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All (18) (0 to 10 of 18 results)
- Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029548Description:
The theory of multiple imputation for missing data requires that imputations be made conditional on the sampling design. However, most standard software packages for performing model-based multiple imputation assume simple random samples, leading many practitioners not to account for complex sample design features, such as stratification and clustering, in their imputations. Theory predicts that analyses of such multiply-imputed data sets can yield biased estimates from the design-based perspective. In this article, we illustrate through simulation that (i) the bias can be severe when the design features are related to the survey variables of interest, and (ii) the bias can be reduced by controlling for the design features in the imputation models. The simulations also illustrate that conditioning on irrelevant design features in the imputation models can yield conservative inferences, provided that the models include other relevant predictors. These results suggest a prescription for imputers: the safest course of action is to include design variables in the specification of imputation models. Using real data, we demonstrate a simple approach for incorporating complex design features that can be used with some of the standard software packages for creating multiple imputations.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029555Description:
Researchers and policy makers often use data from nationally representative probability sample surveys. The number of topics covered by such surveys, and hence the amount of interviewing time involved, have typically increased over the years, resulting in increased costs and respondent burden. A potential solution to this problem is to carefully form subsets of the items in a survey and administer one such subset to each respondent. Designs of this type are called "split-questionnaire" designs or "matrix sampling" designs. The administration of only a subset of the survey items to each respondent in a matrix sampling design creates what can be considered missing data. Multiple imputation (Rubin 1987), a general-purpose approach developed for handling data with missing values, is appealing for the analysis of data from a matrix sample, because once the multiple imputations are created, data analysts can apply standard methods for analyzing complete data from a sample survey. This paper develops and evaluates a method for creating matrix sampling forms, each form containing a subset of items to be administered to randomly selected respondents. The method can be applied in complex settings, including situations in which skip patterns are present. Forms are created in such a way that each form includes items that are predictive of the excluded items, so that subsequent analyses based on multiple imputation can recover some of the information about the excluded items that would have been collected had there been no matrix sampling. The matrix sampling and multiple-imputation methods are evaluated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, one of many nationally representative probability sample surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study demonstrates the feasibility of the approach applied to a major national health survey with complex structure, and it provides practical advice about appropriate items to include in matrix sampling designs in future surveys.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - 3. Commercializing the results of research in Canadian universities and hospitals: An update for 2004 ArchivedArticles and reports: 88-003-X20060039531Geography: CanadaDescription:
Canadian universities and affiliated research hospitals have made great strides in commercializing inventions. Since 1998 Statistics Canada has conducted the Survey of Intellectual Property Commercialization in the Higher Education Sector to track progress in this area. This article highlights some of the changes between 2003 and 2004, as well as presenting the 2004 regional results.
Release date: 2006-12-06 - Articles and reports: 88F0006X2006011Description:
Universities and their affiliated research hospitals make an important contribution to innovation in Canada's economy. Besides generating new knowledge and training highly qualified graduates, some of the technology they produce is patented and licensed to companies for incorporation into commercial products. This is the fifth survey of intellectual property commercialization in the higher education sector.
Release date: 2006-10-04 - 5. Boom Times: Canada's Crude Petroleum Industry ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-621-M2006047Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study analyzes trends in crude oil prices, production and exports . Canada's imports of crude petroleum, which feed refineries in Eastern Canada are also analyzed.
Release date: 2006-09-11 - Articles and reports: 88F0006X2006005Description:
The purpose of this study is to measure the scientific effort devoted to (R&D) on advanced materials.
This study has been conducted using data from the Statistics Canada survey entitled Research and Development in Canadian Industry (RDCI).
Release date: 2006-07-26 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060019257Description:
In the presence of item nonreponse, two approaches have been traditionally used to make inference on parameters of interest. The first approach assumes uniform response within imputation cells whereas the second approach assumes ignorable response but make use of a model on the variable of interest as the basis for inference. In this paper, we propose a third appoach that assumes a specified ignorable response mechanism without having to specify a model on the variable of interest. In this case, we show how to obtain imputed values which lead to estimators of a total that are approximately unbiased under the proposed approach as well as the second approach. Variance estimators of the imputed estimators that are approximately unbiased are also obtained using an approach of Fay (1991) in which the order of sampling and response is reversed. Finally, simulation studies are conducted to investigate the finite sample performance of the methods in terms of bias and mean square error.
Release date: 2006-07-20 - 8. The Influence of Education on Civic Engagement: Differences Across Canada's Rural-Urban Spectrum ArchivedArticles and reports: 21-006-X2006001Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study presents the first detailed assessment of how the education level/civic engagement nexus is influenced by the rural/urban setting.
Release date: 2006-07-17 - Articles and reports: 88-003-X20060029244Geography: CanadaDescription:
Research and development (R&D) is a crucial activity in the innovation process. Firms that do not engage in this activity, seriously jeopardize their competitiveness and their creativity in relation to competitors (Griliches, 2000; Belderbos et al. 2004). This article discusses acquisitions strategies of research and development services.
Release date: 2006-06-27 - Articles and reports: 11-010-X20060069229Geography: CanadaDescription:
The post-war surge of women into the labour force has slowed in recent years, mostly in western Canada. Participation rates east of the Ottawa River continue to increase, reflecting differences between east and west in day care, education, job composition, immigration and the age of women.
