Housing Statistics in Canada
Housing experiences in Canada: Young adults in 2018
by Jeff Randle, Zheren Hu and Zachary Thurston
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The Housing Experiences in Canada series of fact sheets highlights the diversity of housing situations experienced by different groups of people living across Canada.
Description for Figure 1
Highlights from the 2016 Census: Young adults (aged 18 to 29)
- Share of the population: 15.4%
- Average age: 24 years
- Median household income Note 1: $52,175
- Unemployment rate: 12.2%
- Percent in rural areas: 14.6%
- Percent immigrants: 15.9%
This fact sheet focuses on young adults aged 18 to 29 living in private dwellings. Statistics below are derived from the 2018 Canadian Housing Survey (CHS).Note 1 The reference person provides information on the characteristics of each household member. More fact sheets are available on the Housing Experiences in Canada series issue page.
The National Housing Strategy Act (2019) declared that “the right to adequate housing is a fundamental human right affirmed in international law.” Adequate housing is understood in international law as housing that provides secure tenure; is affordable; is habitable; provides access to basic infrastructure; is located close to employment, services and amenities; is accessible for people of all abilities; and is culturally appropriate.
This fact sheet focuses on the experience of young adults living in private dwellings using the following indicators collected and produced by Statistics Canada. These are: tenure status of household, shelter costs, housing affordability, housing suitability, condition of dwelling, core housing need, dwelling satisfaction, neighbourhood satisfaction, and household living arrangements.
While these indicators together do not perfectly measure adequate housing as defined in international law, they are nevertheless useful proxies for understanding the housing experiences of people living in Canada.
Tenure status of household
The tenure status of a household refers to whether the household owns or rents its private dwelling.Note 2 Homeownership is an important aspect of Canadian society and can affect outcomes for many housing indicators. For this reason, owner and renter households are often considered separately in housing analyses. In many cases, researchers further look at whether households in owner-occupied dwellings have mortgages on their dwellings and whether renter households pay subsidized rent.
According to the 2018 CHS, 63% of 5,571,400 young adults lived in a private dwelling owned by a member of their household in 2018. This was smaller than the share of the total population (73%) living in owner-occupied dwellings.
The 3,502,500 young adults who owned or lived with someone who owned their homes can be further divided into the 2,617,100 young adults (47%) who lived in a dwelling with a mortgage and the remaining 885,400 young adults (16%) who lived in a dwelling without a mortgage. Young adults were less likely to live in an owner-occupied dwelling without a mortgage than the total population (25%).
The remaining 2,068,900 young adults who lived in rented dwellings can be further divided into the 144,200 young adults (3%) living in subsidized housing and the 1,920,600 young adults (34%) not living in subsidized housing. Young adults were more likely to live in rented dwellings (37%) than the total population (27%), but lived in subsidized rented dwellings at a similar rate as the total population (3%).
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, tenure status | 5,571,400 | 100 | 36,444,100 | 100 |
| Owner | 3,502,500 | 63Note * | 26,694,500 | 73 |
| With a mortgage | 2,617,100 | 47 | 17,696,300 | 49 |
| Without a mortgage | 885,400 | 16Note * | 8,998,100 | 25 |
| Renter | 2,068,900 | 37Note * | 9,749,700 | 27 |
| Subsidized housing | 144,200 | 3Note * | 1,160,700 | 3 |
| Not subsidized housing | 1,920,600 | 34Note * | 8,570,300 | 24 |
Source: 2018 Canadian Housing Survey |
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Shelter costs
Shelter costs refer to the monthly dwelling-related expenses paid by households, including mortgage or rent. For owner-occupied dwellings, shelter costs include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.
In Canada, the median shelter cost paid by young adult households, or households with at least one young adult, was $1,240 in 2018.Note 3 This was higher than the median shelter cost of $1,050 for all private households.
Young adult households in owner-occupied and rented dwellings both had higher median shelter costs compared to all households. The median shelter costs paid by young adult households in owner-occupied dwellings was $1,580, compared with $1,140 for all households in owner-occupied dwellings. For rented dwellings, the difference was smaller. Young adult households in rented dwellings paid a median shelter cost of $1,050, compared to $960 for all renter households.
