Table 2-18
Deaths and mortality rate, by selected grouped
causes, age group at time of death and sex, Canada1 — 80 to 84 years2,3,4,5
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| Number of deaths | Age-specific mortality rate per 100,000 population Note 6 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Both sexes | Males | Females | Both sexes | Males | Females | |
| Total, all causes of death (A00-Y89) Note 7 Note 7Note 8, Note 9 |
38,315 | 19,302 | 19,013 | 5,662.0 | 7,001.4 | 4,741.2 |
| Salmonella infections (A01-A02) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Shigellosis and amoebiasis (A03, A06) |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| Certain other intestinal infections (A04, A07-A09) |
278 | 115 | 163 | 41.1 | 41.7 | 40.6 |
| Tuberculosis (A16-A19) | 7 | 2 | 5 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.2 |
| Respiratory tuberculosis (A16) | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 |
| Other tuberculosis (A17-A19) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Whooping cough (A37) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Scarlet fever and erysipelas (A38, A46) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Meningococcal infection (A39) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Septicaemia (A40-A41) | 420 | 195 | 225 | 62.1 | 70.7 | 56.1 |
| Syphilis (A50-A53) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Acute poliomyelitis (A80) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Arthropod-borne viral encephalitis (A83-A84, A85.2) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Measles (B05) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Viral hepatitis (B15-B19) | 39 | 15 | 24 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 6.0 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease (B20-B24) |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.0 |
| Malaria (B50-B54) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other and unspecified infectious and parasitic diseases and their sequelae Note 10 |
69 | 31 | 38 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 9.5 |
| Malignant neoplasms (C00-C97) | 10,609 | 5,676 | 4,933 | 1,567.8 | 2,058.9 | 1,230.1 |
| Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00-C14) |
127 | 84 | 43 | 18.8 | 30.5 | 10.7 |
| Malignant neoplasm of oesophagus (C15) |
223 | 158 | 65 | 33.0 | 57.3 | 16.2 |
| Malignant neoplasm of stomach (C16) |
312 | 186 | 126 | 46.1 | 67.5 | 31.4 |
| Malignant neoplasms of colon, rectum and anus (C18-C21) |
1,264 | 643 | 621 | 186.8 | 233.2 | 154.9 |
| Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (C22) |
293 | 148 | 145 | 43.3 | 53.7 | 36.2 |
| Malignant neoplasm of pancreas (C25) |
567 | 247 | 320 | 83.8 | 89.6 | 79.8 |
| Malignant neoplasm of larynx (C32) |
72 | 59 | 13 | 10.6 | 21.4 | 3.2 |
| Malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus and lung (C33-C34) |
2,581 | 1,469 | 1,112 | 381.4 | 532.9 | 277.3 |
| Malignant melanoma of skin (C43) | 118 | 67 | 51 | 17.4 | 24.3 | 12.7 |
| Malignant neoplasm of breast (C50) |
643 | 8 | 635 | 95.0 | 2.9 | 158.3 |
| Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri (C53) |
Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 32 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 8.0 |
| Malignant neoplasms of corpus uteri and uterus, part unspecified (C54-C55) |
Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 93 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 23.2 |
| Malignant neoplasm of ovary (C56) | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 197 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 49.1 |
| Malignant neoplasm of prostate (C61) |
Note ...: not applicable | 872 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 316.3 | Note ...: not applicable |
| Malignant neoplasms of kidney and renal pelvis (C64-C65) |
209 | 145 | 64 | 30.9 | 52.6 | 16.0 |
| Malignant neoplasm of bladder (C67) |
384 | 266 | 118 | 56.7 | 96.5 | 29.4 |