Release date: 2006-06-15
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Articles and reports (18)
Articles and reports (18) (0 to 10 of 18 results)
- Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029548Description:
The theory of multiple imputation for missing data requires that imputations be made conditional on the sampling design. However, most standard software packages for performing model-based multiple imputation assume simple random samples, leading many practitioners not to account for complex sample design features, such as stratification and clustering, in their imputations. Theory predicts that analyses of such multiply-imputed data sets can yield biased estimates from the design-based perspective. In this article, we illustrate through simulation that (i) the bias can be severe when the design features are related to the survey variables of interest, and (ii) the bias can be reduced by controlling for the design features in the imputation models. The simulations also illustrate that conditioning on irrelevant design features in the imputation models can yield conservative inferences, provided that the models include other relevant predictors. These results suggest a prescription for imputers: the safest course of action is to include design variables in the specification of imputation models. Using real data, we demonstrate a simple approach for incorporating complex design features that can be used with some of the standard software packages for creating multiple imputations.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060029555Description:
Researchers and policy makers often use data from nationally representative probability sample surveys. The number of topics covered by such surveys, and hence the amount of interviewing time involved, have typically increased over the years, resulting in increased costs and respondent burden. A potential solution to this problem is to carefully form subsets of the items in a survey and administer one such subset to each respondent. Designs of this type are called "split-questionnaire" designs or "matrix sampling" designs. The administration of only a subset of the survey items to each respondent in a matrix sampling design creates what can be considered missing data. Multiple imputation (Rubin 1987), a general-purpose approach developed for handling data with missing values, is appealing for the analysis of data from a matrix sample, because once the multiple imputations are created, data analysts can apply standard methods for analyzing complete data from a sample survey. This paper develops and evaluates a method for creating matrix sampling forms, each form containing a subset of items to be administered to randomly selected respondents. The method can be applied in complex settings, including situations in which skip patterns are present. Forms are created in such a way that each form includes items that are predictive of the excluded items, so that subsequent analyses based on multiple imputation can recover some of the information about the excluded items that would have been collected had there been no matrix sampling. The matrix sampling and multiple-imputation methods are evaluated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, one of many nationally representative probability sample surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study demonstrates the feasibility of the approach applied to a major national health survey with complex structure, and it provides practical advice about appropriate items to include in matrix sampling designs in future surveys.
Release date: 2006-12-21 - 3. Commercializing the results of research in Canadian universities and hospitals: An update for 2004 ArchivedArticles and reports: 88-003-X20060039531Geography: CanadaDescription:
Canadian universities and affiliated research hospitals have made great strides in commercializing inventions. Since 1998 Statistics Canada has conducted the Survey of Intellectual Property Commercialization in the Higher Education Sector to track progress in this area. This article highlights some of the changes between 2003 and 2004, as well as presenting the 2004 regional results.
Release date: 2006-12-06 - Articles and reports: 88F0006X2006011Description:
Universities and their affiliated research hospitals make an important contribution to innovation in Canada's economy. Besides generating new knowledge and training highly qualified graduates, some of the technology they produce is patented and licensed to companies for incorporation into commercial products. This is the fifth survey of intellectual property commercialization in the higher education sector.
Release date: 2006-10-04 - 5. Boom Times: Canada's Crude Petroleum Industry ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-621-M2006047Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study analyzes trends in crude oil prices, production and exports . Canada's imports of crude petroleum, which feed refineries in Eastern Canada are also analyzed.
Release date: 2006-09-11 - Articles and reports: 88F0006X2006005Description:
The purpose of this study is to measure the scientific effort devoted to (R&D) on advanced materials.
This study has been conducted using data from the Statistics Canada survey entitled Research and Development in Canadian Industry (RDCI).
Release date: 2006-07-26 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X20060019257Description:
In the presence of item nonreponse, two approaches have been traditionally used to make inference on parameters of interest. The first approach assumes uniform response within imputation cells whereas the second approach assumes ignorable response but make use of a model on the variable of interest as the basis for inference. In this paper, we propose a third appoach that assumes a specified ignorable response mechanism without having to specify a model on the variable of interest. In this case, we show how to obtain imputed values which lead to estimators of a total that are approximately unbiased under the proposed approach as well as the second approach. Variance estimators of the imputed estimators that are approximately unbiased are also obtained using an approach of Fay (1991) in which the order of sampling and response is reversed. Finally, simulation studies are conducted to investigate the finite sample performance of the methods in terms of bias and mean square error.
Release date: 2006-07-20 - 8. The Influence of Education on Civic Engagement: Differences Across Canada's Rural-Urban Spectrum ArchivedArticles and reports: 21-006-X2006001Geography: CanadaDescription:
This study presents the first detailed assessment of how the education level/civic engagement nexus is influenced by the rural/urban setting.
Release date: 2006-07-17 - Articles and reports: 88-003-X20060029244Geography: CanadaDescription:
Research and development (R&D) is a crucial activity in the innovation process. Firms that do not engage in this activity, seriously jeopardize their competitiveness and their creativity in relation to competitors (Griliches, 2000; Belderbos et al. 2004). This article discusses acquisitions strategies of research and development services.
Release date: 2006-06-27 - Articles and reports: 11-010-X20060069229Geography: CanadaDescription:
The post-war surge of women into the labour force has slowed in recent years, mostly in western Canada. Participation rates east of the Ottawa River continue to increase, reflecting differences between east and west in day care, education, job composition, immigration and the age of women.
Release date: 2006-06-15
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