The median shelter cost paid by households in owner-occupied dwellings are typically larger when there is a mortgage on the dwelling, because a mortgage can represent a large portion of monthly shelter costs. While there were no statistically significant differences between the median shelter costs paid by young adult households and all households when considering the presence of a mortgage, young adult households with a mortgage on their dwelling ($1,720) paid more per month in median shelter costs than young adult households in owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage ($610).
The median shelter cost paid by renter households usually depends on the presence of a rent subsidy.Note 4 Young adult households in rented dwellings with a subsidy ($550) had similar median monthly shelter costs as all households in rented dwellings with a subsidy ($530). Median shelter costs for young adult households in rented dwellings without a subsidy ($1,090) were slightly higher than the shelter costs for all households in rented dwellings without a subsidy ($1,010).
| Young adult households | All households | |
|---|---|---|
| median (dollars) | ||
| Total, tenure status | 1,240Note * | 1,050 |
| Owner | 1,580Note * Table 2 Note † Table 2 Note ‡ | 1,140 |
| With a mortgage | 1,720Table 2 Note † Table 2 Note ‡ | 1,770 |
| Without a mortgage | 610Table 2 Note † Table 2 Note ‡ | 540 |
| Renter | 1,050Note * Table 2 Note † Table 2 Note ‡ | 960 |
| Subsidized housing | 550Table 2 Note † Table 2 Note ‡ | 530 |
| Not subsidized housing | 1,090Note * Table 2 Note ‡ | 1,010 |
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Housing affordability
Housing affordability is derived using the shelter-cost-to-income ratio, which refers to the proportion of average total income households spend on shelter costs. A household is said to have affordable housing if it spends less than 30% of its total income on shelter costs.Note 5
According to the 2018 CHS, 976,600 young adults (18%) lived in households that spent more than 30% of their total household income on shelter. This was comparable to the 18% of the total population who lived in private households which spent more than 30% of their total household income on shelter.
Young adults in owner-occupied dwellings (14%) experienced unaffordable housing at a similar rate as the total population in owner-occupied dwellings (15%). The same was true for young adults in rented dwellings (24%), where the rate of unaffordable housing was comparable to the total population (26%).
Focusing on young adults in owner-occupied dwellings, those in households with and without a mortgage experienced unaffordable housing at a similar rate as the total population. The proportion of young adults living in unaffordable housing was 19% for those in households with a mortgage and 2% for those in households without a mortgage. For the total population, the rate of unaffordable housing was 21% for individuals in households with a mortgage and 4% for those in households without a mortgage.
The rate of unaffordable housing was lower for young adults in rented dwellings with a subsidy (14% compared with 23% for the total population) and comparable for those in households without a subsidy (24%, compared with 26% for the total population).
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, shelter-cost-to-income ratioTable 3 Note 1 | 5,456,400 | 100 | 35,669,100 | 100 |
| Spending more than 30% of income on shelter costs | 976,600 | 18 | 6,400,200 | 18 |
| Owner | 495,100 | 14Table 3 Note † Table 3 Note ‡ | 3,895,800 | 15 |
| With a mortgage | 474,700 | 19Table 3 Note † Table 3 Note ‡ | 3,568,600 | 21 |
| Without a mortgage | 20,300 | 2Table 3 Note † Table 3 Note ‡ | 327,200 | 4 |
| Renter | 481,500 | 24Table 3 Note † Table 3 Note ‡ | 2,504,400 | 26 |
| Subsidized housing | 20,000 | 14Note * Table 3 Note † Table 3 Note ‡ | 269,500 | 23 |
| Not subsidized housing | 461,000 | 24Table 3 Note ‡ | 2,232,300 | 26 |
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Housing suitability
Housing suitability refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS), that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. The indicator assesses the required number of bedrooms for a household based on the age and sex of household members, and the relationships between them.
According to the 2018 CHS, 814,000 young adults (15%) were in unsuitable housing, meaning that there were not enough bedrooms in the dwelling to meet the needs of their household, according to the NOS. This is higher than the 9% of total population living in unsuitable housing.
Young adults in owner-occupied dwellings (11%) were more likely to be in unsuitable housing than the total population in owner-occupied dwellings (6%). There was, however, no statistically significant difference in the rate of unsuitable housing between young adults and the total population in rented dwellings.
When owner-occupied dwellings are differentiated by the presence of a mortgage, young adults living in dwellings with a mortgage (12%) experienced a higher rate of unsuitable housing than the total population in dwellings with a mortgage (7%). This was also true for young adults in owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage, where the rate of unsuitable housing was 9%, compared with 3% for the total population.
