Reference

1. For details on the greenhouse effect and climate change, refer to Environment Canada, n.d., The Green Lane : Climate Change – Overview, www.ec.gc.ca/climate/overview_science-e.html (accessed September 27, 2004).

2. Parliament of Canada, Speech from the Throne to Open the Third Session of the Thirty-Seventh Parliament of Canada, Catalogue no. SO1­1/2004, Ottawa.

3. Promoting technology development and innovation is one of the five major themes for Phase One of Canada’s National Implementation Strategy on Climate Change. Refer to “Canada’s Third National Report on Climate Change,” Catalogue no. En21­125/2001E, Ottawa.

4. Energy intensity is the ratio of energy consumption to output.

5. Environment Canada, 2001, Canada’s Third National Report on Climate Change: Actions to Meet Commitments Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Catalogue no. En21­125/2001E, p. 11, Ottawa.

6. Ibid.

7. Projections show that large industrial emitters could produce about half of Canada’s total GHG emissions by 2010. Large industrial emitters are primarily in the oil and gas, electricity, mining and manufacturing sectors. The mining and manufacturing sectors include these industries: chemicals; fertilizers; pulp and paper; mining; smelting and refining (including aluminum); steel; cement; lime; and glass. According to the Climate Change Plan for Canada, large industrial emitters are to reduce their emissions by 55 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. See Natural Resources Canada, Large Final Emitters Group, www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca (accessed January 13, 2005).

8. Statistics Canada, CANSIM, Table 029­0005, “Capital and Repair Expenditures by Sector and Province”.

9. In Canada, small-scale hydro-electric systems are defined as ‘micro’ (100 kilowatts or less, which can supply one or two houses); ‘mini’ systems, (100 kilowatts to 1 megawatt, which typically supplies a small factory or isolated community); and ‘small’ systems, (1 to 30 megawatts, which are at the low end for supply to a regional or provincial power grid).

10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999, STI – Science, Technology and Industry Review, no. 25, “Technology, Prices and Energy Efficiency,“ Paris.

11. Average annual growth rates and rates of increases/decreases quoted throughout the article are calculated based on a compounding rate of growth for a discontinuous variable (time periods). It follows the basic structure v=a (1+r)^x.

12. Statistics Canada, 2004, Environment Industry Survey: Business Sector 2002, Catalogue no. 16F0008XIE, Ottawa.

13. Ibid.

14. Statistics Canada, 2002, Human Activity and the Environment: Annual Statistics 2002, Catalogue no. 16­201­XPE, Ottawa.

15. Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2002 Waste Management Industry Survey, Business Sector.

16. Government of Canada, 2002, Achieving Excellence: Investing in People, Knowledge and Opportunity: Canada’s Innovation Strategy, Ottawa.

17. For details on the definition, scope, classification and methodology for data collection of R&D activities, refer to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2002, Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, ISBN­92­64­19903­9.

18. Statistics Canada, 2005, Industrial Research and Development—2004 Intentions, Catalogue no. 88­202­XIE, Ottawa.

19. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999, STI – Science, Technology and Industry Review, no. 25, “Technology and Sustainable Development,” Paris.

20. Environment Canada, 2001, “Canada’s Third National Report on Climate Change: Actions to Meet Commitments Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,” Catalogue no. En21­125/2001E, Ottawa.

21. For details on the definition, scope, classification and methodology for data collection of innovation activities, see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992, Oslo Manual: Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data.

22. Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2002 Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditures.

23. Canadian Wind Energy Association, n.d., Quick Facts About Wind Energy, www.canwea.ca/en/QuickFacts.html (accessed November 9, 2004).

24. Globe Foundation, March 31 to April 2, 2004, Globe 2004 Trade Fair and Conference presentations, Vancouver.

25. Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2002 Environment Industry Survey.

26. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999, STI – Science, Technology and Industry Review, no. 25, “Technology and Sustainable Development,“ Paris.

27. Based on the results of the Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditures, as reported by firms in 16 primary and manufacturing industries.