Labour Statistics: Technical Papers
Earnings and Wages – A guide to using indicators from the Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours and the Labour Force Survey

1. Introduction

The Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours (SEPH) and the Labour Force Survey (LFS) are two major monthly labour statistics surveys conducted by Statistics Canada.

The SEPH is based on a combination of payroll administrative data and business survey data, and provides a monthly portrait of payroll employment, earnings and hours worked, by detailed industry at the national, provincial and territorial levels. The LFS is a monthly household survey whose main objective is to classify the population aged 15 and older into three mutually exclusive categories in relation to the labour market – employed, unemployed, and not in the labour force. The LFS is used to produce major monthly labour market indicators, such as the employment rate and the unemployment rate.

The SEPH and the LFS each provide monthly indicators of pay received by employees. In SEPH, earnings estimates are expressed as average weekly earnings. They are derived for payroll employees and are available by industry and province or territory. In the LFS, wages estimates are expressed as average hourly wages and average weekly wages and are available by socio-demographic characteristics.

Year-over-year variations in average weekly earnings (from SEPH) and in average hourly wages (from the LFS) each inform on current wage dynamics and are two of the most commonly used labour market indicators. Although concepts associated with the two series differ, they usually track each other relatively closely, especially over longer periods of time. For example, from January 2019 to February 2024, average weekly earnings from SEPH have grown by 22.9%, while average hourly wages from the LFS have grown by 23.7% (Chart 1).

However, differences are sometimes observed over shorter periods of time. For example, year-over-year growth in average weekly earnings from SEPH remained around 3% from June 2022 to December 2022, while growth in average hourly wages from the LFS was around 5% over the same period. When they occur, these differences can pose interpretability challenges for data users.

This paper provides information to help analysts make use of these two series. It begins by defining each indicator and by highlighting key conceptual and measurement differences. It then includes an overview of different possible causes of variations for each indicator and concludes by providing guidance to data users on when to use each indicator.

Data table for Chart 1



Data table for chart 1
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 1 LFS average hourly wages and SEPH average weekly earnings, calculated using index January 2018 = 100 units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	LFS average hourly wages	SEPH average weekly earnings
	index January 2018 = 100
2018
January	100	100
February	100	102
March	100	101
April	100	101
May	100	100
June	100	102
July	99	100
August	99	101
September	101	101
October	101	102
November	101	102
December	101	103
2019
January	102	102
February	102	103
March	102	103
April	103	103
May	102	104
June	103	104
July	102	103
August	102	104
September	104	105
October	104	105
November	104	105
December	104	107
2020
January	105	106
February	106	106
March	109	107
April	113	113
May	113	115
June	110	113
July	109	112
August	109	112
September	109	112
October	110	112
November	110	112
December	110	114
2021
January	112	114
February	111	115
March	111	114
April	112	114
May	111	114
June	110	114
July	110	113
August	111	114
September	112	114
October	112	114
November	112	114
December	113	116
2022
January	115	117
February	114	118
March	114	119
April	115	118
May	115	117
June	116	117
July	115	117
August	116	118
September	118	118
October	118	118
November	119	119
December	119	119
2023
January	120	120
February	121	120
March	120	121
April	121	121
May	121	122
June	120	122
July	121	122
August	122	122
September	124	123
October	124	123
November	125	123
December	125	123
2024
January	126	124
February	127	125
Sources: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, table 14-10-0063-01; Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours, table 14-10-0203-01.

2. Features of SEPH earnings and LFS wages

This section provides an overview of key features of the two indicators, including their respective definitions and target populations, data sources and derivation methodology, and available levels of disaggregation.

2.1 Definitions and target populations

Both earnings in SEPH and wages in the LFS represent an employee’s gross pay before any source deductions.

In SEPH, earnings include regular pay, overtime and bonuses, commissions and other types of special payments. They exclude taxable allowances and benefits, certain types of non-wage compensation and employer contributions to employment insurance, , provincial medical plans, workers’ compensation and other welfare Canada and Quebec pension plans (CPP/QPP) plans.

