Notes

1.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change website description of mandate, http://www.ipcc.ch/about/index.htm (accessed January 10, 2008).
2.Climate Change Connection, 2007, "Northern Communities: Winter Roads," http://www.climatechangeconnection.org/Impacts/ Northerncommunities.htm (accessed February 12, 2008).
3.Environment Canada, 2007, National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990–2005, Greenhouse Gas Division, Ottawa, Ontario (see table S-1), http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/inventory_report/2005_report/tdm-toc_eng.cfm. (accessed March 10, 2008).
4.Environment Canada, 2006, Climate Change – Overview, http://www.ec.gc.ca/climate/overview-e.html (accessed February 8, 2007).
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid.
7.Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2006, "Climate Change – An Overview," Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development, 2006, http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/oag-bvg_e_14549.html (accessed April 11, 2007).
8.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf (accessed February 11, 2008).
9.This sub-section draws heavily on information presented in a single source. Unless otherwise indicated the data comes from Environment Canada, 2007, National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990–2005, Greenhouse Gas Division, Ottawa, Ontario. The complete report is available at http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/inventory_report/2005_report/tdm-toc_eng.cfm.
10.Neitzert, F., K. Olsen, and P. Collas. 1999. Canada's Greenhouse Gas Inventory–1997 Emissions and Removals with Trends, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
11.Nyboer, J. and K. Tu. 2006. GHG Emission Trend Analysis in the Fossil Fuel Production Industries, Draft report, Canadian Industrial Energy End-Use Data and Analysis Centre, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
12.Statistics Canada, 2007, Report on Energy Supply-demand in Canada 2005, Catalogue no. 57-003-X, (accessed December 18, 2007).
13.CANSIM Table 051-0001.
14.OECD Labour Force Statistics, 2006 Edition, http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/, (accessed January 10, 2008).
15.CANSIM table 384-0002, chained 2002 dollars.
16.CANSIM table 051-0001.
17.CANSIM table 384-0002, current prices.
18.CANSIM table 384-0002, chained 2002 dollars.
19.2005 GHG emissions taken from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change GHG emission profiles for Annex 1 Parties http://unfccc.int/ghg_emissions_data/ghg_data_from_unfccc/ghg_profiles/ items/3954.php, accessed January 11, 2008.
20.Population data to calculate per capita emissions is taken from OECD Labour Force Statistics, 2006 Edition, http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/, (accessed January 10, 2008).
21.Solomon, S. et al., 2007, "Technical Summary,” Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed January 11, 2007).
22.Field, C.B. et al., 2007, "North America," Climate Change 2007: Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed January 11, 2007).
23.Environment Canada, 2005, Climate Change: Overview, http://www.ec.gc.ca/climate/overview_science-e.html (accessed February 13, 2007).
24.Solomon, S. et al., 2007, "Technical Summary,” Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed January 11, 2007).
25.Between the Tropic of Cancer (23°26' N) and the Arctic Circle (66° 33' N).
26.Solomon, S. et al., 2007, "Technical Summary,” Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed January 11, 2007).
27.Environment Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, 2006, Environment Canada's Top Weather Stories for 2006, http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/media/top10/2006/index_e.html (accessed October 3, 2007).
28.Lemke, P. et al., 2007, "Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground," Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmetnal Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon et al, (eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed January 11, 2007).
29.Natural Resources Canada, 2004, "Glaciers and Icefields," The Atlas of Canada, http://www.atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/freshwater/ distribution/glaciers/1 (accessed February 28, 2007).
30.Demuth, M.N., V. Pinard, A. Pietroniro, B.H. Luckman, C. Hopkinson, P. Dornes and L. Comeau, 2008. Recent and past-century variations in the glacier resources of the Canadian Rocky Mountains – Nelson River System. Terra Glacialis 11 (248): 27-52.
31.Demuth, M.N. and A. Pietroniro, 2003, The impact of climate change on the glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountain eastern slopes and implications for water resource adaptation in the Canadian prairies, Climate Change Action Fund - Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative, Final Report Project P55, plus Technical Appendices, 162 pages.
32.Martin S. Beaulieu, Caroline Fric and François Soulard, 2007, "Estimatation of Water Use in Canadian Agriculture," Agriculture and Rural Working Paper Series, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 21-601-M, Ottawa.
33.Industry Canada, 2007, Canadian Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry, http://www.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/ogt-ipg.nsf/en/dk00095e.html (accessed October 10, 2007).
34.Solomon, S. et al., 2007, "Technical Summary,” Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed January 11, 2007).
