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Camarota, S., and J. Keeley. 2001. The New Ellis Islands: Examining Non-Traditional Areas of Immigrant Settlement in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Center for Immigration Studies.

Carter, T., M. Morrish, and B. Amoyaw. 2008. "Attracting immigrants to smaller urban and rural communities: Lessons learned from the Manitoba Provincial Nominee Program." International Migration and Integration 9 (2): 161–183.

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). 2001. Towards a More Balanced Geographic Distribution of Immigrants. Cat. no. C&I-51-109/2002E. Ottawa: Strategic Policy, Planning and Research, Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). 2009. Facts and Figures 2009 Digital Library. (accessed in December 2013).

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). 2010a. Evaluation of the Federal Skilled Worker Program. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Evaluation Division. No. Ci4-54/2010E-PDF. 87 pages. (accessed in December 2013).

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). 2010b. Facts and Figures 2010 Digital Library. (accessed in December 2013).

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). 2011. Evaluation of the Provincial Nominee Program. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Evaluation Division. No. Ci4-75/2011E-PDF. 77 pages. (accessed in December 2013).

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). 2012. Facts and Figures 2012 Digital Library. (accessed in December 2013).

Donato, K.M., C. Tolbert, A. Nucci, and Y. Kawano. 2008. "Changing Faces, Changing Places: The Emergence of New Non-Metropolitan Immigration Gateways." In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, ed. D.S. Massey, p. 75–98. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Durand J., D.S. Massey, and F. Charvet. 2000. "The changing geography of Mexican immigration to the United States: 1910–1996." Social Science Quarterly 81: 1–15.

Gozdziak E., and S. Martin. 2005. Beyond the Gateway: Immigrants in a Changing America. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.

Haan, M. 2008. "The place of place: location and immigrant economic well-being in Canada." Population Research and Policy Review 27 (6): 751–771.

Haan, M. 2009. "Is gateway city clustering behind Canada’s declining immigrant home-ownership rates?" Population, Space and Place 15 (5): 445–460.

Hou, F. 2007. "Changes in the initial destinations and redistribution of Canada’s major immigrant groups: Reexamining the role of group affinity." International Migration Review 41 (3): 680–705.

Hou, F. 2014. "A general approach to effect decomposition." Social Science Quarterly 95 (3): 894–904.

Johnson, J.H.J., K.D. Johnson-Webb, and W. Farrel Jr. 1999. "Newly Emerging Hispanic Communities in the United States: A Spatial Analysis of Settlement Patterns, In-migration Fields, and Social Receptivity." In Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States, eds. F.D. Bean and S. Bell-Rose, p. 263–310. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Johnson-Webb, K.D. 2003. Recruiting Hispanic Labor: Immigrants in Non-Traditional Areas. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.

Kandel, W., and E.A. Parrado. 2005. "Restructuring of the United States Meat Processing Industry and New Hispanic Migrant Destinations." Population and Development Review 31 (3): 447–471.

Krahn, H., T.M. Derwing, and B. Abu-Laban. 2006. "The retention of newcomers in second- and third-tier Canadian cities." International Migration Review 39 (4): 872–894.

Leach, M.A., and F.D. Bean. 2008. "The Structure and Dynamics of Mexican Immigration to New Destinations in the U.S." In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, ed. D.S. Massey, p. 51–74. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Massey, D.S., ed. 2008. New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Massey, D.S., and C. Capoferro. 2008. "The Geographic Diversification of American Immigration." In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, ed. D.S. Massey, p. 25–50. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Massey, D.S., J. Durand, and N.J. Malone. 2002. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Free Trade. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Pandey, M., and J. Townsend. 2011. "Quantifying the Effects of the Provincial Nominee Programs." Canadian Public Policy 37 (4): 495–512.

Pandey, M., and J. Townsend. 2013. “Provincial Nominee Programs: An evaluation of the earnings and settlement rates of nominees.” Canadian Public Policy 34 (4): 603–618.

Parrado, E.A., and W. Kandel. 2008. "New Hispanic Migration Destinations: A Tale of Two Industries." In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, ed. D.S. Massey, p. 99–123. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Singer, A. 2004. The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute.

Zuniga, V., and R. Hernandez-Leon. 2005. New Destinations of Mexican Immigration in the United States: Community Formation, Local Responses and Inter-Group Relations. NewYork: Russell Sage Foundation.