| Malignant neoplasms of meninges, brain and other parts of central nervous system (C70-C72) |
164 | 80 | 84 | 24.2 | 29.0 | 20.9 |
| Malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue (C81-C96) |
1,079 | 560 | 519 | 159.4 | 203.1 | 129.4 |
| Hodgkin's disease (C81) | 10 | 7 | 3 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.7 |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (C82-C85) | 436 | 201 | 235 | 64.4 | 72.9 | 58.6 |
| Leukaemia (C91-C95) | 402 | 222 | 180 | 59.4 | 80.5 | 44.9 |
| Multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative neoplasms (C88, C90) |
230 | 129 | 101 | 34.0 | 46.8 | 25.2 |
| Other and unspecified malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue (C96) |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| All other and unspecified malignant neoplasms (C17, C23-C24, C26-C31, C37-C41, C44-C49, C51-C52, C57-C60, C62-C63, C66, C68-C69, C73-C80, C97) |
1,379 | 684 | 695 | 203.8 | 248.1 | 173.3 |
| In situ neoplasms, benign neoplasms and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behaviour (D00-D48) |
271 | 135 | 136 | 40.0 | 49.0 | 33.9 |
| Anaemias (D50-D64) | 98 | 43 | 55 | 14.5 | 15.6 | 13.7 |
| Diabetes mellitus (E10-E14) | 1,323 | 642 | 681 | 195.5 | 232.9 | 169.8 |
| Nutritional deficiencies (E40-E64) | 35 | 12 | 23 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 5.7 |
| Malnutrition (E40-E46) | 26 | 9 | 17 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 4.2 |
| Other nutritional deficiencies (E50-E64) |
9 | 3 | 6 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
| Meningitis (G00, G03) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
| Parkinson's disease (G20-G21) | 553 | 351 | 202 | 81.7 | 127.3 | 50.4 |
| Alzheimer's disease (G30) | 1,319 | 527 | 792 | 194.9 | 191.2 | 197.5 |
| Major cardiovascular diseases (I00-I78) |
12,130 | 6,123 | 6,007 | 1,792.5 | 2,221.0 | 1,497.9 |
| Diseases of heart (I00-I09, I11, I13, I20-I51) |
8,450 | 4,438 | 4,012 | 1,248.7 | 1,609.8 | 1,000.5 |
| Acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart diseases (I00-I09) |
87 | 30 | 57 | 12.9 | 10.9 | 14.2 |
| Hypertensive heart disease (I11) | 111 | 44 | 67 | 16.4 | 16.0 | 16.7 |
| Hypertensive heart and renal disease (I13) |
21 | 9 | 12 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.0 |
| Ischaemic heart diseases (I20-I25) | 6,174 | 3,375 | 2,799 | 912.4 | 1,224.2 | 698.0 |
| Acute myocardial infarction (I21-I22) | 2,656 | 1,398 | 1,258 | 392.5 | 507.1 | 313.7 |
| Other acute ischaemic heart diseases (I24) |
198 | 103 | 95 | 29.3 | 37.4 | 23.7 |
| Other forms of chronic ischaemic heart disease (I20, I25) |
3,320 | 1,874 | 1,446 | 490.6 | 679.8 | 360.6 |
| Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, so described (I25.0) |
211 | 112 | 99 | 31.2 | 40.6 | 24.7 |
| All other forms of chronic ischaemic heart disease (I20, I25.1-I25.9) |
3,109 | 1,762 | 1,347 | 459.4 | 639.1 | 335.9 |
| Other heart diseases (I26-I51) | 2,057 | 980 | 1,077 | 304.0 | 355.5 | 268.6 |
| Acute and subacute endocarditis (I33) |
18 | 10 | 8 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 2.0 |
| Diseases of pericardium and acute myocarditis (I30-I31, I40) |
10 | 3 | 7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.7 |
| Heart failure (I50) | 728 | 351 | 377 | 107.6 | 127.3 | 94.0 |
| All other forms of heart disease (I26-I28, I34-I38, I42-I49, I51) |
1,301 | 616 | 685 | 192.3 | 223.4 | 170.8 |
| Essential hypertension and hypertensive renal disease (I10, I12, I15) |
260 | 110 | 150 | 38.4 | 39.9 | 37.4 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69) | 2,794 | 1,226 | 1,568 | 412.9 | 444.7 | 391.0 |
| Atherosclerosis (I70) | 133 | 70 | 63 | 19.7 | 25.4 | 15.7 |
| Other diseases of circulatory system (I71-I78) |
493 | 279 | 214 | 72.9 | 101.2 | 53.4 |
| Aortic aneurysm and dissection (I71) |
323 | 188 | 135 | 47.7 | 68.2 | 33.7 |
| Other diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries (I72-I78) |
170 | 91 | 79 | 25.1 | 33.0 | 19.7 |
| Other disorders of circulatory system (I80-I99) |