35.Field, C.B. et al., 2007, "North America," Climate Change 2007: Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, http://www.ipcc.ch/ (accessed January 11, 2007).
36.European Space Agency, 2007, Satellites Witness Lowest Arctic Ice Coverage in History, http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMYTC13J6F_index_2.html (accessed October 4, 2007).
37.Falkingham, J. C., R. Chagnon and S. McCourt, 2001, "Sea ice in the Canadian Arctic in the 21st century," Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, POAC 2001, Ottawa.
38.Ibid.
39.Danby, Ryan K. and David S. Hik, 2007, "Variability, contingency and rapid change in recent subarctic alpine tree line dynamics," Journal of Ecology, Vol. 95, p. 352 to 363.
40.Carroll, Allan L. et al., 2004, "Effects of Climate Change on Range Expansion by the Mountain Pine Beetle in British Columbia," Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions, October 30-31, 2003, Kelowna, British Columbia. T.L. Shore et. al. (eds). Natural Resource Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-399, Victoria, BC. 298 p.
41.BC Ministry of Forests and Range, 2007, Timber Supply and the Mountain Pine Beetle infestation in British Columbia, 2007 Update, Forest Analysis and Inventory Branch, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ hfp/mountain_pine_beetle/ Pine_Beetle_Update20070917.pdf (accessed October 10, 2007).
42.Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2007, Commercial Landings Summary Table, Statistical Services, http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/statistics/commercial/landings/ sum0407_e.htm (accessed July 11, 2007).
43.Statistics Canada, 2006, Aquaculture Statistics, Catalogue no. 23-222-X, (accessed October 28, 2007).
44.Statistics Canada, Investment and Capital Stock Division.
45.Williams, P.J. 1995, "Permafrost and climate change: geotechnical implications," The Arctic and Environmental Change, Proceedings of a Royal Society Discussion meeting held October 4, 1994, P. Wadhams, J.A. Dowdeswell and A.N. Schofield (eds.) Gordon and Breach Science Publishers SA, Amsterdam.
46.Patz, Jonathan A. et al., 2000, "The Potential Health Impacts of Climate Variability and Change for the United States : Executive Summary of the Report of the Health Sector of the U.S. National Assessment," Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 108, no. 4. pp. 367-376.
47.Environment Canada, Statistics Canada and Health Canada, 2007, Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 16-251-X, Ottawa.
48.C-CIARN, no date, Canadian Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Research Network, http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php (accessed March 22, 2007).
49.Natural Resources Canada, 2007, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Program, http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php (accessed March 22, 2007).
50.Environment Canada, 2007, "News Release: Canada Leading by Example Baird Announces New Funding for Adaptation on Climate Change", http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news= CFF8C320-DF60-4658-9592-4D41497BE838 (accessed February 13, 2008).
51.Bermingham, John, 2007, "60 B.C. Communities Pledge to be Carbon Neutral by Year 2012", Article in the daily newspaper, The Province, page A12, September 27, 2007.
52.Government of Canada, 2008, ecoACTION: Using Less, Living Better, ecoENERGY, http://ecoaction.gc.ca/ecoenergy-ecoenergie/index-eng.cfm (accessed April 11, 2007).
53.Government of Quebec, 2005, Quebec in Action to Fight Climate Change, http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/chang-clim/clim-change.pdf (accessed March 8, 2007).
54.Hydro-Québec, no date, "Programs and Tools to be Energy Wise," Energy Efficiency, http://www.hydroquebec.com/energywise/index.html (accessed March 13, 2007).
55.Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Human Activity and the Environment: Annual Statistics 2006, catalogue no. 16-201-X.
56.Based on a survey of 10 major Canadian urban transit operators. The companies included in this survey account for about 80% of total urban transit traffic in Canada. Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 408-0004.
57.Martin Turcotte, 2008, "Dependence on cars in urban neighbourhoods," Canadian Social Trends, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X, Ottawa.
58.Transport Canada, 2007, "About ecoTransport," ecoTransport, http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environment/ecotransport/menu-eng.htm (accessed February 13, 2008).
59.Nova Scotia Department of Energy, 2005, "Public Transit," Consumer Information, http://www.gov.ns.ca/energy/AbsPage.aspx?id=1370&siteid=1&lang=1 (accessed March 8, 2007).
60.Ecology Action Centre, no date, "TRAX," Projects, http://www.ecologyaction.ca/trax/index.html (accessed March 14, 2007).
61.ecoACTION, 2007, "Turning the Corner: An action plan to reduce greenhouse gases and air pollution," http://www.ecoaction.gc.ca/turning-virage/index-eng.cfm (accessed February 13, 2008).