In the LFS, wages are reported before taxes and deductions and include tips, commissions and bonuses. Wages in the LFS are collected for employees working in all sectors, excluding self-employment.^Note  An employee in the LFS is someone who works at a job or business in the context of an employer-employee relationship, either in the public or private sector.

Employees working in the agriculture sector or in a business that is not currently classified to a NAICS code, unpaid family workers, military personnel, as well as casual workers for whom a T4 is not required, are excluded from the SEPH target population.

People living in institutions, on reserves or in other Indigenous settlements, full-time members of the Canadian Armed Forces and households in extremely remote areas with very low population density are excluded from the LFS target population.

2.2 Data sources and derivation methods

Average weekly earnings from SEPH are derived by combining information from payroll deduction remittance (PD7) forms received from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and information from respondents to the Business Payroll Survey (BPS). SEPH earnings are derived using an employee’s actual hours of work for an entire pay period. Therefore, fluctuations in average weekly earnings can be partially attributed to changes in the number of hours worked by employees.

Average hourly wages from the LFS are derived by combining responses from household respondents to questions regarding wages and salaries, frequency of pay and hours of work. LFS wages are derived using the reported usual number of hours worked by an employee. Generally, an employee’s usual number of work hours does not change between reference months. Therefore, variations in work hours are expected to have minimal impact on short-term movements of the average hourly wage series in the LFS.

The distinction between usual hours of work and actual hours of work has an important implication for interpreting the two series. In the LFS, wage estimates (based on usual hours of work) would continue to reflect the usual wages of employees even if they were absent from work without pay (due to, for example, an illness, disability, personal or family responsibilities, vacation or a labour dispute). In contrast, SEPH earnings estimates would only include earnings received for actual paid hours. Therefore, a major labour dispute could impact estimates of average weekly earnings in SEPH, but not estimates of average hourly wages in the LFS.^Note 

The LFS is based on a rotating panel design and respondents are interviewed for six consecutive months. Each month, 1/6th of the LFS sample is renewed. Information on wages is collected for employees during the first interview (the first month) and is updated if the respondent changes jobs or employment status in a subsequent month. In SEPH, earnings estimates are based on the most recently available information, regardless of whether employees change jobs or employment status. Therefore, earnings estimates from SEPH may be slightly quicker than wage estimates from the LFS at reflecting changes in wage dynamics.

2.3 Available levels of disaggregation and products

A list of publicly available tables of average weekly earnings from SEPH and average hourly wages from the LFS is provided in Appendix 1.

Average weekly earnings in SEPH are available by detailed industry (North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)), up to the 4-digit level of disaggregation. It can also be disaggregated by province and territory and by type of employee (paid by the hour, salaried, and other).

Average hourly wages in the LFS are available by province and territory, age, sex, job tenure and job permanency, occupation, union status and type of work (i.e., full-time or part-time). It is also available by industry (NAICS), but generally only up to the 2-digit level of disaggregation. Custom tabulations can be produced using LFS micro-data files, including the LFS Public Use Microdata Files.

A summary of the major features (definitions, target populations, data sources, reference periods, available levels of disaggregation) of the two indicators is presented in Table 1.



3. Variations in earnings and wages

Trends in earnings and wages can reflect changes in underlying economic and labour market conditions. For example, tight labour market conditions associated with labour shortages in certain sectors can result in higher wages and earnings. In contrast, economic downturns and higher levels of unemployment can put downward pressure on wages and earnings. That said, variations in earnings and wages may reflect other statistical and compositional factors. Examples of these factors are discussed below.

3.1 Base-year effects

Earnings estimates from SEPH and wage estimates from the LFS are most commonly reported using year-over-year growth rates. Year-over-year growth of earnings and wages refers to the percentage change between the level of earnings or wages for the current month and the level for the same calendar month in the previous year (also referred to as the base year). Base-year effects refer to the impact that movements from 12 months earlier have on the current month’s trend.

When an estimate of earnings or wages reaches a peak of a short-term trend in the base month, it can have a downward effect on the year-over-year growth in the current month. Similarly, when an estimate of earnings or wages reached a low point of a short-term trend in the base month, it can elevate the current month’s year-over-year trend.

