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  • 1. From theory to practice: Lessons learned from implementing the Network Sampling with Memory method Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202200100016
    Description: To overcome the traditional drawbacks of chain sampling methods, the sampling method called “network sampling with memory” was developed. Its unique feature is to recreate, gradually in the field, a frame for the target population composed of individuals identified by respondents and to randomly draw future respondents from this frame, thereby minimizing selection bias. Tested for the first time in France between September 2020 and June 2021, for a survey among Chinese immigrants in Île-de-France (ChIPRe), this presentation describes the difficulties encountered during collection—sometimes contextual, due to the pandemic, but mostly inherent to the method.
    Release date: 2024-03-25
  • 2. The anchoring method: Estimation of interviewer effects in the absence of interpenetrated sample assignment
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202200100005
    Description:

    Methodological studies of the effects that human interviewers have on the quality of survey data have long been limited by a critical assumption: that interviewers in a given survey are assigned random subsets of the larger overall sample (also known as interpenetrated assignment). Absent this type of study design, estimates of interviewer effects on survey measures of interest may reflect differences between interviewers in the characteristics of their assigned sample members, rather than recruitment or measurement effects specifically introduced by the interviewers. Previous attempts to approximate interpenetrated assignment have typically used regression models to condition on factors that might be related to interviewer assignment. We introduce a new approach for overcoming this lack of interpenetrated assignment when estimating interviewer effects. This approach, which we refer to as the “anchoring” method, leverages correlations between observed variables that are unlikely to be affected by interviewers (“anchors”) and variables that may be prone to interviewer effects to remove components of within-interviewer correlations that lack of interpenetrated assignment may introduce. We consider both frequentist and Bayesian approaches, where the latter can make use of information about interviewer effect variances in previous waves of a study, if available. We evaluate this new methodology empirically using a simulation study, and then illustrate its application using real survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), where interviewer IDs are provided on public-use data files. While our proposed method shares some of the limitations of the traditional approach – namely the need for variables associated with the outcome of interest that are also free of measurement error – it avoids the need for conditional inference and thus has improved inferential qualities when the focus is on marginal estimates, and it shows evidence of further reducing overestimation of larger interviewer effects relative to the traditional approach.

    Release date: 2022-06-21
  • 3. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a nationally representative sample of Canadian children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years
    Articles and reports: 82-003-X202000800002
    Description:

    The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire with a nationally representative sample of Canadian children and adolescents.

    Release date: 2020-08-19
  • 4. Statistics Canada’s Experiences in Using Paradata to Manage Responsive Collection Design for Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview Household Surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014746
    Description:

    Paradata research has focused on identifying opportunities for strategic improvement in data collection that could be operationally viable and lead to enhancements in quality or cost efficiency. To that end, Statistics Canada has developed and implemented a responsive collection design (RCD) strategy for computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) household surveys to maximize quality and efficiency and to potentially reduce costs. RCD is an adaptive approach to survey data collection that uses information available prior to and during data collection to adjust the collection strategy for the remaining in-progress cases. In practice, the survey managers monitor and analyze collection progress against a predetermined set of indicators for two purposes: to identify critical data-collection milestones that require significant changes to the collection approach and to adjust collection strategies to make the most efficient use of remaining available resources. In the RCD context, numerous considerations come into play when determining which aspects of data collection to adjust and how to adjust them. Paradata sources play a key role in the planning, development and implementation of active management for RCD surveys. Since 2009, Statistics Canada has conducted several RCD surveys. This paper describes Statistics Canada’s experiences in implementing and monitoring this type of surveys.

    Release date: 2016-03-24
  • 5. The QU-method: A new methodology for processing scanner data Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014752
    Description:

    This paper presents a new price index method for processing electronic transaction (scanner) data. Price indices are calculated as a ratio of a turnover index and a weighted quantity index. Product weights of quantities sold are computed from the deflated prices of each month in the current publication year. New products can be timely incorporated without price imputations, so that all transactions can be processed. Product weights are monthly updated and are used to calculate direct indices with respect to a fixed base month. Price indices are free of chain drift by this construction. The results are robust under departures from the methodological choices. The method is part of the Dutch CPI since January 2016, when it was first applied to mobile phones.

