Sources of income

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Analysis (9)

Analysis (9) ((9 results))

  • 1. Income Adequacy in Retirement: Accounting for the Annuitized Value of Wealth in Canada Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0027M2011074
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Discussions of pension adequacy for elderly Canadians have used the rate at which income falls with age; the income replacement rate or the ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. Use of income streams to assess post-retirement welfare requires a standard against which adequacy of the replacement rates can be judged. Because some expenditures (for example, work-related expenses) can be expected to fall after retirement, a declining income stream does not necessarily signal financial problems for seniors. More importantly, income as normally measured captures only part of what is available to seniors if households possess assets, which in retirement are not being used to generate measured income.

    This paper uses a different metric, referred to as "potential" income. Potential income is the sum of realized income and the income that could be realized from owned assets such as mutual funds and housing. Households prepare for retirement by saving and borrowing and investing the proceeds. The assets accumulated over a lifetime may or may not be drawn down in later years. If they are not, income streams underestimate the "potential" income available to support retirement. This paper takes this potential into account when comparing the pre- and post-retirement financial status of Canadian households.

    Release date: 2011-11-21
  • 2. Incomes from Owner-occupied Housing for Working-age and Retirement-age Canadians, 1969 to 2006 Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0027M2010066
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Using data from the Survey of Household Spending and from its predecessor, the Survey of Family Expenditures, this paper investigates the relative incomes of retirement-age and working-age Canadians from 1969 to 2006, taking into account both explicit household income and the implicit income generated by owner-occupied housing. Over this 37-year period, the explicit incomes of retirement-age households increased at a more rapid pace than those of working-age households. Implicit income from owner-occupied housing also increased rapidly during this time, matching the rate at which the explicit income of retirement-age households increased. On average, this implicit source of earnings raised the incomes of retirement-age households (aged 70 and over) by 16%. Taking both forms of income into account, the incomes of retirement-age households (aged 70 and over), relative to the incomes of working-age households (aged 40 to 49), increased from 45% in 1969 to 59% in 2006. During this period, Canadians invested in housing assets that provided additional income upon retirement.

    Release date: 2010-12-09
  • 3. Death of a Spouse: The Impact on Income for Senior Men and Women Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-621-M2006046
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This study analyzes the impact of widowhood on income, as well as changes in the low-income rate and the sources of income among women and men 65 years of age and over, who became widowed at any point between 1993 and 2003. The source of data is Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD).

    Release date: 2006-07-10
  • 4. Social Assistance Use in Canada: National and Provincial Trends in Incidence, Entry and Exit Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005245
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Canada witnessed a dramatic decline in welfare participation from 1993/94 to the end of the nineties - one almost on a par with the U.S., but without the sort of landmark legislation adopted there. We explore the dynamics of Social Assistance usage in Canada over this period using data based on tax files for between 2 and 4 million individuals in each year from Canada's Longitudinal Administrative Data - the LAD. The unique attributes of this base - size, longitudinal nature, and income information availability - allow us, for the first time, to calculate annual incidence, entry and exit rates both at the national and provincial levels, broken down by family type. We discuss the variety of experiences of these groups; we identify the policy context and discuss the implications of the findings.

    Release date: 2005-05-30
  • 5. Summary Of: Social Assistance Use in Canada: National and Provincial Trends in Incidence, Entry and Exit Archived
    Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005246
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This paper summarizes findings from the research paper entitled Social Assistance Use in Canada: National and Provincial Trends in Incidence, Entry and Exit. For many Canadian families, Social Assistance (SA) usage reflects near-destitution and an exclusion from the social and economic mainstream. For children, it can represent a critical period of disadvantage with potentially lasting effects. While committed to SA, governments worry about cost. Thus, when SA participation rose during the recession of the early 1990s, virtually all provinces instituted changes to reduce SA dependency. Eligibility rules were made tighter, benefit levels cut, and 'snitch' lines introduced. Following these changes, and the economic recovery post-1995, the number of SA-dependent individuals dropped from 3.1 million to under 2 million by 2000, while benefits received fell from $14.3b in 1994 to $10.4b in 2001 (current dollars).

    This paper maps the cycle of SA dependency, focusing on empirical records of SA entry, exit, and annual participation rates, placing these in the economic and policy context of the 1990s. The paper begins with a description of the database used, sample selection and editing procedures, the unit of analysis, a definition of SA participation, and the measure of entry and exit from SA. It then turns to the economic and policy backdrop of the 1990s, before showing results at the national and provincial levels. We conclude with a summary of main findings.

    Release date: 2005-05-30
  • 6. Widowhood: Consequences on Income for Senior Women Archived
    Articles and reports: 11-621-M2004015
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    This article analyses the impact of widowhood on income, as well as changes in the low-income rate and the sources of income, among women 65 years of age and over, between 1990 and 2001, using data from Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD).

    Release date: 2004-07-22
  • 7. Canadian farm families more dependant on off-farm income Archived
    Articles and reports: 21-004-X20030036478
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    Total income of farm families is derived from 1999 personal income tax returns of family members. The estimates refer to the income of families involved in a single unincorporated farm, showing a gross operating revenue of $10,000 and over. Families are defined as husband and wife, legal or common-law, with or without children at home; or lone parent, of any marital status, with at least one child living at home. There is no restriction on the age of the children. Children must report a marital status other than "married" or "living common-law" and have no child living in the household. In 1999, these families operated 150,500 farms, accounting for 76.5% of the total number of unincorporated farms (single operations) reporting a gross revenue of $10,000 and over.

    Net farm operating income refers to the profit (or loss) from performance of farm operations based on total operating revenues, including all program payments, less total operating expenses, before deducting depreciation.

    In 1998, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) developed a farm typology, which categorizes farms into more homogeneous groups than classification based on size, contribution to total agricultural production, or national net farm operating income. Factors such as age, income, business intentions and revenue class have been used to categorize farm operators and farm families into distinct groups. A description of the farm types is presented at the end of this article.

    Release date: 2003-03-31
  • 8. High income families Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X19940041575
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    An analysis of families in the top percentile of the income distribution, focusing on their sources of income.

    Release date: 1994-12-14
  • 9. Investment income of Canadians Archived
    Articles and reports: 75-001-X19930021
    Geography: Canada
    Description:

    A demographic profile of tax filers reporting interest and dividend income.

    Release date: 1993-06-08
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