For example, average weekly earnings in SEPH recorded a peak in March 2022 (Chart 2). As a result, the year-over-year growth rate of average weekly earnings was lower in March 2023, at 1.7%, before bouncing back to 3.1% in April of the same year. Similarly, average hourly wages in the LFS recorded a low point in June 2021 (Chart 3). As a result, the year-over-year growth rate of average hourly wages rose to 5.0% in June 2022, from 3.7% in the previous month, before dropping back to 4.4% in July of the same year.

It should be noted that base-year effects may be reflected differently in the two surveys, in part because the reference weeks of SEPH and LFS differ (with the LFS reference week usually in the middle of the month and the SEPH reference week closer to the end of the month).

Data table for Chart 2



Data table for chart 2
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 2 SEPH average weekly earnings and year-over-year growth rate, calculated using dollars and percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	SEPH average weekly earnings	year-over-year growth rate
	dollars	percent
2022
January	1,154	2.0
February	1,163	2.1
March	1,175	4.3
April	1,163	3.3
May	1,161	2.7
June	1,161	3.4
July	1,155	3.1
August	1,163	3.1
September	1,166	3.1
October	1,169	3.4
November	1,175	3.9
December	1,177	2.6
2023
January	1,186	2.8
February	1,184	1.7
March	1,196	1.8
April	1,200	3.2
May	1,204	3.7
June	1,204	3.7
July	1,205	4.4
August	1,210	4.0
September	1,212	4.0
October	1,214	3.9
November	1,221	3.9
December	1,221	3.7
2024
January	1,230	3.7
February	1,238	4.6
Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours, table 14-10-0203-01.

Data table for Chart 3



Data table for chart 3
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 3 LFS average hourly wages and year-over-year growth rate, calculated using dollars and percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	LFS average hourly wages	year-over-year growth rate
	dollars	percent
2021
January	30.75	6.3
February	30.63	5.3
March	30.46	1.9
April	30.72	-1.3
May	30.52	-1.5
June	30.29	0.0
July	30.33	1.2
August	30.43	1.9
September	30.87	2.7
October	30.87	2.0
November	30.93	2.7
December	31.18	3.3
2022
January	31.59	2.7
February	31.47	2.7
March	31.44	3.2
April	31.72	3.3
May	31.64	3.7
June	31.80	5.0
July	31.65	4.4
August	31.91	4.9
September	32.38	4.9
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, table 14-10-0063-01.

3.2 Composition effects and the Fixed-weight Index

Changes in earnings and wages from the two surveys can reflect changes in the composition of employment and the number of hours worked. Examples of these changes include shifts in the number of hourly-paid vs. salaried workers within a given industry, shifts from lower-paid to higher-paid employment, and increases or decreases in the number of hours worked. As noted earlier, because SEPH earnings data are based on actual work hours and LFS wage data are based on usual work hours, SEPH estimates are more likely to be impacted by changes in hours worked than LFS estimates, especially in the short term.

During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, growth in earnings and wages recorded spikes, when lower-paid employees, in industries such as accommodation and food services as well as retail trade, were laid-off or otherwise unable to work. When public health restrictions were eased, many of these employees returned to work, resulting in a decrease in average earnings and wages (Charts 4 and 5). Similar trends were observed at other times during the pandemic, when employment shifts were recorded in response to changing public health measures.

To control for composition effects, a fixed-weighted average hourly wage series in the LFS was introduced, holding constant the distribution of employees by occupation and job tenure. Similarly, a fixed-weighted average weekly earnings series in SEPH was created, holding constant the distribution of employees by industry. These series are regularly updated and available to data users^Note .

Holding the distribution of employment by industry constant controls for changes in employment composition and can help provide a clearer picture of changes in employee wages. The fixed-weighted index series for earnings and wages were particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic, as many lower-paid industries were impacted by public health restrictions while other industries, such as professional, scientific and technical services, recorded sustained and robust growth.

As can be seen in charts 4 and 5, the fixed-weighted index series for both average hourly wages (from the LFS) and average weekly earnings (from SEPH) were much less impacted by short-term public health restrictions compared with the actual earnings and wages series.