    Release date: 2016-03-24
  • 6. From multiple modes for surveys to multiple data sources for estimates Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201400214128
    Description:

    Users, funders and providers of official statistics want estimates that are “wider, deeper, quicker, better, cheaper” (channeling Tim Holt, former head of the UK Office for National Statistics), to which I would add “more relevant” and “less burdensome”. Since World War II, we have relied heavily on the probability sample survey as the best we could do - and that best being very good - to meet these goals for estimates of household income and unemployment, self-reported health status, time use, crime victimization, business activity, commodity flows, consumer and business expenditures, et al. Faced with secularly declining unit and item response rates and evidence of reporting error, we have responded in many ways, including the use of multiple survey modes, more sophisticated weighting and imputation methods, adaptive design, cognitive testing of survey items, and other means to maintain data quality. For statistics on the business sector, in order to reduce burden and costs, we long ago moved away from relying solely on surveys to produce needed estimates, but, to date, we have not done that for household surveys, at least not in the United States. I argue that we can and must move from a paradigm of producing the best estimates possible from a survey to that of producing the best possible estimates to meet user needs from multiple data sources. Such sources include administrative records and, increasingly, transaction and Internet-based data. I provide two examples - household income and plumbing facilities - to illustrate my thesis. I suggest ways to inculcate a culture of official statistics that focuses on the end result of relevant, timely, accurate and cost-effective statistics and treats surveys, along with other data sources, as means to that end.

    Release date: 2014-12-19
  • 7. A comparison of self-reported leisure-time physical activity and measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adolescents and adults Archived
    Articles and reports: 82-003-X201400714038
    Description:

    This analysis compares self-reported and measured physical activity collected by the Canadian Health Measures Survey and explores the limitations of each method.

    Release date: 2014-07-16
  • 8. Impact of accelerometer epoch length on physical activity and sedentary behaviour outcomes for preschool-aged children Archived
    Articles and reports: 82-003-X201400111891
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The Canadian Health Measures Survey uses accelerometry to collect physical activity and sedentary behaviour data. Between cycles 2 and 3, a transition was made from 60-second to 15-second epochs in accelerometry data for children aged 3 to 5. This study examines the impact of epoch length on physical activity and sedentary behaviour outcomes for children in this age range.

    Release date: 2014-01-15
  • 9. Optimizing quality of response through adaptive survey designs Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201300111824
    Description:

    In most surveys all sample units receive the same treatment and the same design features apply to all selected people and households. In this paper, it is explained how survey designs may be tailored to optimize quality given constraints on costs. Such designs are called adaptive survey designs. The basic ingredients of such designs are introduced, discussed and illustrated with various examples.

    Release date: 2013-06-28
  • 10. Ethical and privacy challenges of involving children in research on sensitive issues: The experiences of Amajuba Child Health and Wellbeing Research Project (ACHWRP) Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X200800010963
    Description:

    BackgroundThere has been a reluctance to conduct child related research studies with, rather than on children in the African continent. Several studies have embarked on this method, however, ethical and privacy challenges still prevail. The Amajuba Child Health and Wellbeing Research Project is a longitudinal study that was conducted with 725 children aged between 9 and 15 years old in KwaZulu Natal in South Africa and also faced the same challenges.

    MethodsFocus group discussions and self administered questionnaires were used as data collection techniques for ACHWRP. One of ACHWRP's objectives is to document the consequences of parental or caregiver death on health and well-being of orphans in Amajuba District of KwaZulu Natal. Ethical clearance was received from two ethical review boards.

    Lessons learnedEthical challenges included problems of coercion for participation, gatekeeper's and partner's roles, getting consent and assent, recruitment and referral system.Privacy challenges included data collection techniques, curiosity and destruction by members of the family during an interview, the setting where interviews are conducted, logistical issues and the method of recruitment's potential to compromise confidentiality.Resolutions: Detailed consent and assent forms with all relevant information are necessary. Careful selection of partnerships is crucial. Use of a venue that is far from the community is necessary, but in the process making sure that the participants are covered with regards to the expenses of travelling to the venue.

    ConclusionConducting research with children entails investing more time and attention to the planning stage of the study.