41 | 18 | 23 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 5.7 |
| Influenza and pneumonia (J09-J18) | 932 | 468 | 464 | 137.7 | 169.8 | 115.7 |
| Influenza (J09-J11) | 47 | 13 | 34 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 8.5 |
| Pneumonia (J12-J18) | 885 | 455 | 430 | 130.8 | 165.0 | 107.2 |
| Other acute lower respiratory infections (J20-J22) |
17 | 7 | 10 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis (J20-J21) |
11 | 7 | 4 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.0 |
| Unspecified acute lower respiratory infection (J22) |
6 | 0 | 6 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases (J40-J47) |
2,249 | 1,199 | 1,050 | 332.3 | 434.9 | 261.8 |
| Bronchitis, chronic and unspecified (J40-J42) |
16 | 8 | 8 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.0 |
| Emphysema (J43) | 106 | 57 | 49 | 15.7 | 20.7 | 12.2 |
| Asthma (J45-J46) | 32 | 12 | 20 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 5.0 |
| Other chronic lower respiratory diseases (J44, J47) |
2,095 | 1,122 | 973 | 309.6 | 407.0 | 242.6 |
| Pneumoconioses and chemical effects (J60-J66, J68) |
19 | 19 | 0 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 0.0 |
| Pneumonitis due to solids and liquids (J69) |
323 | 178 | 145 | 47.7 | 64.6 | 36.2 |
| Other diseases of respiratory system (J00-J06, J30-J39, J67, J70-J98) |
558 | 307 | 251 | 82.5 | 111.4 | 62.6 |
| Peptic ulcer (K25-K28) | 66 | 33 | 33 | 9.8 | 12.0 | 8.2 |
| Diseases of appendix (K35-K38) | 8 | 4 | 4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
| Hernia (K40-K46) | 53 | 24 | 29 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 7.2 |
| Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (K70, K73-K74) |
168 | 96 | 72 | 24.8 | 34.8 | 18.0 |
| Alcoholic liver disease (K70) | 38 | 33 | 5 | 5.6 | 12.0 | 1.2 |
| Other chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (K73-K74) |
130 | 63 | 67 | 19.2 | 22.9 | 16.7 |
| Cholelithiasis and other disorders of gallbladder (K80-K82) |
82 | 38 | 44 | 12.1 | 13.8 | 11.0 |
| Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (N00-N07, N17-N19, N25-N27) |
738 | 405 | 333 | 109.1 | 146.9 | 83.0 |
| Acute and rapidly progressive nephritic and nephrotic syndrome (N00-N01, N04) |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis, nephritis and nephropathy not specified as acute or chronic, and renal sclerosis unspecified (N02-N03, N05-N07, N26) |
27 | 15 | 12 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 3.0 |
| Renal failure (N17-N19) | 708 | 389 | 319 | 104.6 | 141.1 | 79.5 |
| Other disorders of kidney (N25, N27) |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Infections of kidney (N10-N12, N13.6, N15.1) |
13 | 3 | 10 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
| Hyperplasia of prostate (N40) | Note ...: not applicable | 13 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 4.7 | Note ...: not applicable |
| Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs (N70-N76) |
Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 2 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 0.5 |
| Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99) |
Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 0 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 0.0 |
| Pregnancy with abortive outcome (O00-O07) |
Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 0 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 0.0 |
| Other complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O10-O99) |
Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 0 | Note ...: not applicable | Note ...: not applicable | 0.0 |
| Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P96) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99) |
9 | 6 | 3 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 0.7 |
| Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99) |
197 | 93 | 104 | 29.1 | 33.7 | 25.9 |
| All other diseases (residual) Note 11 | 4,488 | 1,929 | 2,559 | 663.2 | 699.7 | 638.1 |