Data table for Chart 4



Data table for chart 4
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 4 Actual Wages and Fixed-Weighted Wages, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Actual Wages	Fixed-Weighted Wages
	percent
2018
January	3.1	3.2
February	3.0	3.2
March	2.8	3.0
April	3.1	3.2
May	3.4	3.6
June	3.2	3.6
July	2.9	3.7
August	2.2	2.9
September	2.4	2.8
October	2.7	2.9
November	2.5	2.8
December	2.5	2.3
2019
January	2.3	2.5
February	2.2	2.4
March	2.1	2.3
April	2.2	2.4
May	2.3	2.2
June	3.1	2.6
July	3.2	2.1
August	3.1	2.2
September	3.3	2.6
October	3.1	2.3
November	2.9	2.3
December	2.6	2.1
2020
January	2.8	2.4
February	3.3	2.5
March	6.2	3.5
April	10.5	4.7
May	10.1	4.3
June	7.2	3.5
July	6.5	3.0
August	6.3	3.1
September	5.0	2.4
October	5.6	3.0
November	5.1	2.6
December	5.4	2.7
2021
January	6.3	2.8
February	5.3	2.8
March	1.9	1.7
April	-1.3	0.8
May	-1.5	1.0
June	0.0	1.2
July	1.2	2.0
August	1.9	2.5
September	2.7	2.8
October	2.0	2.6
November	2.7	2.9
December	3.3	3.6
2022
January	2.7	3.3
February	2.7	3.1
March	3.2	3.3
April	3.3	3.7
May	3.7	3.8
June	5.0	4.3
July	4.4	4.1
August	4.9	4.2
September	4.9	4.2
October	5.3	4.2
November	5.8	5.0
December	4.8	4.3
2023
January	4.5	4.4
February	5.4	4.6
March	5.3	4.9
April	5.2	4.4
May	5.1	4.3
June	4.2	3.6
July	5.0	4.4
August	4.9	4.0
September	5.0	4.4
October	4.8	4.3
November	4.8	4.0
December	5.4	4.3
2024
January	5.3	4.1
February	5.0	3.8
Sources: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, table 14-10-0063-01 and custom tabulation.

Data table for Chart 5



Data table for chart 5
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 5 Actual Earnings and Fixed-Weighted Earnings, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Actual Earnings	Fixed-Weighted Earnings
	percent
2018
January	2.6	1.4
February	3.5	4.4
March	3.1	2.5
April	2.4	2.6
May	2.7	3.5
June	3.0	1.1
July	3.0	5.2
August	3.0	-0.6
September	1.6	1.2
October	2.4	-1.2
November	2.1	1.9
December	1.7	2.4
2019
January	1.9	3.0
February	1.0	1.7
March	1.8	2.2
April	2.3	2.7
May	3.7	1.6
June	2.0	3.4
July	2.8	1.0
August	2.6	3.9
September	3.8	4.2
October	3.9	3.5
November	3.1	2.2
December	3.5	2.1
2020
January	3.9	4.1
February	3.5	2.8
March	3.2	1.3
April	9.5	2.5
May	10.3	4.0
June	9.1	2.5
July	8.3	3.9
August	7.5	4.1
September	6.7	3.8
October	5.9	4.0
November	6.7	4.2
December	6.8	3.8
2021
January	8.1	4.8
February	8.4	4.8
March	6.9	5.7
April	1.0	4.9
May	-0.3	4.4
June	0.4	4.1
July	1.5	3.2
August	2.1	3.1
September	2.5	3.5
October	2.3	2.6
November	1.7	3.3
December	1.7	3.8
2022
January	2.0	2.1
February	2.1	1.9
March	4.3	4.7
April	3.3	3.9
May	2.7	3.3
June	3.4	4.9
July	3.1	3.6
August	3.1	3.6
September	3.1	2.7
October	3.4	2.2
November	3.9	4.5
December	2.6	2.5
2023
January	2.8	2.8
February	1.7	2.9
March	1.8	2.0
April	3.2	3.9
May	3.7	3.3
June	3.7	2.9
July	4.4	4.0
August	4.0	3.0
September	4.0	4.2
October	3.9	5.1
November	3.9	2.7
December	3.7	3.7
2024
January	3.7	4.4
February	4.6	6.6
Sources: Statistics Canada, Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours, table 14-10-0203-01 and custom tabulation.