    Release date: 2009-12-03
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Articles and reports (22)

Articles and reports (22) (0 to 10 of 22 results)

  • 1. From theory to practice: Lessons learned from implementing the Network Sampling with Memory method Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X202200100016
    Description: To overcome the traditional drawbacks of chain sampling methods, the sampling method called “network sampling with memory” was developed. Its unique feature is to recreate, gradually in the field, a frame for the target population composed of individuals identified by respondents and to randomly draw future respondents from this frame, thereby minimizing selection bias. Tested for the first time in France between September 2020 and June 2021, for a survey among Chinese immigrants in Île-de-France (ChIPRe), this presentation describes the difficulties encountered during collection—sometimes contextual, due to the pandemic, but mostly inherent to the method.
    Release date: 2024-03-25
  • 2. The anchoring method: Estimation of interviewer effects in the absence of interpenetrated sample assignment
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X202200100005
    Description:

    Methodological studies of the effects that human interviewers have on the quality of survey data have long been limited by a critical assumption: that interviewers in a given survey are assigned random subsets of the larger overall sample (also known as interpenetrated assignment). Absent this type of study design, estimates of interviewer effects on survey measures of interest may reflect differences between interviewers in the characteristics of their assigned sample members, rather than recruitment or measurement effects specifically introduced by the interviewers. Previous attempts to approximate interpenetrated assignment have typically used regression models to condition on factors that might be related to interviewer assignment. We introduce a new approach for overcoming this lack of interpenetrated assignment when estimating interviewer effects. This approach, which we refer to as the “anchoring” method, leverages correlations between observed variables that are unlikely to be affected by interviewers (“anchors”) and variables that may be prone to interviewer effects to remove components of within-interviewer correlations that lack of interpenetrated assignment may introduce. We consider both frequentist and Bayesian approaches, where the latter can make use of information about interviewer effect variances in previous waves of a study, if available. We evaluate this new methodology empirically using a simulation study, and then illustrate its application using real survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), where interviewer IDs are provided on public-use data files. While our proposed method shares some of the limitations of the traditional approach – namely the need for variables associated with the outcome of interest that are also free of measurement error – it avoids the need for conditional inference and thus has improved inferential qualities when the focus is on marginal estimates, and it shows evidence of further reducing overestimation of larger interviewer effects relative to the traditional approach.

    Release date: 2022-06-21
  • 3. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a nationally representative sample of Canadian children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years
    Articles and reports: 82-003-X202000800002
    Description:

    The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire with a nationally representative sample of Canadian children and adolescents.

    Release date: 2020-08-19
  • 4. Statistics Canada’s Experiences in Using Paradata to Manage Responsive Collection Design for Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview Household Surveys Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014746
    Description:

    Paradata research has focused on identifying opportunities for strategic improvement in data collection that could be operationally viable and lead to enhancements in quality or cost efficiency. To that end, Statistics Canada has developed and implemented a responsive collection design (RCD) strategy for computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) household surveys to maximize quality and efficiency and to potentially reduce costs. RCD is an adaptive approach to survey data collection that uses information available prior to and during data collection to adjust the collection strategy for the remaining in-progress cases. In practice, the survey managers monitor and analyze collection progress against a predetermined set of indicators for two purposes: to identify critical data-collection milestones that require significant changes to the collection approach and to adjust collection strategies to make the most efficient use of remaining available resources. In the RCD context, numerous considerations come into play when determining which aspects of data collection to adjust and how to adjust them. Paradata sources play a key role in the planning, development and implementation of active management for RCD surveys. Since 2009, Statistics Canada has conducted several RCD surveys. This paper describes Statistics Canada’s experiences in implementing and monitoring this type of surveys.

    Release date: 2016-03-24
  • 5. The QU-method: A new methodology for processing scanner data Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014752
    Description:

    This paper presents a new price index method for processing electronic transaction (scanner) data. Price indices are calculated as a ratio of a turnover index and a weighted quantity index. Product weights of quantities sold are computed from the deflated prices of each month in the current publication year. New products can be timely incorporated without price imputations, so that all transactions can be processed. Product weights are monthly updated and are used to calculate direct indices with respect to a fixed base month. Price indices are free of chain drift by this construction. The results are robust under departures from the methodological choices. The method is part of the Dutch CPI since January 2016, when it was first applied to mobile phones.

