regions include communities with predominantly Indigenous populations, some of which face significant security and crime issues.
It is possible that one or more of these factors are in some way associated with rural crime. Analysis of the causes of rural crime was not part of the objectives of this report, but future work could address them to shed more light on crime in rural areas. For example, the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics expects to soon publish an analysis of crime reported by police services serving predominantly Indigenous communities.
Detailed data tables
Table 1 Selected police-reported crimes, urban and rural police services, all provinces, 2017
Table 4 Crime Severity Index by province, urban and rural police services, 2017
Table 6 Perceptions of police performance, by area of residence, all provinces, 2014
Survey description
Uniform Crime Reporting Survey
The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey was established in 1962 with the co-operation and assistance of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police. The scope of the survey is Criminal Code offences and other federal statutes that have been reported to federal, provincial or municipal police services in Canada and that have been substantiated through investigation by these services.
Coverage of the UCR aggregate data reflects virtually 100% of the total caseload for all police services in Canada. One incident can involve multiple offences. In order to ensure comparability, counts presented in this article are based upon the most serious offence in the incident as determined by a standard classification rule used by all police services.
Data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey are used to calculate both the traditional crime rate and the Crime Severity Index (CSI). Both the traditional crime rate and the CSI are based on the aggregate count of criminal incidents. A criminal incident involves one or more related offences that are committed during a single criminal event and have been reported to and substantiated by police. Where there are multiple victims within a single criminal event, a separate aggregate incident is counted for each victim. For example, a single incident involving an assault on three victims at the same time and location is counted in the aggregate statistics as three incidents of assault.
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