4. Guidance on using the two indicators

Average weekly earnings from SEPH and average hourly wages from the LFS are both high-quality indicators that provide reliable information on current labour market conditions. Used together, wage and earnings estimates provide a comprehensive portrait of pay dynamics in Canada, including the wage rates that employees are willing to accept for one hour of work, and the actual pay received by employees after accounting for their actual hours of work, for their respective target population.

Generally, average weekly earnings from SEPH will be most useful in macro-economic analyses that focus on trends in actual pay received by employees, and when information by detailed industry is needed. On the other hand, average hourly wages from the LFS will be most useful in person-level analyses that focus on wage rates by socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, education, occupation and union status. In addition, unlike SEPH, the LFS can be used to conduct custom micro-level wage research, with individuals as the unit of observation.^Note 

Each data source has strengths and limitations. Because SEPH is largely based on a census of administrative payroll data, it is less subject to sampling error than the LFS. On the other hand, data from the LFS are more timely — LFS data are released shortly after the end of the reference month, approximately two months before SEPH data are released.

Like all surveys, the LFS and SEPH are subject to sampling and non-sampling error. As discussed earlier, year-over-year variations in both series can reflect changes in labour market conditions but may also reflect base year and compositional effects. In all cases, users are strongly encouraged to consider information from more than one month, and to interpret both series in the context of their longer-term trends.

Examples of using SEPH data on average weekly earnings and LFS data on average hourly wages for analytical purposes, are provided below.

4.1 Example using SEPH average weekly earnings

Earnings in SEPH, when disaggregated by industry, can provide useful insights on various sectors of the economy. For example, average weekly earnings in healthcare and social assistance have generally trended upwards from 2018 to 2023. Disaggregating this by subsector reveals that employees in hospitals and ambulatory healthcare services generally earn significantly more, on average, than employees in nursing care facilities and social assistance (see Chart 6). From December 2022 to February 2024, average weekly earnings growth in hospitals outpaced growth in the overall health care and social assistance sector (see Chart 7).

SEPH earnings data can also be combined with trends in payroll employment and average hours worked to produce more comprehensive sectoral profiles.