| Accidents (unintentional injuries) (V01-X59, Y85-Y86) |
1,059 | 508 | 551 | 156.5 | 184.3 | 137.4 |
| Transport accidents (V01-V99, Y85) |
113 | 73 | 40 | 16.7 | 26.5 | 10.0 |
| Motor vehicle accidents Note 12 | 104 | 68 | 36 | 15.4 | 24.7 | 9.0 |
| Other land transport accidents Note 13 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| Water, air and space, and other and unspecified transport accidents and their sequelae (V90-V99, Y85) |
5 | 3 | 2 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
| Nontransport accidents (W00-X59, Y86) |
946 | 435 | 511 | 139.8 | 157.8 | 127.4 |
| Falls (W00-W19) | 644 | 308 | 336 | 95.2 | 111.7 | 83.8 |
| Accidental discharge of firearms (W32-W34) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Accidental drowning and submersion (W65-W74) |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Accidental exposure to smoke, fire and flames (X00-X09) |
25 | 13 | 12 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 3.0 |
| Accidental poisoning and exposure to noxious substances (X40-X49) |
23 | 12 | 11 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 2.7 |
| Other and unspecified nontransport accidents and their sequelae (W20-W31, W35-W64, W75-W99, X10-X39, X50-X59, Y86) |
250 | 98 | 152 | 36.9 | 35.5 | 37.9 |
| Intentional self-harm (suicide) (X60-X84, Y87.0) |
73 | 54 | 19 | 10.8 | 19.6 | 4.7 |
| Intentional self-harm (suicide) by discharge of firearms (X72-X74) |
19 | 19 | 0 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 0.0 |
| Intentional self-harm (suicide) by other and unspecified means and their sequelae (X60-X71, X75-X84, Y87.0) |
54 | 35 | 19 | 8.0 | 12.7 | 4.7 |
| Assault (homicide) (X85-Y09, Y87.1) |
6 | 1 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
| Assault (homicide) by discharge of firearms (X93-X95) |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Assault (homicide) by other and unspecified means and their sequelae (X85-X92, X96-Y09, Y87.1) |
5 | 1 | 4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
| Legal intervention (Y35, Y89.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Events of undetermined intent (Y10-Y34, Y87.2, Y89.9) |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Discharge of firearms, undetermined intent (Y22-Y24) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other and unspecified events of undetermined intent and their sequelae (Y10-Y21, Y25-Y34, Y87.2, Y89.9) |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Operations of war and their sequelae (Y36, Y89.1) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Complications of medical and surgical care (Y40-Y84, Y88) |
38 | 22 | 16 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 4.0 |
| The number of deaths in this table is based on the deceased's usual place of residence. | ||||||
| Age attained at the last birthday preceding death. | ||||||
| For "Age at time of death, under 1 year", the mortality rate is based on live births in the calendar year. | ||||||
| For "Age at time of death, 1 to 4 years", the mortality rate is based on population estimates for 0 to 4 year olds less live births in the calendar year. | ||||||
| For "Age at time of death", each age group except "All ages", the mortality rate represents the age-specific death rate or the number of deaths in a particular age group during a given year per 100,000 population in the same age group as of July 1 of the same year. | ||||||
| Starting in 2005, the population estimates used to calculate the mortality rate are presented in the Appendix II of the publication "Mortality Summary List of Causes" (catalogue number | ||||||
| The cause of death tabulated is the underlying cause of death. This is defined as (a) the disease or injury which initiated the train of events leading directly to death, or (b) the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury. The underlying cause is selected from the conditions listed on the medical certificate of cause of death. | ||||||