    Release date: 2016-03-24
  • 6. From multiple modes for surveys to multiple data sources for estimates Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201400214128
    Description:

    Users, funders and providers of official statistics want estimates that are “wider, deeper, quicker, better, cheaper” (channeling Tim Holt, former head of the UK Office for National Statistics), to which I would add “more relevant” and “less burdensome”. Since World War II, we have relied heavily on the probability sample survey as the best we could do - and that best being very good - to meet these goals for estimates of household income and unemployment, self-reported health status, time use, crime victimization, business activity, commodity flows, consumer and business expenditures, et al. Faced with secularly declining unit and item response rates and evidence of reporting error, we have responded in many ways, including the use of multiple survey modes, more sophisticated weighting and imputation methods, adaptive design, cognitive testing of survey items, and other means to maintain data quality. For statistics on the business sector, in order to reduce burden and costs, we long ago moved away from relying solely on surveys to produce needed estimates, but, to date, we have not done that for household surveys, at least not in the United States. I argue that we can and must move from a paradigm of producing the best estimates possible from a survey to that of producing the best possible estimates to meet user needs from multiple data sources. Such sources include administrative records and, increasingly, transaction and Internet-based data. I provide two examples - household income and plumbing facilities - to illustrate my thesis. I suggest ways to inculcate a culture of official statistics that focuses on the end result of relevant, timely, accurate and cost-effective statistics and treats surveys, along with other data sources, as means to that end.

    Release date: 2014-12-19
  • 7. A comparison of self-reported leisure-time physical activity and measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adolescents and adults Archived
    Articles and reports: 82-003-X201400714038
    Description:

    This analysis compares self-reported and measured physical activity collected by the Canadian Health Measures Survey and explores the limitations of each method.

    Release date: 2014-07-16
  • 8. Impact of accelerometer epoch length on physical activity and sedentary behaviour outcomes for preschool-aged children Archived
    Articles and reports: 82-003-X201400111891
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    The Canadian Health Measures Survey uses accelerometry to collect physical activity and sedentary behaviour data. Between cycles 2 and 3, a transition was made from 60-second to 15-second epochs in accelerometry data for children aged 3 to 5. This study examines the impact of epoch length on physical activity and sedentary behaviour outcomes for children in this age range.

    Release date: 2014-01-15
  • 9. Optimizing quality of response through adaptive survey designs Archived
    Articles and reports: 12-001-X201300111824
    Description:

    In most surveys all sample units receive the same treatment and the same design features apply to all selected people and households. In this paper, it is explained how survey designs may be tailored to optimize quality given constraints on costs. Such designs are called adaptive survey designs. The basic ingredients of such designs are introduced, discussed and illustrated with various examples.

    Release date: 2013-06-28
  • 10. Ethical and privacy challenges of involving children in research on sensitive issues: The experiences of Amajuba Child Health and Wellbeing Research Project (ACHWRP) Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-522-X200800010963
    Description:

    BackgroundThere has been a reluctance to conduct child related research studies with, rather than on children in the African continent. Several studies have embarked on this method, however, ethical and privacy challenges still prevail. The Amajuba Child Health and Wellbeing Research Project is a longitudinal study that was conducted with 725 children aged between 9 and 15 years old in KwaZulu Natal in South Africa and also faced the same challenges.

    MethodsFocus group discussions and self administered questionnaires were used as data collection techniques for ACHWRP. One of ACHWRP's objectives is to document the consequences of parental or caregiver death on health and well-being of orphans in Amajuba District of KwaZulu Natal. Ethical clearance was received from two ethical review boards.

    Lessons learnedEthical challenges included problems of coercion for participation, gatekeeper's and partner's roles, getting consent and assent, recruitment and referral system.Privacy challenges included data collection techniques, curiosity and destruction by members of the family during an interview, the setting where interviews are conducted, logistical issues and the method of recruitment's potential to compromise confidentiality.Resolutions: Detailed consent and assent forms with all relevant information are necessary. Careful selection of partnerships is crucial. Use of a venue that is far from the community is necessary, but in the process making sure that the participants are covered with regards to the expenses of travelling to the venue.

    ConclusionConducting research with children entails investing more time and attention to the planning stage of the study.

    Release date: 2009-12-03
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