References

Alper, Mariel and Lauren Glaze. 2019. Source and Use of Firearms Involved in Crimes: Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016. Special Report. United States Department of Justice.

Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. 2018. “Revising the classification of founded and unfounded criminal incidents in the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey.” Juristat. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Conroy, Shana. 2025. “Firearms and violent crime in Canada, 2023.” Juristat. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Conroy, Shana. 2024. “Recent trends in police-reported clearance status of sexual assault and other violent crime in Canada, 2017 to 2022.” Juristat. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Conroy, Shana. 2021. “Spousal violence in Canada, 2019.” Juristat. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Cotter, Adam. 2021. “Criminal victimization in Canada, 2019.” Juristat. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Farrell, Graham. 2025. “The great American car crime decline.” Security Journal. 38:10.

Farrell, Graham. 2022. “Forty years of declining burglary in the United States: Explanation and evidence relating to the security hypothesis.” Security Journal. 35:444-462.

Farrell, Graham, Nick Tilley and Andromachi Tseloni. 2014. “Why the crime drop?”Crime and Justice 43.1.

Fridel, Emma E. 2021. “A multivariate comparison of family, felony, and public mass murders in the United States.”Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36.3-4: 1092-1118.

Gabor, Thomas, Kwing Hung, Stephen Mihorean and Catherine St-Onge. 2003. “Canadian homicide rates: A comparison of two data sources.” JustResearch, vol. 9.

Gannon, Maire. 2001. “Crime comparisons between Canada and the United States.” Juristat. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Greenland, Jacob and Adam Cotter. 2018. “Unfounded criminal incidents in Canada, 2017.” Juristat. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-002-X.

Ouimet, Marc. 2002. “Explaining the American and Canadian Crime Drop in the 1990s.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 44(1):33–50.

Semenza, Daniel C., Richard Stansfield, Trent Steidley and Ashley M. Mancik. 2023. “Firearm availability, homicide, and the context of structural disadvantage.”Homicide Studies,27(2), 208-228.

Tapp, Susannah N. and Emilie J. Coen. 2024. Criminal Victimization, 2023. Bureau of Justice Statistics, United States Department of Justice.

Tonry, Michael. 2014. “Why crime rates are falling throughout the Western world.”Crime and Justice 43.1: 1-63.

Transport Canada. 2024. Background: Vehicle immobilizers.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2023. Global Study on Homicide 2023.