Table 6
Odds ratios relating negative self-perceived health to selected characteristics with and without controlling for an increase in chronic pain, household and institutional populations aged 65 or older, Canada excluding territories, 1994/1995 to 2002/2003 (households) and 1994/1995 to 2000/2001 (institutions)
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| Households | Institutions | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not controlling for pain | Controlling for pain | Not controlling for pain | Controlling for pain | ||||||
| Adjusted odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Adjusted odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Adjusted odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Adjusted odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | ||
| Two-year follow-up characteristics | |||||||||
| Increase in pain over 2 years | |||||||||
| No/Mild pain to moderate/severe pain | … | … | … | … | … | … | 2.3* | 1.7 to 3.1 | |
| No/Mild pain to moderate pain | … | … | 3.5* | 2.7 to 4.7 | … | … | … | … | |
| No/Mild pain to severe pain | … | … | 6.9* | 4.2 to 11.3 | … | … | … | … | |
| No change in pain† | … | … | 1.0 | … | … | … | 1.0 | … | |
| Medication | |||||||||
| No medication† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| Medication, but not pain medication | 1.5* | 1.2 to 2.0 | 1.5* | 1.2 to 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.6 | |
| Pain medication | 1.5* | 1.1 to 2.0 | 1.4* | 1.0 to 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.1 | |
| Chronic conditions | |||||||||
| No new chronic conditions† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| 1 new chronic condition | 1.7* | 1.4 to 2.1 | 1.6* | 1.3 to 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.6 | |
| 2 or more new chronic conditions | 2.6* | 2.0 to 3.4 | 2.4* | 1.8 to 3.1 | 1.9* | 1.3 to 2.8 | 1.8* | 1.2 to 2.6 | |
| Proxy status | |||||||||
| No† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| Yes | 2.1* | 1.3 to 3.3 | 2.0* | 1.3 to 3.3 | 2.8* | 2.0 to 3.9 | 2.6* | 1.8 to 3.7 | |
| Baseline characteristics | |||||||||
| Negative self-perceived health | |||||||||
| No† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| Yes | 5.6* | 4.5 to 7.1 | 5.4* | 4.3 to 6.8 | 2.4* | 1.8 to 3.0 | 2.3* | 1.8 to 2.9 | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Men | 1.4* | 1.2 to 1.7 | 1.4* | 1.2 to 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 to 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 to 1.2 | |
| Women† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| Age (continuous) | 1.02* | 1.00 to 1.03 | 1.0 | 1.00 to 1.03 | 1.0 | 0.97 to 1.00 | 0.99* | 0.97 to 1.00 | |
| Education | |||||||||
| Less than secondary graduation | 1.5* | 1.3 to 1.9 | 1.5* | 1.3 to 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 to 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.5 to 1.0 | |
| Secondary graduation or more† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| Chronic conditions | |||||||||
| No chronic conditions† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| 1 chronic condition | 1.4* | 1.1 to 1.9 | 1.3* | 1.0 to 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.2 | |
| 2 or more chronic conditions | 2.4* | 1.9 to 3.2 | 2.1* | 1.6 to 2.8 | 2.5* | 1.5 to 4.1 | 2.2* | 1.3 to 3.7 | |
| Proxy status | |||||||||
| No† | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | 1.0 | … | |
| Yes | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.8 | 1 | 0.6 to 1.7 | 0.7* | 0.6 to 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 to 1.0 | |
| Not controlling for pain | Controlling for pain | Not controlling for pain | Controlling for pain | ||||||
| Model information | |||||||||
| Sample size | 6,760 | 6,748 | 1,311 | 1,267 | |||||
| Sample with unhappiness (at follow-up) | 1,295 | 1,288 | 716 | 678 | |||||
| Records dropped because of missing values | 370 | 382 | 154 | 198 | |||||
| † reference category | |||||||||
| * significantly different from estimate for reference category (p < 0.05) | |||||||||
| Notes: A variable, "cycle", was included to control for differences between each two-year cohort; the odds ratios are not shown. All models are based on weighted data. Missing values for chronic conditions at baseline and new chronic conditions at two-year follow-up were included in models to maximize sample size; the odds ratios are not shown. Because of rounding, some odds ratios with lower or upper confidence limits of 1.0 were statistically significant. | |||||||||
| Data sources: 1994/1995 through 2002/2003 National Population Health Survey, longitudinal file, Household component and 1994/1995 through 2000/2001 National Population Health Survey, longitudinal file, Health Institutions component. | |||||||||
| Table source: Statistics Canada, 2008, "Chronic pain in Canadian seniors", Health Reports, Vol. 19 No. 1, catalogue number 82-003-XWE. | |||||||||
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