Data table for Chart 6



Data table for chart 6
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 6 Health Care and Social Assistance, Ambulatory Health Care Services, Hospitals, Nursing and Residential Care Facilities and Social Assistance, calculated using dollars units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Health Care and Social Assistance	Ambulatory Health Care Services	Hospitals	Nursing and Residential Care Facilities	Social Assistance
	dollars
2018
January	894	918	1,132	692	674
February	890	958	1,090	686	672
March	896	969	1,092	686	693
April	900	967	1,110	696	672
May	915	975	1,140	686	701
June	912	978	1,124	698	700
July	903	971	1,103	707	685
August	900	957	1,106	697	696
September	906	959	1,101	711	716
October	920	979	1,119	710	726
November	921	986	1,120	718	715
December	936	1,014	1,129	730	728
2019
January	919	962	1,144	711	715
February	922	982	1,147	703	706
March	928	1,003	1,143	715	699
April	932	1,008	1,152	714	697
May	944	1,038	1,169	711	692
June	940	1,032	1,167	705	690
July	939	1,024	1,157	715	706
August	929	984	1,149	722	719
September	944	1,019	1,158	729	726
October	941	1,007	1,153	730	733
November	948	1,007	1,173	751	710
December	959	1,022	1,174	753	748
2020
January	961	1,030	1,163	764	748
February	954	1,017	1,159	767	734
March	960	987	1,181	779	754
April	994	1,041	1,209	786	798
May	1,024	1,066	1,223	821	831
June	1,020	1,085	1,183	848	818
July	1,004	1,045	1,170	856	822
August	1,011	1,060	1,186	858	803
September	1,014	1,087	1,176	853	810
October	1,014	1,080	1,224	834	758
November	1,010	1,073	1,190	841	797
December	1,032	1,107	1,202	886	792
2021
January	999	1,009	1,218	842	792
February	990	1,021	1,182	832	797
March	1,003	1,064	1,201	816	787
April	1,001	1,078	1,187	802	791
May	994	1,020	1,185	845	793
June	993	1,045	1,184	811	791
July	1,014	1,095	1,192	836	783
August	1,016	1,109	1,188	839	776
September	985	1,011	1,176	839	792
October	1,006	1,077	1,183	831	795
November	1,020	1,085	1,215	821	816
December	1,029	1,101	1,214	853	808
2022
January	1,036	1,091	1,229	862	819
February	1,030	1,062	1,216	881	834
March	1,032	1,061	1,223	879	841
April	1,023	1,058	1,212	871	826
May	1,043	1,094	1,230	880	839
June	1,032	1,072	1,213	893	832
July	1,026	1,057	1,205	885	849
August	1,020	1,064	1,191	887	821
September	1,014	1,067	1,197	855	814
October	1,031	1,095	1,205	871	822
November	1,038	1,079	1,230	874	846
December	1,048	1,145	1,191	883	851
2023
January	1,062	1,148	1,223	888	864
February	1,024	1,053	1,225	864	839
March	1,025	1,075	1,225	828	851
April	1,036	1,059	1,261	837	869
May	1,065	1,145	1,249	865	873
June	1,061	1,136	1,255	862	861
July	1,078	1,161	1,272	875	868
August	1,068	1,128	1,287	866	848
September	1,085	1,151	1,320	856	865
October	1,105	1,149	1,336	912	877
November	1,090	1,124	1,322	912	864
December	1,096	1,142	1,327	909	866
2024
January	1,120	1,167	1,366	924	875
February	1,088	1,098	1,337	931	855
Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours, table 14-10-0203-01.

Data table for Chart 7



Data table for chart 7
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 7 Percent (appearing as column headers).

	Percent
Ambulatory Health Care Services	-4.1
Social Assistance	0.5
Health Care and Social Assistance	3.8
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities	5.5
Hospitals	12.3
Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours, table 14-10-0203-01.

4.2 Example using LFS average hourly wages

LFS wage data, when cross-tabulated by socio-demographic characteristics, can be used to monitor differences between the hourly wage rates of men and women in Canada, also referred to as the gender wage gap. The gender wage ratio can be used to determine the proportion of a dollar that women earn for every dollar earned by men. This measure is calculated by dividing the LFS average hourly wage for women by the average hourly wage for men (Chart 8).

A recent study using data from the LFS highlighted how aggregate statistics of the gender wage gap from 2007 to 2022 masked the distinct experiences of diverse groups – namely Indigenous people living off-reserve, immigrants who landed in Canada in childhood and those who landed in Canada as adults. An earlier study by Statistics Canada had also shown that the gender pay gap had decreased between 1998 and 2018, and this reduction was largely explained by changes in the distribution of men and women across occupations, women’s increased educational attainment as well as the decline in the share of men in unionized employment.

Data table for Chart 8



Data table for chart 8
Table summary
This table displays the results of Data table for chart 8 Average hourly gender wage ratio and Average hourly wage rate, calculated using ratio and dollars units of measure (appearing as column headers).

	Average hourly gender wage ratio	Average hourly wage rate
	ratio	dollars
2007	0.83	19.07
2008	0.83	19.82
2009	0.84	20.68
2010	0.84	21.15
2011	0.85	21.72
2012	0.85	22.28
2013	0.85	22.79
2014	0.85	23.18
2015	0.86	23.88
2016	0.86	24.37
2017	0.86	24.76
2018	0.87	25.57
2019	0.87	26.29
2020	0.87	27.97
2021	0.88	28.60
2022	0.87	29.65
2023	0.87	31.19
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, table 14-10-0417-01.

Additional information

Statistics Canada. 2024. Guide to the Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 72-203.

Statistics Canada. 2020. Guide to the Labour Force Survey. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 71-543.

Appendix 1

Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours

Earnings Tables