Young adults in rented dwellings with and without a subsidy had comparable rates of unsuitable housing with the total population.
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, housing suitability | 5,571,400 | 100 | 36,444,100 | 100 |
| Not suitable | 814,000 | 15Note * | 3,408,400 | 9 |
| Owner | 400,300 | 11Note * Table 4 Note † Table 4 Note ‡ | 1,599,500 | 6 |
| With a mortgage | 318,400 | 12Note * | 1,307,600 | 7 |
| Without a mortgage | 81,900 | 9Note * | 291,900 | 3 |
| Renter | 413,700 | 20Table 4 Note † Table 4 Note ‡ | 1,808,900 | 19 |
| Subsidized housing | 37,300 | 26 | 227,000 | 20 |
| Not subsidized housing | 375,400 | 20 | 1,578,200 | 18 |
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Condition of dwelling
Data on condition of dwelling are used to provide some insight into whether housing is habitable. Dwellings are classified into three groups by condition: needing regular maintenance only, needing minor repairs and needing major repairs. Dwellings in need of major repairs are considered to be inadequate housing. Examples of dwellings in need of major repairs include homes with defective plumbing or electrical wiring, and housing needing structural repairs to walls, floors or ceilings.
In 2018, according to the CHS, 7% of all young adults lived in private dwellings that were in need of major repairs and this was no different than the 7% of the total population that reported living in dwellings in need of major repair.
While young adults in owner-occupied dwellings (6%) were more likely to be living in a dwelling in need of major repairs than those in rented dwellings (9%), these rates were no different than those observed in the total population.
Similarly, young adults in owner-occupied dwellings with a mortgage (6%) were more likely to live in a dwelling in need of major repairs than those without a mortgage (4%), however, the same rates were observed in the total population.
Among young adults in rented dwellings, 18% of those with a subsidy were in dwellings in need of major repairs, which was higher than the 12% of the total population in rented dwellings with a subsidy.
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, dwelling condition | 5,571,400 | 100 | 36,444,100 | 100 |
| Dwelling in need of major repairs | 395,600 | 7 | 2,556,400 | 7 |
| Owner | 202,600 | 6Table 5 Note ‡ | 1,657,400 | 6 |
| With a mortgage | 165,600 | 6Table 5 Note ‡ | 1,162,500 | 7 |
| Without a mortgage | 37,000 | 4Table 5 Note ‡ | 494,900 | 5 |
| Renter | 193,000 | 9Table 5 Note ‡ | 899,000 | 9 |
| Subsidized housing | 25,600 | 18Note * Table 5 Note † Table 5 Note ‡ | 134,000 | 12 |
| Not subsidized housing | 166,700 | 9Table 5 Note ‡ | 761,800 | 9 |
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Core housing need
Core housing need touches on several elements of the right to adequate housing. It considers whether the affordability, suitability, and condition of dwelling needs of the household are being met and if not, whether affordable rental housing is available that meets all these needs. A household is said to be in core housing need if their dwelling falls below at least one of the affordability, suitability, or condition of dwelling standards, and would have to spend 30% or more of their total before-tax income to pay the median rent of alternative local housing that is acceptable (meets all three housing standards).
According to the 2018 CHS, 8% of young adults were living in households in core housing need. This was slightly lower than the 9% of the total population living in core housing need.
Young adults in owner-occupied dwellings (5%) were in core housing need as often as the total population in owner-occupied dwellings (5%). This was different for renter households, where the proportion of young adults in rented dwellings in core housing need was 12%, while, for the total population in rented dwellings, the rate was 19%.
The incidence of core housing need was similar for young adults in owner-occupied dwellings with and without a mortgage. For renters though, young adults in households without a subsidy (11%) were less likely to be in core housing need than the total population in renter households without a subsidy (18%).Note 6
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, core housing needTable 6 Note 1 | 5,358,400 | 100 | 35,128,000 | 100 |
| In core housing need | 406,100 | 8Note * | 3,151,900 | 9 |
| Owner | 165,600 | 5Table 6 Note † Table 6 Note ‡ | 1,358,700 | 5 |
| With a mortgage | 141,500 | 6Table 6 Note ‡ | 982,800 | 6 |
| Without a mortgage | 24,100 | 3Table 6 Note ‡ | 375,900 | 4 |
| Renter | 240,500 | 12Note * Table 6 Note † Table 6 Note ‡ | 1,793,200 | 19 |
| Subsidized housing | 34,400 | 25Table 6 Note † Table 6 Note ‡ | 342,000 | 30 |
| Not subsidized housing | 205,300 | 11Note * Table 6 Note ‡ | 1,447,300 | 18 |
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Housing experiences of young adult men and women
In 1995, the Government of Canada committed to using GBA+ to advance gender equality in Canada, as part of the ratification of the United Nations’ Beijing Platform for Action.
Gender equality is enshrined in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is part of the Constitution of Canada. Gender equality means that diverse groups of women, men and gender diverse people are able to participate fully in all spheres of Canadian life, contributing to an inclusive and democratic society.
GBA+ is an analytical process used to assess how diverse groups of women, men, and gender diverse people may experience policies, programs and initiatives. The “plus” in GBA+ is not just about differences between people on the basis of gender. We all have multiple characteristics that intersect and contribute to who we are. GBA+ considers many other identity factors such as race, ethnicity, immigrant status, religion, age, presence of mental or physical disability, and how the interaction between these factors influences the way we experience government policies and initiatives.
The data presented here highlight differences in housing experiences for young adult men and women. Compared to young adult men, young adult women were more likely to live in unaffordable housing and be in core housing need.
| Young adult men | Young adult women | |
|---|---|---|
| percent | ||
| In an owner-occupied dwelling | 64 | 62 |
| In household spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs | 17 | 19Note * |
| In unsuitable housing | 14 | 15 |
| In dwelling requiring major repairs | 7 | 7 |
| In core housing need | 7 | 9Note * |
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More information on GBA+ can be found at the Government of Canada’s Status of Women web page.
More information on the housing experiences of other subpopulations broken down by age and gender groups, immigrant status, population groups designated as visible minorities, Indigenous populations and other groups can be found in the additional fact sheets on the Housing Experiences in Canada issue page. Additional data products that focus more on an intersectional GBA+ analysis of housing experiences will also be released through the Housing Experiences in Canada issue page as they become available.
Dwelling satisfaction
According to the 2018 CHS, approximately 80% of young adults lived in households where the reference person said that they were satisfied with their dwelling. This is slightly lower than the proportion of the total population satisfied with their dwelling (82%).
While the dwelling satisfaction rate was higher for young adults in owner-occupied dwellings (86%) than young adults in renter households (70%), there were no other statistically significant differences between young adults and the total population across the same tenure categories.
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, overall dwelling satisfaction | 5,571,400 | 100 | 36,444,100 | 100 |
| Satisfied (or very satisfied) with dwelling overall | 4,462,200 | 80Note * | 29,977,600 | 82 |
| Owner | 3,023,900 | 86Table 8 Note † Table 8 Note ‡ | 23,295,900 | 87 |
| With a mortgage | 2,253,700 | 86 | 15,267,800 | 86 |
| Without a mortgage | 770,200 | 87 | 8,028,100 | 89 |
| Renter | 1,438,300 | 70Table 8 Note † Table 8 Note ‡ | 6,681,700 | 69 |
| Subsidized housing | 102,400 | 71 | 775,800 | 67 |
| Not subsidized housing | 1,333,000 | 69 | 5,892,600 | 69 |
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Neighbourhood satisfaction
At the time of the 2018 CHS, 83% of young adults lived in households where the reference person indicated that they were satisfied with their neighbourhood. This is lower than the proportion of the total population satisfied with their neighbourhood (86%).
By tenure, 86% of young adults in owner-occupied dwellings lived in households where the reference person was satisfied with their neighbourhood. This is lower than the 88% of the total population in owner-occupied dwellings where the reference person was satisfied. For young adults in rented dwellings (79%), the rate of neighbourhood satisfaction was comparable to the total population in rented dwellings (80%).
For young adults in rented dwellings, the rate of neighbourhood satisfaction was similar to the total population for those in households both with and without a subsidy.
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, overall neighbourhood satisfaction | 5,571,400 | 100 | 36,444,100 | 100 |
| Satisfied (or very satisfied) with neighbourhood overall | 4,643,900 | 83Note * | 31,255,800 | 86 |
| Owner | 3,018,300 | 86Note * Table 9 Note † Table 9 Note ‡ | 23,504,200 | 88 |
| With a mortgage | 2,238,300 | 86 | 15,494,800 | 88 |
| Without a mortgage | 780,000 | 88 | 8,009,400 | 89 |
| Renter | 1,625,600 | 79Table 9 Note † Table 9 Note ‡ | 7,751,600 | 80 |
| Subsidized housing | 103,500 | 72Table 9 Note † Table 9 Note ‡ | 840,500 | 72 |
| Not subsidized housing | 1,519,200 | 79Table 9 Note ‡ | 6,897,100 | 80 |
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Household living arrangements
Household living arrangements refer to whether a person lives with another person or people, and, if so, whether they are related to that person or those people. Households can be further differentiated based on whether they are census family households or non-census-family households. Census family households contain at least one census family.Note 7 Non-census-family households are either one person living alone or a group of two or more people who live together but do not constitute a census family (for example, roommates).
According to the 2018 CHS, about three-quarters (77%) of young adults lived as part of a one-census-family household. This was below the rate for the total population (79%). Young adults in one-census-family households were more likely to live in a couple family with children (47%) than without (16%).Note 8 The same was true for the total population, where 46% of individuals lived in a couple family with children and 24% lived in a couple family without children.
Living in a non-census family household was more common for young adults (18%) than the total population (16%). While a smaller proportion of young adults (6%) lived alone compared with the total population (12%), young adults (12%) tended to live in two- or more person non-census family households more than the total population (4%).
| Young adults | Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | percent | count | percent | |
| Total, household type | 5,571,400 | 100 | 36,444,100 | 100 |
| One-census-family householdTable 10 Note 1 | 4,302,500 | 77Note * | 28,959,300 | 79 |
| Couple family without children | 906,800 | 16Note * | 8,583,600 | 24 |
| Couple family with children | 2,632,500 | 47 | 16,782,900 | 46 |
| One parent family | 763,200 | 14Note * | 3,592,800 | 10 |
| Multiple-census-family householdTable 10 Note 1 | 284,000 | 5 | 1,799,100 | 5 |
| Non-census-family household | 984,900 | 18Note * | 5,685,800 | 16 |
| One-person household | 333,500 | 6Note * | 4,243,300 | 12 |
| Two- or more person household | 651,400 | 12Note * | 1,442,400 | 4 |
Source: 2018 Canadian Housing Survey |
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Interpreting the results
The Canadian Housing Survey (CHS) is a representative sample survey drawn from a frame of private dwellings across Canada. Since the survey sample is drawn from private households, individuals living in the following forms of housing are not included in the data:
- people living on reserves and in other Indigenous settlements
- official representatives of foreign countries living in Canada, and their families
- members of religious and other communal colonies
- members of the Canadian Armed Forces living on military bases
- people living in seniors’ residences
- people living full time in institutions (e.g., inmates of penal institutions, and chronic care patients living in hospitals and nursing homes)
- people living in other types of collective dwellings (e.g., shelters, campgrounds and hotels).
The survey results are an outcome of the sampling procedure that estimates a true value with an acceptable level of uncertainty. Therefore, it is not recommended to compare any two numbers published above unless the comparison is made in the text. This fact sheet features three types of comparisons:
- comparisons of estimates between the focus population group and the total population (for example, the percent of young adults in rented dwellings in core housing need, compared with the percent of the total population in rented dwellings in core housing need)
- comparisons of estimates between a category and the category total within the focus population group (for example, the percentage of young adults in rented dwellings in core housing need, compared with the percentage of all young adults in core housing need)
- comparisons of estimates between categories within the focus population group (for example, the percentage of young adults in rented dwellings in core housing need, compared with the percentage of young adults in owner-occupied dwellings in core housing need).
Each of these three comparisons provides a different insight to understand the housing experiences of the focus population group. A statistical test is conducted to see whether the two estimates are different from one another at the 95% confidence level—often stated as 19 times in 20. The test results are presented for percentage statistics in the tables on relative prevalence or median shelter costs only; test results are omitted for statistics on the associated number of people.
When other comparisons are made between sample results presented in the fact sheets or data tables, it is important to remember that it cannot be concluded with a degree of certainty that the observed difference is not attributable to variation from the sampling procedure.
About the data
The estimates presented in this fact sheet are from the 2018 Canadian Housing Survey (CHS). Additional socioeconomic and demographic highlights are from the 2016 Census of Population. For detailed information on the CHS or any of the indicators in this fact sheet, please refer to the following:
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