62.Office of the Prime Minister, 2007, Prime Minister Unveils New Canada ecoTrust, http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1532 (accessed March 2, 2007).
63.Forest Products Association of Canada, October 2007 Press Release, Canadian Forest Products Industry Aims to be First Carbon-Neutral Sector, http://www.fpac.ca/en/media_centre/press_releases/2007/2007-10-30_ carbonNeutral.php#Backgrounder (accessed April 1, 2008).
64.Natural Resources Canada, 2006, Powerful Connections, Priorities and Directions in Energy Science and Technology in Canada. 2006. The Report of the National Advisory Panel on Sustainable Energy Science and Catalogue no. M4-0/2006E ISBN: 0-662-43412-9,  http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/eps/oerd-brde/report-rapport/toc_e.htm (accessed April 4, 2008).
65.Statistics Canada, 2007, Manufacturing, Construction and Energy Division Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2005, Catalogue no. 57-202-X.
66.Ontario Ministry of Energy, 2007, "What is the government doing to support ‘green power'?” Renewable Energy FAQs, http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=renewable.faqs (accessed March 8, 2007).
67.Natural Resources Canada, 2006, "About Hydroelectric Energy," Technologies and Applications, http://www.canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=4&PgId=26 (accessed April 11, 2007).
68.Natural Resources Canada, 2005, "About Wind Energy," Technologies and Applications, http://www.canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=6&PgId=232 (accessed April 11, 2007).
69.Government of Manitoba, no date, "Wind Energy," Acting on Energy and Climate Change, http://www.gov.mb.ca/greenandgrowing/acting.html (accessed March 27, 2007).
70.Nova Scotia Power, 2005, Ebb and Flow, http://www.nspower.ca/environment/green_power/tidal/index.shtml (accessed April 13, 2007).
71.Statistics Canada, 2004, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Human Activity and the Environment, “Energy in Canada,” catalogue no. 16-201X.
72.Statistics Canada, 2007, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditures. These data exclude the ‘other manufacturing' industry.
73.Natural Resources Canada, 2006, "About Earth and Geothermal Energy," Technologies and Applications, http://www.canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=3&PgId=8 (accessed March 15, 2007).
74.Natural Resources Canada, 2002, "About Bioenergy," Technologies and Applications, http://www.canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=2&PgId=62 (accessed March 15, 2007).
75.Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2006, "Canada's New Government Takes New Step to Protect the Environment with Biofuels," http://www.agr.gc.ca/cb/index_e.php?s1=n&s2=2006&page=n61220 (accessed March 2, 2007).
76.Natural Resources Canada, 2007, "ecoENERGY for Biofuels Overview," http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/transportation/ecoenergy-biofuels/index.cfm?attr=16 (accessed February 13, 2008).
77.Natural Resources Canada, 2006, Battery-electric and Hybrid Vehicles, http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/transportation/fuels/electric/electric.cfm? attr=16 (accessed March 20, 2007).
78.Curry, Bill and Greg Keenan, 2007, "Federal Budget Can Add $4000 to Price of SUVs; Fuel Efficient Cars Get Big Discounts," The Globe and Mail.
79.Natural Resources Canada, Instantaneous Water Heating, http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/es/etb/ctec/cetc01/htmldocs/Publications/ factsheet_instantaneous_water_heating_e.htm (accessed March 20, 2007).
80.Natural Resources Canada, 2007, Switch and Save, http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/energystar/english/consumers/questions- answers.cfm?attr=4#replace (accessed March 22, 2007).
81.BC Hydro, 2007, Energy-Efficient Lighting, http://www.bchydro.com/powersmart/elibrary/elibrary679.html (accessed March 20, 2007).
82.Statistics Canada, 2007, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Households and the Environment, 2006, Catalogue no. 11-526-X.
83.BC Hydro, 2007, Holiday LED Lights (Christmas Lights), http://www.bchydro.com/powersmart/elibrary/elibrary8849.html (accessed March 20, 2007).
84.Statistics Canada, 2007, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Households and the Environment, 2006, Catalogue no. 11-526-X.
85.Statistics Canada, 2007, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditures. These data exclude the ‘other manufacturing' industry.
86.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2005, Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Metz, B.,O. Davidson, H. C. de Coninck, M. Loos, and L. A. Meyer (eds.)). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp. http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/ipcc/pages_media/SRCCS-final/SRCCS_ WholeReport.pdf (accessed Nov 11, 2007).
87.Ibid.