| World Health Organization (WHO), International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) | ||||||
| National Center for Health Statistics, United States. "B" list in "Instruction Manual; Part 9; ICD-10 Cause-of-Death Lists for Tabulating Mortality Statistics". | ||||||
| Other and unspecified infectious and parasitic diseases, and their sequelae A00, A05, A20 to A36, A42 to A44, A48 to A49, A54 to A79, A81 to A82, A85.0 to A85.1, A85.8, A86 to B04, B06 to B09, B25 to B49, B55 to B99. | ||||||
| All other diseases (residual) D65 to E07, E15 to E34, E65 to F99, G04 to G12, G23 to G25, G31 to H93, K00 to K22, K29 to K31, K50 to K66, K71 to K72, K75 to K76, K83 to M99, N13.0 to N13.5, N13.7 to N13.9, N14, N15.0, N15.8 to N15.9, N20 to N23, N28 to N39, N41 to N64, N80 to N98. As of 2003, also includes U04. | ||||||
| Motor vehicle accidents V02 to V04, V09.0, V09.2, V12 to V14, V19.0 to V19.2, V19.4 to V19.6, V20 to V79, V80.3 to V80.5, V81.0 to V81.1, V82.0 to V82.1, V83 to V86, V87.0 to V87.8, V88.0 to V88.8, V89.0, V89.2. | ||||||
| Other land transport accidents V01, V05 to V06, V09.1, V09.3 to V09.9, V10 to V11, V15 to V18, V19.3, V19.8 to V19.9, V80.0 to V80.2, V80.6 to V80.9, V81.2 to V81.9, V82.2 to V82.9, V87.9, V88.9, V89.1, V89.3, V89.9. | ||||||
| Note(s): See Data quality, concepts and methodology — Explanatory notes for the tables | ||||||
| ... not applicable | ||||||
The number of deaths in this table is based
on the deceased's usual place of residence.
Age attained at the last birthday preceding
death.
For "Age at time of death, under 1 year",
the mortality rate is based on live births in the calendar year.
For "Age at time of death, 1 to 4 years",
the mortality rate is based on population estimates for 0 to 4 year
olds less live births in the calendar year.
For "Age at time of death", each age group
except "All ages", the mortality rate represents the age-specific death rate
or the number of deaths in a particular age group during a given year per 100,000 population
in the same age group as of July 1 of the same year.
Starting in 2005, the population estimates
used to calculate the mortality rate are presented in the Appendix II of the
publication "Mortality Summary List of Causes" (catalogue number
84F0209XIE).
The cause of death tabulated is the underlying
cause of death. This is defined as (a) the disease or injury which initiated
the train of events leading directly to death, or (b) the circumstances of
the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury. The underlying cause
is selected from the conditions listed on the medical certificate of cause
of death.
World Health Organization (WHO), International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth
Revision (ICD-10)
National Center for Health Statistics, United
States. "B" list in "Instruction Manual; Part 9; ICD-10 Cause-of-Death
Lists for Tabulating Mortality Statistics".
Other and unspecified infectious and parasitic
diseases, and their sequelae A00, A05, A20 to A36, A42 to A44, A48 to
A49, A54 to A79, A81 to A82, A85.0 to A85.1, A85.8, A86 to
B04, B06 to B09, B25 to B49, B55 to B99.
All other diseases (residual) D65 to
E07, E15 to E34, E65 to F99, G04 to G12, G23 to G25, G31 to
H93, K00 to K22, K29 to K31, K50 to K66, K71 to K72, K75 to
K76, K83 to M99, N13.0 to N13.5, N13.7 to N13.9, N14, N15.0,
N15.8 to N15.9, N20 to N23, N28 to N39, N41 to N64, N80 to
N98. As of 2003, also includes U04.
Motor vehicle accidents V02 to V04, V09.0,
V09.2, V12 to V14, V19.0 to V19.2, V19.4 to V19.6, V20 to
V79, V80.3 to V80.5, V81.0 to V81.1, V82.0 to V82.1, V83 to
V86, V87.0 to V87.8, V88.0 to V88.8, V89.0, V89.2.
Other land transport accidents V01, V05 to
V06, V09.1, V09.3 to V09.9, V10 to V11, V15 to V18, V19.3,
V19.8 to V19.9, V80.0 to V80.2, V80.6 to V80.9, V81.2 to
V81.9, V82.2 to V82.9, V87.9, V88.9, V89.1, V89.3, V89.9.
Note(s):
Source(s):
Statistics Canada, Canadian Vital Statistics, Birth and Death Databases
(CANSIM table 102-0551) and Appendix
II.
- Date modified: